Article(id=1301137740083516196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00108, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769529600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-28, revisedDate=1777305600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788145011206, onlineDateStr=2026-08-31, pubDate=1786550400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788145011206, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788145011206, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788145011206, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301137643908128824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786550400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788144988276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788145858754, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=71, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301137741874484005, articleId=1301137740083516196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Distribution characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, and targeted prevention and control strategies of air pollution−related environmental epidemics in China, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Air pollution, as the foremost environmental health risk to global sustainable development, continues to exacerbate the associated disease burden amid population aging and rapid urbanization. This paper systematically examines the spatiotemporal evolution patterns, the transformation characteristics of health risks, and the governance paradigm shift required as China’s air pollution control transitions from "rapid improvement" to a "challenging phase". The study finds that since the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, although the annual average PM2.5 concentrations in key regions have significantly declined, governance now faces new challenges such as the exacerbation of combined PM2.5 and ozone pollution, and the limitations of traditional monitoring methods in capturing precise individual exposure. Mechanistic research indicates that ultrafine particles (UFPs) can cross multiple biological barriers and, by activating the hypothalamic−pituitary−adrenal (HPA) axis, induce systemic inflammation and neuroendocrine disorders, leading to a shift in health risks toward more "insidious" and "systemic" forms. Confronted with these challenges, China's governance system urgently needs to transition from the 1.0 stage centered on "pollutant concentration control" to a 2.0 stage centered on "population health risk prevention and control". To this end, this paper proposes the establishment of an Intelligent Health Risk Governance framework (IHRG) integrating "pollution−exposure−disease" early warning and collaborative governance. By incorporating holistic sensing networks, exposomics big data, and AI−driven digital twin mapping technologies, a multi−level smart governance pathway covering "national−regional−individual" dimensions can be established. This aims to provide scientific support for the systematic prevention and control of environment−related diseases, and for the coordinated advancement of the "Beautiful China" and "Healthy China" initiatives, while also offering insights for other countries facing similar challenges.

, authors=Weiwu WANG, Zihao GUO, authorsList=Weiwu WANG, Zihao GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301137743300547378, articleId=1301137740083516196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=中国空气污染相关环境流行病的分布特征、致病机理与精准防控策略, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

空气污染作为全球可持续发展面临的首要环境健康风险,其相关疾病负担在人口老龄化与快速城市化背景下持续加剧。系统剖析了中国大气污染治理从“快速改善”迈向“攻坚深水区”的时空演变规律、健康风险转型特征及治理范式变革需求。研究发现,自《大气污染防治行动计划》实施以来,重点区域PM2.5年均浓度虽大幅下降,但治理正面临PM2.5与臭氧复合污染加剧、传统监测模式难以捕捉个体精准暴露等新挑战。机理研究表明,超细颗粒物(ultrafine particles,UFPs)可跨越多重生物屏障,并通过激活下丘脑−垂体−肾上腺(hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal,HPA)轴诱发系统性炎症与神经内分泌紊乱,导致健康风险向“隐形化”与“系统化”转型。面对挑战,中国治理体系亟待从以“污染物浓度控制”为核心的1.0阶段,向以“人群健康风险防控”为核心的2.0阶段转型。为此,提出构建“污染—暴露—疾病”智能预警与协同治理框架(intelligent health risk governance framework,IHRG),通过融合全息感知网络、暴露组学大数据与人工智能驱动的数字孪生映射技术,建立覆盖“国家−区域−个体”的多层次智慧治理路径,以期为系统防控环境相关疾病、协同推进“美丽中国”与“健康中国”建设提供科学依据,也为面临类似挑战的其他国家提供参考。

, authors=王伟武, 郭子豪, authorsList=王伟武, 郭子豪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

王伟武,副教授,研究方向为国土空间规划与城乡规划设计,大数据分析与AI−Planning,城市高温场、风场、污染场三维精细化模拟研究等,电子信箱:

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王伟武,副教授,研究方向为国土空间规划与城乡规划设计,大数据分析与AI−Planning,城市高温场、风场、污染场三维精细化模拟研究等,电子信箱:

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王伟武,副教授,研究方向为国土空间规划与城乡规划设计,大数据分析与AI−Planning,城市高温场、风场、污染场三维精细化模拟研究等,电子信箱:

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资料来源:《2024中国生态环境状况公报》

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资料来源:《2024中国生态环境状况公报》

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资料来源:《2024中国生态环境状况公报》

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中国空气污染相关环境流行病的分布特征、致病机理与精准防控策略
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王伟武 , 郭子豪
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(15): 71-82
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (15) : 71 -82
中国空气污染相关环境流行病的分布特征、致病机理与精准防控策略
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王伟武,副教授,研究方向为国土空间规划与城乡规划设计,大数据分析与AI−Planning,城市高温场、风场、污染场三维精细化模拟研究等,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王伟武,副教授,研究方向为国土空间规划与城乡规划设计,大数据分析与AI−Planning,城市高温场、风场、污染场三维精细化模拟研究等,电子信箱:

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王伟武 , 郭子豪
作者信息
  • 浙江大学城乡规划理论与技术研究所,杭州 310058
作者简介:

王伟武,副教授,研究方向为国土空间规划与城乡规划设计,大数据分析与AI−Planning,城市高温场、风场、污染场三维精细化模拟研究等,电子信箱:

Distribution characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, and targeted prevention and control strategies of air pollution−related environmental epidemics in China
Weiwu WANG , Zihao GUO
Affiliations
  • Institute of Urban and Rural Planning Theory and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
出版时间: 2026-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00108
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空气污染作为全球可持续发展面临的首要环境健康风险,其相关疾病负担在人口老龄化与快速城市化背景下持续加剧。系统剖析了中国大气污染治理从“快速改善”迈向“攻坚深水区”的时空演变规律、健康风险转型特征及治理范式变革需求。研究发现,自《大气污染防治行动计划》实施以来,重点区域PM2.5年均浓度虽大幅下降,但治理正面临PM2.5与臭氧复合污染加剧、传统监测模式难以捕捉个体精准暴露等新挑战。机理研究表明,超细颗粒物(ultrafine particles,UFPs)可跨越多重生物屏障,并通过激活下丘脑−垂体−肾上腺(hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal,HPA)轴诱发系统性炎症与神经内分泌紊乱,导致健康风险向“隐形化”与“系统化”转型。面对挑战,中国治理体系亟待从以“污染物浓度控制”为核心的1.0阶段,向以“人群健康风险防控”为核心的2.0阶段转型。为此,提出构建“污染—暴露—疾病”智能预警与协同治理框架(intelligent health risk governance framework,IHRG),通过融合全息感知网络、暴露组学大数据与人工智能驱动的数字孪生映射技术,建立覆盖“国家−区域−个体”的多层次智慧治理路径,以期为系统防控环境相关疾病、协同推进“美丽中国”与“健康中国”建设提供科学依据,也为面临类似挑战的其他国家提供参考。

空气污染  /  环境健康  /  复合污染  /  超细颗粒物  /  智能预警  /  治理转型

Air pollution, as the foremost environmental health risk to global sustainable development, continues to exacerbate the associated disease burden amid population aging and rapid urbanization. This paper systematically examines the spatiotemporal evolution patterns, the transformation characteristics of health risks, and the governance paradigm shift required as China’s air pollution control transitions from "rapid improvement" to a "challenging phase". The study finds that since the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, although the annual average PM2.5 concentrations in key regions have significantly declined, governance now faces new challenges such as the exacerbation of combined PM2.5 and ozone pollution, and the limitations of traditional monitoring methods in capturing precise individual exposure. Mechanistic research indicates that ultrafine particles (UFPs) can cross multiple biological barriers and, by activating the hypothalamic−pituitary−adrenal (HPA) axis, induce systemic inflammation and neuroendocrine disorders, leading to a shift in health risks toward more "insidious" and "systemic" forms. Confronted with these challenges, China's governance system urgently needs to transition from the 1.0 stage centered on "pollutant concentration control" to a 2.0 stage centered on "population health risk prevention and control". To this end, this paper proposes the establishment of an Intelligent Health Risk Governance framework (IHRG) integrating "pollution−exposure−disease" early warning and collaborative governance. By incorporating holistic sensing networks, exposomics big data, and AI−driven digital twin mapping technologies, a multi−level smart governance pathway covering "national−regional−individual" dimensions can be established. This aims to provide scientific support for the systematic prevention and control of environment−related diseases, and for the coordinated advancement of the "Beautiful China" and "Healthy China" initiatives, while also offering insights for other countries facing similar challenges.

air pollution  /  environmental health  /  combined pollution  /  ultrafine particles  /  intelligent early warning  /  governance transformation
王伟武, 郭子豪. 中国空气污染相关环境流行病的分布特征、致病机理与精准防控策略. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (15) : 71 -82 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00108
Weiwu WANG, Zihao GUO. Distribution characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, and targeted prevention and control strategies of air pollution−related environmental epidemics in China[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (15) : 71 -82 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00108
空气污染作为全球首要环境健康威胁,严重制约着人类社会的可持续发展。全球疾病负担研究证实,长期暴露于细颗粒物(PM2.5)与臭氧(O3)等污染物的环境中,可显著增加缺血性心脏病、脑卒中、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)及肺癌的过早死亡风险[12]。在人口老龄化与快速城市化叠加的背景下,环境风险与人群易感性交织,致使相关疾病负担持续加重[3]。当前,中国正处于经济社会全面绿色转型的关键阶段。因此,如何在实现高水平生态环境保护的同时,切实保障公众健康,协同应对复合型空气污染及其复杂健康效应,已成为深入推进“美丽中国”与“健康中国”战略的核心议题[4]
回顾2016—2024年,中国大气污染治理取得了显著成效。自《大气污染防治行动计划》实施以来,通过产业结构调整、能源清洁化和末端治理等综合施策,全国空气质量实现了历史性改善[5]。监测数据显示,全国339个地级及以上城市PM2.5平均浓度已由2016年的42.0 μg/m3降至2024年的29.3 μg/m3,空气质量优良天数比例达到88.1%,京津冀等重点区域改善尤为明显[6]。这些成效表明,中国在大气污染防治方面已积累了具有国际参考价值的实践经验。然而,也应清醒认识到,当前中国大气污染治理已进入边际效益递减、矛盾更加复杂的“深水区”,主要面临以下3方面挑战。
一是污染类型趋于复合,治理难度显著增加[7]。当前大气污染呈现PM2.5浓度波动与O3浓度上升并存的特征[8]。随着末端治理空间收窄,氮氧化物(NOx)与挥发性有机物(VOCs)减排不协同问题日益凸显。由于二者通过复杂光化学反应相互耦合,在不利气象条件下易出现“此消彼长”甚至“双重污染”现象[9]。此类复合污染不仅可能抵消部分前期健康收益,其生成的二次污染物与氧化应激效应,还对呼吸与心血管系统构成更为复杂的联合毒性威胁。
二是传统“浓度管控”模式与“健康风险防控”需求之间存在脱节。现有管理多属“基于介质”的范式,以固定站点浓度达标为核心。然而流行病学研究指出,健康效应取决于个体在时空中的真实暴露水平,而非静态环境浓度[10]。在高密度城市中,建筑峡谷效应、室内外微环境差异及个体活动模式等因素,导致实际暴露与固定监测值之间存在显著“暴露错分”。此外,当前体系对颗粒物化学组分(如黑碳、重金属)以及毒性更强的超细颗粒物(ultrafine particles,UFPs)关注不足。毒理学证实,UFPs可穿透生物屏障,诱发系统性炎症与神经内分泌紊乱,即便质量浓度达标仍具潜在高风险[11]
三是治理的数字化与智能化水平亟待提升。尽管大数据与人工智能技术发展迅速,但环境健康领域的气象、污染、流行病学及医疗等多源数据仍处于“信息孤岛”状态[12]。如何利用机器学习等技术整合异构数据,实现从“宏观质量监测”向“微观人群风险预警”的跨越,是当前的重要挑战。虽有研究尝试将机器学习用于特定场景(如建筑施工)的空气质量和职业健康风险预测[13],但构建贯通“国家—城市—个体”的全链条智能治理体系仍处起步阶段。
从国际趋势看,空气质量管理正普遍由“污染物浓度控制”向“健康风险导向治理”延伸。例如,加拿大建立的空气质量健康指数(Air Quality Health Index,AQHI)、美国国家环境空气质量标准(National Ambient Air Quality Standards,NAAQS)以及欧盟相关修法动态,均强调多污染物暴露评估以及对敏感人群的差异化防护。相比之下,中国在完成第一阶段大规模浓度削减后,在健康风险精细化表征、脆弱人群分层防护和风险沟通工具建设等方面仍存在明显短板。因此,我国大气污染治理亟需从以“污染物浓度控制”为核心的1.0阶段,转向以“人群健康风险防控”为核心的2.0阶段。基于此,本文旨在系统剖析中国空气污染与健康风险的时空演变规律及其复合作用机理,探讨如何通过引入暴露组学减少时空错分、精准刻画“污染—暴露—健康损害”链条,并重点探索依托大数据和人工智能技术,构建面向健康风险的智能预警与协同治理框架。本文期望为新时期推进减污降碳协同增效、实现环境相关疾病的系统防控提供更为坚实的科学依据与决策支撑。
自2013年以来,以《大气污染防治行动计划》(简称“大气十条”)及后续“蓝天保卫战”为核心的清洁空气行动显著降低了中国细颗粒物污染水平,空气质量改善速度在全球同类治理实践中具有标志性意义。然而,随着治理进入“深水区”,大气污染正在经历由“总量型污染”向“结构型与复合型污染”的转变:污染物浓度下降并不自动等价于健康风险同步下降,健康效应也正在从以呼吸系统为主的“显性损伤”,转向跨器官、跨系统的“隐性负担”。因此,有必要在“污染特征—暴露结构—致病通路—健康结局”的证据链框架下,重新理解空气污染治理与健康收益之间的对应关系。
基于全国城市空气质量监测及相关综合观测结果可以看出,我国大气污染格局正在经历由“高浓度颗粒物主导”向“颗粒物持续下降、臭氧问题凸显、区域分异加深”的结构性转变。总体而言,PM2.5治理已取得显著成效。《2024中国生态环境状况公报》显示,2024年全国339个地级及以上城市PM2.5平均浓度为29.3 μg/m3,较2023年下降2.7%,较2016年下降30.2%(图1)。同期,全国各城市PM2.5年均浓度介于6.1~50.6 μg/m3之间。这说明以细颗粒物高浓度暴露为主要特征的传统污染格局已明显缓解,全国空气质量总体呈现持续改善态势。
但PM2.5浓度的整体下降,并不意味着污染压力在空间上同步、均衡减弱。2024年,全国城市PM2.5年均浓度仍超过35 μg/m3的城市主要集中于京津冀及周边地区、汾渭平原以及河南、湖北等区域(图2)。这表明,污染高值区并未随着总体改善而消失,而是持续集聚于产业结构偏重、能源消费仍以煤炭为主、区域输送影响显著以及大气扩散条件相对不利的地区[14]。因此,我国大气污染防治已由早期“普遍高浓度暴露”阶段,转入“总体改善背景下局地高负荷残留”的新阶段。此阶段的治理重点,已不再是单纯降低全国平均浓度,而是需要结合不同区域的产业特征、能源结构和气象条件,实施更具针对性的差异化治理。
在空间分异加深的同时,我国大气污染的主要矛盾也在发生变化,即由单一颗粒物污染逐步转向颗粒物与臭氧问题并存。如图3所示,2024年颗粒物和臭氧对超标天数的贡献均较为突出,并呈现明显季节分化特征。其中,1—2月和10—12月,以PM2.5为首要污染物的超标天占比较高,月际占比为57.6%~94.0%;3—4月,以PM10为首要污染物的超标天占比较高,月际占比为44.9%~59.7%;5—9月,则以O3为首要污染物的超标天占比较高,月际占比达到85.1%~94.9%。这一变化表明,我国大气污染已呈现出由颗粒物主导向颗粒物与臭氧季节性交替主导的结构性特征。与此同时,2024年全国339个城市O3日最大8小时平均第90百分位数浓度平均为144 μg/m3;在31个省份中,仍有7个省份O3浓度超过160 μg/m3的国家二级标准,且无省份低于100 μg/m3的国家一级标准。这说明,与PM2.5相比,臭氧污染治理进展相对滞后,已成为制约空气质量持续改善的重要因素。
从月际变化看,臭氧污染具有明显的季节集中性。图3显示,5—9月以O3为首要污染物的超标天占比显著升高,其中5—6月及9月表现尤为突出,表明春末夏初及初秋阶段臭氧污染问题更为突出。在PM2.5持续下降的背景下,臭氧之所以上升为新的治理重点,并非单一排放因素作用的结果,而与污染治理过程及大气化学机制的调整密切相关。一方面,颗粒物浓度下降后,气溶胶对太阳辐射的削弱作用减弱,地表接收的太阳辐射增强,从而有利于臭氧的光化学生成[15];另一方面,NOx与VOCs协同控制具有显著的非线性特征,若前体物减排比例与区域控制属性不匹配,部分地区尤其是VOCs受限型城市中,NO对O3的滴定作用减弱,可能导致臭氧浓度不降反升。由此可见,当前我国大气污染防治的突出矛盾,已不再局限于颗粒物浓度控制,而在于如何统筹PM2.5与O3协同治理,以应对污染类型演变带来的新型环境与健康风险[16]
在公众感知层面,雾霾天数减少使空气污染的“可见性”显著下降;但环境流行病学和机制研究表明,健康风险并未随浓度指标线性下降,而是由相对可见的急性损害转向更隐蔽、更长期、更加系统化的多器官负担。这一转型不仅体现为污染物浓度变化后的健康效应延续,也反映出我国空气污染治理已进入“颗粒物平均浓度改善、复合污染风险上升、脆弱人群负担凸显”的新阶段。从效应时程看,空气污染相关损害大体可分为急性效应、慢性效应和全生命周期敏感效应[17];从受累系统看,则由呼吸系统逐步扩展至心血管、代谢、神经及发育系统。
首先,在急性效应层面,空气污染暴露仍是呼吸和心血管事件的重要触发因素。短期暴露可诱发气道炎症、哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重[18],并通过自主神经失衡、血管收缩、凝血功能改变和炎症放大等途径,增加缺血性心脏病、脑卒中和心律失常等急性事件风险[19]。这意味着,即使空气质量整体改善,局地高污染过程、交通近源暴露和颗粒物−臭氧复合污染事件,仍可能对敏感人群构成显著的短期健康威胁。换言之,急性风险并未随全国平均浓度下降而消失,而是更多表现为特定时间、空间和人群中的集中暴露问题。
其次,在慢性效应层面,空气污染的长期危害已不再局限于COPD、肺癌等传统呼吸系统终点,而是进一步延伸至心血管、代谢和神经系统。近年来的证据表明,细颗粒物,尤其是UFPs与缺血性心脏病、脑卒中、2型糖尿病、认知功能下降及神经退行性疾病风险升高密切相关[18,20]。其共同机制基础包括持续低度炎症、氧化应激、内皮损伤和免疫失衡。由于UFPs粒径更小、组织可达性更强,可通过跨屏障转运诱发长期系统性炎症与神经内分泌紊乱,使健康损害具有更强的累积性和滞后性[21]。这表明,在我国污染控制取得阶段性成效后,健康风险的主要压力正由“高浓度暴露下的显性损害”转向“中低浓度持续暴露下的慢性、多系统负担”,而这一过程更难被常规空气质量达标结果直接反映。
再次,在全生命周期的人群易感性层面,生命早期暴露与老龄化带来的双重健康压力日益凸显。一方面,孕期及生命早期暴露中,高活性颗粒组分可通过胎盘转运及母体系统性炎症影响宫内环境,对发育结局及儿童远期呼吸、神经健康产生持续影响[22];另一方面,老年人因肺功能储备下降、血管弹性减弱、免疫力降低,且普遍合并心肺或代谢基础疾病,在相同暴露水平下更易发生炎症放大与心肺事件触发[23]。随着我国人口老龄化加深,这种多系统终点的累积风险,叠加敏感人群在学校、养老机构、医院等特定功能区的空间集聚,使空气污染的公共卫生压力不仅呈现人群分层特征,也呈现显著的社会空间不均衡性。由此可见,健康风险的“系统化”不仅体现为受累器官增多,也体现为风险分布由平均化走向脆弱人群和脆弱空间的集中。
需要进一步指出的是,当前健康风险转型还表现为质量浓度与毒性效应之间的“非线性解耦”,这是当前风险管控中的关键盲区。PM2.5质量浓度显著下降,并不必然对应单位质量毒性同步降低。以反映机体氧化应激诱导能力的颗粒物氧化潜势(oxidative potential,OP)为例,部分地区该指标可能并未下降,甚至相对上升[24]。其根本原因在于组分结构变化:减排措施优先削减了硫酸盐、硝酸盐等“质量贡献大但单位毒性较低”的二次无机盐,而机动车尾气与生物质燃烧贡献的黑碳、多环芳烃及过渡金属等“单位毒性更强”的成分,则可能在颗粒物中发生相对富集[25]。由于这些成分更直接驱动底层炎症与细胞损伤,仅以“μg/m3”作为单一风险代理指标,已难以准确刻画真实暴露危害。这意味着,未来治理策略必须从单一浓度达标导向,进一步转向“浓度—毒性—暴露—易感性”联合识别的健康风险导向框架。在此基础上,污染治理也不应止于末端减排,而应进一步与城市空间优化、微环境改善和脆弱人群防护协同推进,从而更有效地降低真实暴露脆弱性,并提升健康收益的可验证性。
超细颗粒物通常指空气动力学当量直径小于0.1 μm(100 nm)的颗粒物。与PM2.5相比,UFPs因粒径更小、比表面积更大,且表面更易富集过渡金属、有机碳及多环芳烃等高活性组分,呈现出更接近气体分子的空间扩散与沉积行为[26]。这种独特的物理化学特性使其具备更强的肺部炎症诱导能力、更长的肺内滞留时间以及更突出的跨器官转运潜力,从而形成区别于传统颗粒物的特殊致病通路(图4)。因此,尽管当前大气管控与健康防护体系仍以PM2.5质量浓度为核心,但毒理学与系统综述证据表明,UFPs在未来的系统性健康风险识别中已不容忽视[26-27]。目前,人群层面临床观察与时间序列研究已初步证实,短期UFPs暴露与心血管功能改变及呼吸系统急诊风险增加存在不利关联,且部分效应独立于较大粒径颗粒物[28]。然而,相较于PM2.5,当前评估UFPs长期健康效应的系统性证据仍相对有限,其根本制约在于底层暴露数据的匮乏与空间评估精度的不足。UFPs具有极强的空间异质性与陡峭的近源浓度梯度,受城市路网结构、交通排放及微环境(如建筑峡谷)影响显著;而现有主要围绕宏观质量浓度构建的稀疏固定监测网络,往往难以准确捕捉个体在复杂城市空间中的真实暴露水平。近年来,虽有研究尝试结合移动监测、土地利用回归及机器学习等手段推进高分辨率时空建模,但城市尺度下的精细化暴露刻画仍存在技术瓶颈。因此,未来亟需突破单一流行病学观测的局限,从城市与区域规划视角切入,将高密度的UFPs监测网络布局与建成微环境特征深度融合。通过推进高时空分辨率的暴露学模型研发,不仅可为探明其长期健康效应提供坚实的数据支撑,也可为城市空间形态优化、通风廊道设计与靶向风险干预提供更精准的科学依据。进一步看,UFPs证据不足并不仅仅是方法学问题,也反映出当前空气污染治理体系中的现实盲区。现行环境管理仍主要围绕PM2.5、PM10等质量浓度型指标展开,而UFPs、黑碳及颗粒物毒性组分尚未进入常规监管主框架。这种“潜在毒性较高但监管识别不足”的错位,使部分系统性健康风险难以及时进入政策视野,也提示未来健康风险导向治理需要逐步推动监测指标、暴露评估与健康证据之间的制度衔接。
尽管人群层面的长期证据仍在积累,但现有机制研究已较为清晰地揭示了UFPs跨器官、跨系统损害的主要生物学通路。首先,UFPs可通过“肺泡沉积—肺泡—毛细血管屏障—体循环”的路径扩展其潜在靶器官范围。吸入后,UFPs更易绕过上呼吸道的主要沉积区并沉积于肺泡区域;由于肺泡巨噬细胞对纳米级颗粒的清除效率相对有限,部分颗粒可穿透肺泡−毛细血管屏障进入体循环,并随血流分布至心血管、肝脏、肾脏等远端器官。这一转运过程不仅扩大了暴露影响的器官范围,也为系统性炎症、内皮功能紊乱与代谢稳态破坏提供了物质基础。进一步地,UFPs的跨屏障转运能力构成其跨系统健康效应的重要机制支点。其一,经体循环途径,UFPs可到达脑微血管系统,并在氧化应激和炎症反应作用下增加血脑屏障(blood–brain barrier,BBB)通透性,促使颗粒物或炎症介质进入脑实质,从而诱发中枢神经系统炎症及神经内分泌调控异常[29];其二,经神经直达途径,鼻腔吸入的UFPs可沿嗅神经通路进入嗅球,并可能进一步影响其他脑区,从而部分绕过BBB防御,这一路径在低剂量、长期暴露情境下尤具意义;其三,经胎盘屏障,高分辨率成像研究显示,孕期暴露后黑碳等超细颗粒物可在胎盘胎儿侧检出,提示部分颗粒物或相关污染组分在特定条件下具有跨胎盘转运并影响胎儿暴露的可能[30]。综上,UFPs的跨屏障转运能力使空气污染的健康影响由局部呼吸系统损害进一步扩展至全身多系统,甚至可能涉及发育敏感期的远期健康风险。
在环境应激理论框架下,空气污染亦可被视为持续的外源性生理压力源。结合图4所示机制路径,UFPs不仅可通过肺部炎症产生“溢出效应”,还可通过炎症介质、神经传入及中枢直接干扰等途径协同激活下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺(hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal,HPA)轴,从而放大全身性损害[31]。具体而言,肺泡沉积诱发的局部炎症反应可通过炎症介质释放及迷走神经传入等途径向下丘脑传递外周应激信号;同时,经跨BBB或嗅神经通路进入中枢的颗粒物及炎症介质,也可直接扰动神经—内分泌调控网络,促进下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(corticotropin−releasing hormone,CRH)分泌。随后,CRH刺激垂体释放促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH),进一步促进肾上腺皮质分泌糖皮质激素(主要为皮质醇),构成机体应对环境应激的核心内分泌通路。需要指出的是,糖皮质激素释放后对下丘脑和垂体具有经典负反馈调节作用;但在持续或较高水平暴露情境下,这种反馈调节可能发生失衡,进而导致HPA轴慢性过度激活,表现为神经内分泌紊乱、胰岛素抵抗、脂质代谢异常、血压升高及免疫失衡。炎症反应与内分泌失衡的协同作用最终可能显著增加代谢综合征与心血管疾病风险[32]。这一机制链条与流行病学研究中观察到的交通污染长期健康效应具有较高一致性。这也意味着,未来针对空气污染健康风险的治理框架不能仅停留于传统质量浓度达标,而应进一步转向对高毒性组分、真实暴露过程及脆弱人群反应的联合识别与精准干预。
在快速城市化背景下,个体真实暴露由城市空间结构与时间—活动模式共同塑造,使固定监测站点所代表的“区域平均浓度”难以等价替代个体层面的“有效暴露”。这一差异的核心在于,城市内部暴露并非均匀分布,而是呈现显著的微环境梯度与行为驱动的暴露叠加,从而在“浓度改善”背景下仍可能形成局地高暴露与高风险情境。
一方面,城市建筑形态重塑近地面扩散条件,制造暴露的“微地理差异”。高密度建筑群形成的街道峡谷会显著改变风场结构:受街道高宽比影响,峡谷内部易形成封闭涡旋并抑制垂直扩散,使机动车尾气等污染物在行人高度累积,街道层浓度可能显著高于屋顶或背景监测值[33]。由此形成的局地高浓度区域构成典型“暴露热点”,对行人、交警及临街住户而言,短时高暴露往往是诱发急性健康效应的重要触发条件。另一方面,室内外交互与通勤场景叠加,使暴露评估从“点位浓度”转向“微环境组合”。时间活动模式研究显示,城市居民约80%~90%的时间处于室内环境,室内空气质量对总暴露贡献不可忽视。室外细颗粒物可经门窗缝隙与通风系统渗透入室,其渗透效率受建筑气密性与通风方式显著影响;同时,烹饪、吸烟等室内源排放与室外污染叠加,往往形成更复杂的混合暴露结构[34]。此外,通勤虽时间占比有限,却常处于交通污染核心区,暴露强度显著偏高;已有证据提示通勤时间约占全天5%,但其吸入颗粒物剂量可能贡献全天的20%甚至更高[35]。这意味着仅以居住点或区域平均浓度代理个体暴露,可能系统性低估通勤者、户外劳动者等群体的风险负担。
因此,面向健康风险的真实评估与精准干预,应以“时间—活动—微环境”加权平均暴露为基本框架,系统整合户外、室内与交通等多源暴露信息,并据此识别关键暴露场景与可干预环节。这一环节正是当前污染治理与健康风险评估体系中亟待补齐的关键短板。
面对复合污染加剧与健康风险结构性转型,传统以末端减排与“平均浓度达标”为核心的治理模式,越来越难以覆盖真实暴露的时空异质性,也难以稳定对应可验证的健康收益。治理战略转型的关键,在于将管控链条由“污染控制”延伸至“暴露评估”与“健康风险管理”,并依托多源数据融合与人工智能构建可运行的闭环体系。基于此,本文提出“智能健康风险治理框架”(intelligent health risk governance framework,IHRG)(图5):以多源感知数据为底座,以AI计算引擎耦合污染—行为—健康模型,完成风险推演并转化为分级分区管控与个性化健康预警,最终通过反馈校准实现持续迭代,从而推动治理逻辑由“面向浓度”转向“面向暴露与健康风险”。
图5所示,IHRG遵循“数据输入—智能计算—决策输出—反馈校准”的闭环逻辑,其核心不是增加监测点位,而是打通环境、行为与健康信息的断裂,使风险在链条中可被连续追踪与量化管理。在数据底座层面,框架整合天基遥感(AOD、NO2与O3柱浓度等)、地面监测(国控站与加密微站/低成本传感器)、气象与交通数据,并在条件允许时接入个体层面暴露监测与生理体征信息(穿戴设备、便携监测),同时对接电子病历与疾控监测等健康数据,形成覆盖“环境—人群—健康结局”的动态数据库。该组合的意义在于:遥感提供空间连续背景,地面网络刻画街区梯度,个体数据补齐“平均浓度难以代表个体暴露”的关键缺口,使治理对象从“空气质量”延伸到“人体暴露与反应”。
在智能计算层面,AI引擎承担“从浓度场到暴露场,再到风险场”的转译任务,用以弥合“监测浓度”与“真实暴露”的时空错配[36]。首先,通过融合遥感、站点、气象与土地利用等多源数据,利用随机森林、XGBoost等算法可构建高时空分辨率的污染物浓度场[37],更准确捕捉交通干道和街道峡谷等局地梯度。随后,将手机信令、出行轨迹或调查推断的时间—活动模式叠加于浓度场,计算不同微环境下的累积暴露,并将易感性与暴露差异纳入建模,形成更贴近公共卫生意义的风险表征。进一步地,可借助数字孪生与情景推演,对不同管控方案下污染分布、暴露水平与健康收益变化进行模拟对比,使“减排—暴露—健康收益”的链条具备可量化评估能力。具体而言,数字孪生的实现可分为“底图重建—动态映射—情景模拟—反馈校准”4个步骤。首先,以城市或社区为基本单元,整合遥感影像、监测站点、低成本传感器、交通流、气象场和土地利用等数据,重建高时空分辨率的污染—暴露基础底图;其次,将人口活动轨迹、重点场所分布、医疗就诊和敏感人群信息动态映射至该底图,形成可更新的“风险孪生体”;再次,在此基础上设置不同情景库,如工业减排、交通限行、通风净化提升、学校与养老机构重点防护等政策组合,比较不同情景下污染浓度、暴露水平和健康收益的变化;最后,根据监测反馈与健康结局变化对模型参数进行滚动校准,实现数字孪生系统的持续迭代。如此,数字孪生不再只是静态可视化平台,而成为连接预警、推演和政策优化的动态决策工具。相关研究已在特定场景验证机器学习用于风险预测的可行性,为该路径提供方法学支撑。
在决策输出层面,IHRG强调“可执行”而非“信息通报”。对管理部门,系统输出分级分区的管控建议与热点地图,锁定对健康风险贡献最大的源类与区域,为执法、交通调度与资源投放提供靶向依据;对公众,系统提供个性化健康预警与“健康避险导航”,将风险提示转化为可操作的行为建议(如活动时段调整、通勤路线优化、室内通风与过滤策略等)。与现行“重污染天气预警”相比,IHRG的预警逻辑更贴近健康端:阈值体系由AQI单一指标转向AQHI,基于本地化流行病学证据对PM2.5、O3、NO2等健康效应加权综合,以更敏感地刻画复合污染的短期健康风险[38];预警对象由“全城同一阈值”转向“人群分层画像”,并在条件允许时结合既往病史与生理体征实现“阈值随人而变”,降低“平均安全—个体高风险”的漏报率。
需要强调的是,框架能否从技术方案转化为稳定治理能力,关键约束不在算法本身,而在跨部门协同与闭环评估的制度化嵌入。建议以“风险链条共管”为组织原则,形成生态环境—气象—交通的联动响应机制以应对复合污染与气象敏感性带来的短时风险抬升;建立生态环境—卫健—疾控的协作通道,把预警触发与重点人群提示、随访与转诊嵌入常态服务,实现从“发布预警”到“落实干预”的闭环;强化监管—社区协同,通过可理解、可追溯的风险沟通与公众参与降低信息不对称引发的二次风险。与之相匹配,绩效评估应从“预警数量与浓度下降”转向“暴露是否下降、健康结局是否改善、脆弱群体是否受益”。可形成3类核心指标:暴露指标(热点暴露削减、暴露时长与敏感人群暴露下降)、健康指标(急诊/住院等近端终点与重点人群症状/体征异常率)、公平指标(高暴露社区覆盖率、敏感人群触达率与依从性)。通过这些指标对模型与策略滚动校准,智能预警才能从事件性工具转为可持续、可验证的健康收益导向治理闭环。
基于前述“污染—暴露—疾病”智能预警与协同治理框架,中国空气污染治理需要突破传统以行政区划和部门分工为中心的治理边界,构建覆盖国家顶层设计、区域协同联动与个体健康防护的立体化智慧治理体系(图6)。需要明确的是,本文所指的“精准防控”并非简单增加监测点位或细化预警等级,而是在不同治理尺度上分别识别相应的风险对象、关键机制与干预工具,实现“治理层级—风险对象—政策工具”的精确匹配。其核心在于将健康风险管理嵌入污染治理全过程:在国家层面,以“健康收益”重塑治理目标与考核逻辑;在区域层面,以“空气流域”组织复合污染协同减排与联动响应;在社区与个体层面,将预警与干预下沉到微环境和脆弱人群。由此,治理模式得以从被动应急转向主动预防,实现环境质量改善与公众健康提升的协同增益。
在国家层面,治理转型的关键在于系统性重构评价与考核机制,推动大气管理从“浓度达标导向”向“健康风险可控导向”跨越,使治理目标从污染物均值下降进一步指向最终健康结局。首要抓手是加快构建国家统一的AQHI体系。与主要反映环境浓度水平的AQI不同,AQHI应基于本地化暴露—反应关系和疾病谱特征,对PM2.5、O3、NO2以及超细颗粒物、黑碳等高毒性组分赋予更具健康意义的权重,从而更敏感地表征复合污染对不同人群的短期健康风险。只有建立统一的指标口径、风险分级阈值与发布规范,公众风险沟通、跨区域调度和绩效考核才能真正从“空气质量信息发布”转向“健康风险管理工具”。这一方向在我国近期环境标准修订中已出现明显信号:2026年2月,生态环境部与国家市场监督管理总局联合发布《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2026),并同步发布《环境空气质量指数(AQI)技术规定》(HJ 633—2026)和《环境空气质量评价技术规范》(HJ 663—2026),3项标准均自2026年3月1日起实施。其中,AQI技术规定更新了PM2.5和PM10的分级浓度限值并细化了不同污染物对应的敏感人群;评价技术规范则引入了3年滑动平均等方法,提升了评价结果的科学性与客观性。然而客观来看,这一轮修订的底层逻辑仍主要建立在质量浓度管理框架之上,尚未真正完成从“环境质量达标”到“健康风险识别”的根本跃迁。因此,在这一过渡阶段之后,未来国家层面仍需逐步推动超细颗粒物、黑碳及特定毒性组分进入常规监测、评价和精细化管控体系,以解决“潜在毒性较高但制度识别不足”的现实错位。与此同时,健康影响评价(Health Impact Assessment,HIA)制度必须由补充性工具转向刚性制度安排。具体建议是将HIA前置嵌入重大产业布局、能源结构调整、国土空间规划和城市建设审批流程,使其成为识别高暴露空间、高脆弱人群和高健康损害风险的重要门槛。对于可能显著加剧人群暴露脆弱性的项目,应实施更严格的空间准入约束;必要时可采取“一票否决”,或要求其配套局地微气候调节、通风廊道预留、绿地缓冲或建筑形态优化等风险缓释措施。由此可见,国家层面的“精准”并不在于对每个个体逐一干预,而在于通过标准升级、指标重构和制度前移,尽可能将高风险情境阻断在治理源头。
在区域层面,复合污染的跨界传输决定了治理单元不能再局限于“行政城市”,而应逐步转向更符合大气物理规律和污染输送特征的“空气流域”。尤其是在京津冀及周边、汾渭平原、长三角等区域,PM2.5和O3问题往往表现为明显的跨界耦合,其生成与积累同时受到产业布局、交通结构、地形条件和区域气象过程的共同影响。因此,真正的“精准防控”不仅是局地减排,更是对区域污染来源、输送路径与健康风险贡献的精细识别。基于此,建议建立跨区域的“污染—碳—健康”协同管控框架:一方面,统筹VOCs与NOx的协同减排路径与比例,避免“单一污染物改善—另一污染物反弹”的结构性风险;另一方面,依托高时空分辨率源解析、传输贡献评估和数字孪生推演,动态量化跨界输送对区域健康风险的边际贡献,并探索以健康损害成本为基础的横向生态补偿与区域责任分担机制,将健康外部性内部化,形成稳定的跨界协同激励。针对PM2.5与O3在不同季节交替主导的特征,区域治理还应实施动态化、差异化的精准策略。在臭氧高发季,应侧重VOCs深度治理、关键源类精细化管控以及高温高辐射背景下的预警响应;在颗粒物主导季,则应重点降低峰值过程、减少高毒性组分占比,并强化移动源、散煤、生物质燃烧和区域输送的联动控制。换言之,区域层面的“精准”既体现为空间尺度上的空气流域协同,也体现为时间尺度上的季节性策略切换。只有将“区域差异”和“季节差异”同时纳入治理设计,才能真正提升改善成果的稳定性与健康风险的可控性。
在社区与个体层面,治理触角需要进一步下沉到微环境和行为单元,以解决“平均浓度改善但个体高暴露仍然存在”的落差。已有研究表明,固定站点浓度与个体真实暴露之间常存在显著偏差,特别是在交通近源、街道峡谷、通勤路径、学校和养老机构周边等微环境中,高暴露事件往往具有短时性、局地性和人群选择性。因此,社区与个体层面的“精准”并不只是“更小尺度地发布同样的预警”,而是要围绕特定人群、特定场景和特定行为给出可执行的防护与干预方案。具体做法是:以敏感场所与脆弱人群为优先对象,构建可触达、可执行的精准健康防护网络。例如,在学校、医院、养老院、托育机构等敏感区域周边优先布设微环境监测网络,并结合通风改造、新风净化系统和局地交通组织优化,降低基线暴露水平;同时,依托数字孪生社区平台,实时发布社区级空气质量和风险提示,将风险信息转化为活动安排、通勤选择和室内防护的具体建议。在此基础上,应推广数字化个人健康干预工具,例如探索建立由国家统一标准、地方分级实施、社区与医疗机构协同应用的“环境健康护照”制度。该制度的“国家级”属性主要体现在数据标准、风险分级规则、隐私保护规范和跨区域互认机制上,而具体应用则面向个体健康管理场景展开。通过整合个体暴露数据、健康档案和敏感性特征,可生成动态风险画像与行为处方:在高污染时段,为慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者推荐低暴露路径与室内防护策略,为心脑血管疾病患者提供活动强度调整与预警提示,为户外劳动者给出工作时段与防护装备优化建议。更为重要的是,这类个体化工具不应停留于单向信息推送,而应与基层医疗、社区健康管理、慢病随访和转诊服务联动,形成从“识别风险—提示风险—落实干预—反馈健康效应”的完整链条。只有这样,健康风险治理才能真正由“统一预警”走向“分层干预”,由“平均改善”走向“脆弱人群优先受益”。
需要强调的是,多层次精准防控能否从技术构想转化为稳定的治理能力,其关键约束并不在算法本身,而在于跨部门协同与闭环评估是否能够制度化嵌入。当前,中国从污染浓度治理走向健康风险治理所面临的现实障碍,并非单一技术短板,而是生态环境、卫生健康、疾控、交通、规划等部门在数据标准、治理尺度和决策目标上的分散化。具体而言,行政区划治理与空气流域治理之间的尺度错配、风险预警与医疗干预之间的链条断裂,以及基层社区承接能力不足,都是影响“精准防控”落地的重要制度瓶颈。为此,建议以“风险链条共管”为组织原则:第一,形成生态环境—气象—交通的联动响应机制,以应对复合污染和气象敏感性带来的短时风险抬升;第二,建立生态环境—卫健—疾控的协作通道,将预警触发与重点人群提示、随访和转诊嵌入常态服务,实现从“发布预警”到“落实干预”的闭环;第三,强化监管—社区协同,通过可理解、可追溯的风险沟通与公众参与,降低信息不对称引发的二次风险。与之相匹配,绩效评估也需要从“预警数量与浓度下降”转向“暴露是否下降、健康结局是否改善、脆弱群体是否真正受益”。可进一步形成3类核心指标——暴露指标、健康指标和公平指标,并据此对模型与策略进行滚动校准,使智能预警体系真正从事件性工具转化为可持续、可验证的健康收益导向治理闭环。
本文基于2013—2025年中国空气污染的时空演变,沿“污染—暴露—疾病”证据链梳理了风险生成机理与治理瓶颈。研究表明,我国大气污染治理已进入由“以浓度削减为核心”向“以健康风险防控为核心”转型的关键阶段。总体而言,当前空气污染治理面临的主要变化可概括为以下3个方面。
首先,污染谱系的结构性变化正在重塑健康风险形态。PM2.5年均浓度显著下降并未带来健康风险的线性衰减,臭氧污染抬升与超细颗粒物高毒性组分相对富集,使复合暴露与多器官风险更加突出,单一依赖固定站点浓度达标的治理目标已难以稳定对应健康改善。
其次,“达标不等于低风险”的根源在于暴露与致病通路的非线性与异质性。一方面,UFPs可通过多屏障穿透与HPA轴相关机制诱发系统性炎症与内分泌紊乱,使健康损害由局部呼吸系统扩展至心血管、代谢、神经乃至发育相关系统;另一方面,街道峡谷等微环境差异与时间—活动模式造成的真实暴露错分,使宏观监测值难以准确代表个体风险负担,治理重心因而需由“环境浓度控制”前移至“人群暴露管理”。
最后,数智技术为构建风险治理闭环提供了可行路径。本文提出的IHRG通过整合“天地空人”多源感知、暴露建模与AI推演,实现污染场—暴露场—风险场的转译与情景模拟,为靶向施策、健康收益评估与个体化预警提供了技术底座。
展望未来,健康收益导向治理的关键在于制度化落地与工具化转化。基于上述分析,未来我国空气污染健康风险治理可优先推进以下4方面工作:第一,建立国家统一的AQHI发布制度,并与现有AQI体系形成衔接,以提升空气质量信息发布的健康指向性;第二,逐步完善UFPs、黑碳及高毒性颗粒组分的监测与评估体系,推动污染管理由质量浓度控制进一步延伸至毒性和暴露风险控制;第三,建设以数字孪生和多源数据融合为支撑的“污染—暴露—疾病”智能预警平台,在重点城市和高风险区域开展先行示范,提升情景推演与健康收益评估能力;第四,将老年人、慢性病患者、孕妇、儿童及重点敏感场所纳入分层精准防护体系,强化个体化预警、社区干预与基层医疗联动。通过上述制度与技术路径协同推进,方可将空气质量改善更加稳定地转化为可验证、可持续的健康红利。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51578482)
  • 浙江大学−浙大规划院创新联合研究中心项目(2025XQZX003)
  • 浙江省自然资源厅科技项目(2025ZJGH009)
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2026年第44卷第15期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00108
  • 接收时间:2026-01-28
  • 首发时间:2026-08-31
  • 出版时间:2026-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-28
  • 修回日期:2026-04-28
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国家自然科学基金项目(51578482)
浙江大学−浙大规划院创新联合研究中心项目(2025XQZX003)
浙江省自然资源厅科技项目(2025ZJGH009)
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    浙江大学城乡规划理论与技术研究所,杭州 310058
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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