Article(id=1301137715123212920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.05.00013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1777996800000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-06, revisedDate=1781366400000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788145005255, onlineDateStr=2026-08-31, pubDate=1786550400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788145005255, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788145005255, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788145005255, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301137643908128824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786550400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788144988276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788145858754, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=59, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301137715362288249, articleId=1301137715123212920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progresses and challenges in health risk assessment methods for atmospheric bioaerosols, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bioaerosols contain infectious and pathogenic microorganisms, emitting from hospitals, waste treatment plants, livestock farms and so on, so the workers in these situations face certain health risks due to long−term exposure to high concentrations of bioaerosols. By systematically reviewing recent literatures on the health risk assessment of bioaerosols, this study collates and summarizes the existing assessment methods health risks posed by bioaerosols. Several critical issues are identified, including inconsistent calculation methods, indiscriminate adoption of assessment methods for chemical substances, lack of localized exposure parameters, and absence of reference exposure doses−effect relationships. These deficiencies result in the lack of scientific rationality in bioaerosol health risk assessments, leading to difficult comparisons. Based on the current research, this review proposes that health risk assessment of bioaerosols should unify the calculation methods, adopt local exposure parameters, study the corresponding dose−effect relationship, derive the local reference exposure dose (RfD), and accelerate the formulation of relevant standards, which is helpful to accurately assesses the health risks of bioaerosols.

, authors=Linghui PENG1, 2, Xuemei CAI1, 2, Yiyi HU1, 2, Simeng ZHANG1, 2, Zhishu LIANG1, 2, Hailing LI1, 2, Guiying LI1, 2, Taicheng AN1, 2, *, authorsList=Linghui PENG, Xuemei CAI, Yiyi HU, Simeng ZHANG, Zhishu LIANG, Hailing LI, Guiying LI, Taicheng AN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Taicheng AN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301137716876432002, articleId=1301137715123212920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=环境生物气溶胶健康风险评估方法研究进展与挑战, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

生物气溶胶包含具有感染性和致病性的微生物,大型医院、垃圾处理厂和养殖场等是其排放的重要场所,其从业人员长期暴露在高浓度的生物气溶胶中存在一定健康风险。通过梳理生物气溶胶健康风险评估的相关研究进展,整理归纳现有生物气溶胶健康风险的评估方法,发现非致癌健康风险存在计算方法不统一、照搬国外化学物质评估方法、缺乏本土化暴露参数、参考暴露剂量缺失等问题,导致其结果缺乏科学性且无法进行对比。基于目前研究现状,提出生物气溶胶非致癌健康风险评估需统一风险计算方法、采用本土暴露参数、研究相应剂量效应关系,推导本土参考暴露剂量(RfD),并加快制定相关标准规范,有利于准确评估生物气溶胶的健康风险。

, authors=彭灵慧1, 2, 蔡雪梅1, 2, 胡益溢1, 2, 张思梦1, 2, 梁志梳1, 2, 李海玲1, 2, 李桂英1, 2, 安太成1, 2, *, authorsList=彭灵慧, 蔡雪梅, 胡益溢, 张思梦, 梁志梳, 李海玲, 李桂英, 安太成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=安太成, authorNote=

彭灵慧,副教授,研究方向为生物气溶胶健康风险防控,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
安太成(通信作者),教授,研究方向为环境地球化学与健康,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=jZVLwjZ3VsDIuDAUxD9PTA==, magXml=EdxF7mapHuiK64MV1Iac9g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=gCYc8Go+PujvreykoaXXKw==, pdfFileSize=1099308, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=MeZ8XW/pvwyuVy3YymKobA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Yt+OY3fEdr4Q2OFiaIipMA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1301137717329416842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=linghui.peng@gdut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1301137717425885837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, authorId=1301137717329416842, language=EN, stringName=Linghui PENG, firstName=Linghui, middleName=null, lastName=PENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong−Hong Kong−Macao Joint Laboratory of Contaminant Exposure and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2023, 459: 132234., articleTitle=Culturable and inhalable airborne bacteria in a semiunderground municipal wastewater treatment plant: Distribution, transmission, and health risk assessment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1301137737919255321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=35, issue=9, pageStart=28, pageEnd=33, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=71, authorNames=Springston J P, Marcham C L, journalName=The Synergist, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Springston J P, Marcham C L. The new TLV for endotoxins: What it means for exposure assessment[J]. The Synergist, 2024, 35(9): 28-33., articleTitle=The new TLV for endotoxins: What it means for exposure assessment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1301137737998947100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=39, issue=15, pageStart=95, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=72, authorNames=胡若兰, 王书肖, journalName=科技导报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡若兰, 王书肖. 大气二次有机气溶胶研究进展[J]. 科技导报, 2021, 39(15): 95-109., articleTitle=大气二次有机气溶胶研究进展, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1301137725172765389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, awardId=2023YFC3708204, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3708204), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1301137725235679950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, awardId=2025A1515011295, language=CN, 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参数单位取值参考文献
男性女性儿童
呼吸速率(IRm3/d17.714.57.6[3335]
19.0214.17[36]
18.214.9[3738]
暴露频率(EFd/a250250250[3335]
180180[36]
180180[3738]
暴露时间(EDa25206[3335]
2424[36]
2424[3738]
平均寿命(ATd72.38×36577.37×36512×365[3335]
73.64×36579.43×365[36]
72.4×36577.4×365[3738]
体重(BWkg66.157.819.6[3335]
66.257.3[36]
68.660.8[3738]
), ArticleFig(id=1301137724338098888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生物气溶胶HQ评估暴露参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数单位取值参考文献
男性女性儿童
呼吸速率(IRm3/d17.714.57.6[3335]
19.0214.17[36]
18.214.9[3738]
暴露频率(EFd/a250250250[3335]
180180[36]
180180[3738]
暴露时间(EDa25206[3335]
2424[36]
2424[3738]
平均寿命(ATd72.38×36577.37×36512×365[3335]
73.64×36579.43×365[36]
72.4×36577.4×365[3738]
体重(BWkg66.157.819.6[3335]
66.257.3[36]
68.660.8[3738]
), ArticleFig(id=1301137724409402057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家/机构细菌浓度/(CFU·m−3真菌/霉菌浓度/(CFU·m−3场景限制类型参考文献
注:NIOSH表示National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health国家职业安全与健康研究所。
中国1500住宅和办公室指南值[50]
中国香港1000500/1000公共建筑室内指南值[5152]
中国台湾1500室内空气法规限值[53]
韩国800800公共设施、小学和住宅研究建议值[5455]
葡萄牙500500室内空气(学校)研究建议值[5556]
德国450010000经验阈值[57]
新加坡500室内空气指南值[58]
巴西750室内空调指南值[59]
加拿大500室内空气指南值[60]
澳大利亚500建筑室内指南值[61]
WHO10050医院指南值[62]
WHO500室内空气指南值[6364]
NIOSH1000(总数)指南值[65]
ACGIH500职业场所指南值[66]
EPA
), ArticleFig(id=1301137724480705226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同国家/机构在不同场景下生物气溶胶参考浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家/机构细菌浓度/(CFU·m−3真菌/霉菌浓度/(CFU·m−3场景限制类型参考文献
注:NIOSH表示National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health国家职业安全与健康研究所。
中国1500住宅和办公室指南值[50]
中国香港1000500/1000公共建筑室内指南值[5152]
中国台湾1500室内空气法规限值[53]
韩国800800公共设施、小学和住宅研究建议值[5455]
葡萄牙500500室内空气(学校)研究建议值[5556]
德国450010000经验阈值[57]
新加坡500室内空气指南值[58]
巴西750室内空调指南值[59]
加拿大500室内空气指南值[60]
澳大利亚500建筑室内指南值[61]
WHO10050医院指南值[62]
WHO500室内空气指南值[6364]
NIOSH1000(总数)指南值[65]
ACGIH500职业场所指南值[66]
EPA
), ArticleFig(id=1301137724753334987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方式优点缺点参考文献/篇代表文献
 式(3)以环境浓度与参考浓度比值计算 数据获取便捷,直接反映区域污染水平 未考虑人体实际暴露剂量差异2[4243]
 式(4)以人体暴露剂量与参考浓度比值计算 关注“环境浓度≠人体暴露”,尝试关联呼吸暴露,应用最广 单位不统一38[21,23,4647]
 式(5)以人体暴露剂量与参考暴露剂量比值计算(忽略呼吸速率及体重) 通过推导得到无量纲比值 RfD无毒理学验证;丢失IR、BW关键暴露参数11[4849,68]
 式(6)加权平均校正呼吸速率和体重的计算方法 动态反应生命周期暴露特征 参数区域性较强,缺乏毒理学验证1[67]
), ArticleFig(id=1301137724858192588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137715123212920, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

生物气溶胶非致癌风险HQ计算方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算方式优点缺点参考文献/篇代表文献
 式(3)以环境浓度与参考浓度比值计算 数据获取便捷,直接反映区域污染水平 未考虑人体实际暴露剂量差异2[4243]
 式(4)以人体暴露剂量与参考浓度比值计算 关注“环境浓度≠人体暴露”,尝试关联呼吸暴露,应用最广 单位不统一38[21,23,4647]
 式(5)以人体暴露剂量与参考暴露剂量比值计算(忽略呼吸速率及体重) 通过推导得到无量纲比值 RfD无毒理学验证;丢失IR、BW关键暴露参数11[4849,68]
 式(6)加权平均校正呼吸速率和体重的计算方法 动态反应生命周期暴露特征 参数区域性较强,缺乏毒理学验证1[67]
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环境生物气溶胶健康风险评估方法研究进展与挑战
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彭灵慧 1, 2 , 蔡雪梅 1, 2 , 胡益溢 1, 2 , 张思梦 1, 2 , 梁志梳 1, 2 , 李海玲 1, 2 , 李桂英 1, 2 , 安太成 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(15): 59-70
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (15) : 59 -70
环境生物气溶胶健康风险评估方法研究进展与挑战
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2广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院,湾区生态安全与绿色发展基础研究卓越中心和广州市环境催化与污染控制重点实验室,广州 510006, bio={"content":"

彭灵慧,副教授,研究方向为生物气溶胶健康风险防控,电子信箱:

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彭灵慧,副教授,研究方向为生物气溶胶健康风险防控,电子信箱:

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彭灵慧1, 2 , 蔡雪梅1, 2, 胡益溢1, 2, 张思梦1, 2, 梁志梳1, 2, 李海玲1, 2, 李桂英1, 2, 安太成1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1广东工业大学环境健康与污染控制研究院,粤港澳污染物暴露与健康联合实验室和广东省环境催化与健康风险控制重点实验室,广州 510006
  • 2广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院,湾区生态安全与绿色发展基础研究卓越中心和广州市环境催化与污染控制重点实验室,广州 510006
通讯作者:
安太成(通信作者),教授,研究方向为环境地球化学与健康,电子信箱:
作者简介:

彭灵慧,副教授,研究方向为生物气溶胶健康风险防控,电子信箱:

Research progresses and challenges in health risk assessment methods for atmospheric bioaerosols
Linghui PENG1, 2 , Xuemei CAI1, 2, Yiyi HU1, 2, Simeng ZHANG1, 2, Zhishu LIANG1, 2, Hailing LI1, 2, Guiying LI1, 2, Taicheng AN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong−Hong Kong−Macao Joint Laboratory of Contaminant Exposure and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Excellence Center for Basic Research on Ecological Security and Green Development in the Bay Area, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2026-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.05.00013
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生物气溶胶包含具有感染性和致病性的微生物,大型医院、垃圾处理厂和养殖场等是其排放的重要场所,其从业人员长期暴露在高浓度的生物气溶胶中存在一定健康风险。通过梳理生物气溶胶健康风险评估的相关研究进展,整理归纳现有生物气溶胶健康风险的评估方法,发现非致癌健康风险存在计算方法不统一、照搬国外化学物质评估方法、缺乏本土化暴露参数、参考暴露剂量缺失等问题,导致其结果缺乏科学性且无法进行对比。基于目前研究现状,提出生物气溶胶非致癌健康风险评估需统一风险计算方法、采用本土暴露参数、研究相应剂量效应关系,推导本土参考暴露剂量(RfD),并加快制定相关标准规范,有利于准确评估生物气溶胶的健康风险。

生物气溶胶  /  健康风险评估  /  非致癌风险

Bioaerosols contain infectious and pathogenic microorganisms, emitting from hospitals, waste treatment plants, livestock farms and so on, so the workers in these situations face certain health risks due to long−term exposure to high concentrations of bioaerosols. By systematically reviewing recent literatures on the health risk assessment of bioaerosols, this study collates and summarizes the existing assessment methods health risks posed by bioaerosols. Several critical issues are identified, including inconsistent calculation methods, indiscriminate adoption of assessment methods for chemical substances, lack of localized exposure parameters, and absence of reference exposure doses−effect relationships. These deficiencies result in the lack of scientific rationality in bioaerosol health risk assessments, leading to difficult comparisons. Based on the current research, this review proposes that health risk assessment of bioaerosols should unify the calculation methods, adopt local exposure parameters, study the corresponding dose−effect relationship, derive the local reference exposure dose (RfD), and accelerate the formulation of relevant standards, which is helpful to accurately assesses the health risks of bioaerosols.

atmospheric bioaerosols  /  health risk assessment  /  non−carcinogenic risk
彭灵慧, 蔡雪梅, 胡益溢, 张思梦, 梁志梳, 李海玲, 李桂英, 安太成. 环境生物气溶胶健康风险评估方法研究进展与挑战. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (15) : 59 -70 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.05.00013
Linghui PENG, Xuemei CAI, Yiyi HU, Simeng ZHANG, Zhishu LIANG, Hailing LI, Guiying LI, Taicheng AN. Research progresses and challenges in health risk assessment methods for atmospheric bioaerosols[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (15) : 59 -70 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.05.00013
生物气溶胶是指含有生物性成分的固体或液体微粒悬浮于气体介质中形成的稳定分散系,其生物性成分包括细菌、病毒、真菌、孢子、花粉及其代谢产物等,粒径范围为0.01~100 μm[1]。近年来发生的大规模疫情,如2012年的中东呼吸综合征疫情、2019年的新型冠状病毒(COVID−19)疫情及2025年急性肠胃炎疫情(诺如病毒)等,是病毒通过飞沫和生物气溶胶在人群中迅速传播导致的。其中,COVID−19在2020年导致全球410万人死亡,2021年导致880万人死亡,气溶胶传播风险可高达26%[23]。此外,长期暴露于军团菌、结核杆菌、炭疽芽孢杆菌、烟曲霉、白色念珠菌、花粉和孢子等致敏性和致病性生物气溶胶中[46],可能增加肺炎、过敏性鼻炎及哮喘等疾病的风险[78]。因此,有必要针对环境生物气溶胶开展健康风险评估,以量化其健康风险并确定优先控制对象。
当前环境生物气溶胶的健康风险评估通常采用定量微生物风险评估(quantitative microbial risk assessment,QMRA)与非致癌风险评估(危害商(hazard quotient,HQ),危害指数(Hazard index,HI))2种方法,前者为单一病原体感染风险量化,后者为整体生物气溶胶综合风险评价。2类方法虽已广泛应用于各类污染场景,但仍存在明显短板:如QMRA法评价维度单一,无法表征复杂微生物群落的综合健康效应;非致癌风险评估存在概念混淆、阈值混乱、本土化参数缺失、模型适配性差等问题,且学界尚未形成统一的标准化评价体系,导致研究结果可比性差、评估准确性不足,难以支撑精细化风险管控。基于此,本文系统梳理生物气溶胶健康风险评估技术框架,重点剖析非致癌风险评估的研究进展,聚焦核心计算方法、关键暴露参数与现存问题,并展望未来研究方向,为该方法的规范优化及生物气溶胶健康风险防控提供理论参考。
人类对生物气溶胶的研究可追溯至19世纪(图1)。生物气溶胶健康风险评估发展历程的时间轴系统梳理了1833—2013年生物气溶胶及健康风险评估领域的8个里程碑式关键事件,完整呈现了该领域从“现象发现”到“系统研究”再到“定量风险评估”的发展脉络。1833年首次采集到空气中的霉菌孢子开启了空气中微生物存在的新认知,路易斯·巴斯德1861—1864年发表曲颈瓶经典实验,彻底推翻“自然发生说”不仅奠定了现代微生物学基础,也直接证明了空气可作为微生物的传播载体,是生物气溶胶研究的理论起点。1943年美国启动气溶胶感染计划,把生物气溶胶作为生物战剂。随着对“农民肺”等空气微生物致病机制的深入认识[910],1989年,美国政府工业卫生专家会议(American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,ACGIH)首次将生物气溶胶定义为:由具有生命活性的有机体所释放到空气中,大小范围在0.1~100 μm之间的大分子和易变异的混合物[11]。大量研究证明,生物气溶胶暴露与炎症、呼吸道和过敏性疾病密切相关[1213]。生物气溶胶健康风险评估技术体系起步较晚,当前评估实践主要依托美国国家科学院1983年提出风险评估“四步法”框架(危害识别、剂量反应评估、暴露评估、风险表征),随后美国国家环境保护局(US Environmental Protection Agency,US EPA)又对健康风险评价做出了更为细致的说明[14],但在“剂量−反应评估”与“风险表征”环节因目标差异有方法分化:多德团队于2000年[15]首次将QMRA框架用于量化堆放生物固体工人及10 km外居民的微生物感染风险,是生物气溶胶QMRA风险评估的早期关键研究;李彦鹏团队[16]在2013年首次明确将采用非致癌风险评估“危害商”(HQ)作为生物气溶胶健康风险的评估工具,将某污水处理厂的所有气载微生物视作一个总体暴露单元来计算危险系数,开启了生物气溶胶整体健康风险评估的先河。
基于Web of Science数据库以bioaerosol、biological aerosol、microbial aerosol、microbial、bacterial、fungal、risk assessment、QMRA、hazard quotient、exposure、health、disease burden等为核心主题词进行文献检索,检索时间1990年1月至2025年10月5日,共获取该领域有效文献335篇,其中明确采用特定评估模型的共140篇(含QMRA法80篇、HQ法57篇、双模型整合评估3篇)。基于CNKI数据库,检索气溶胶、空气微生物、健康风险、感染风险,共获取有效论文68篇,其中单独采用危害商法(HQ)5篇;单独采用定量微生物风险评估(QMRA)3篇;同时使用HQ与QMRA两种模型1篇,由于相关性及数量较少,主要分析统计英文论文。
图2可以看出,2019年后生物气溶胶相关健康风险评估领域的研究热度显著提升,非致癌风险评估法因计算简便且反映总体风险,使用量逐年攀升。然而该方法在计算方法、剂量−效应关系及暴露参数选取尚未形成统一的标准技术体系,导致现有评估结果的科学性和可比性不足。
QMRA与非致癌风险评估的评价原理、适用场景差异显著,在实际研究中形成互补的风险量化体系,广泛应用于各类污染场地与人居环境的生物气溶胶风险评价。
QMRA侧重于评估水、土壤和空气中特定病原微生物对个体造成的感染风险,可量化单次暴露感染概率及年累积感染概率,适用于针对单一病原体在特定暴露周期内健康风险的定量分析[1718]。如李彦鹏课题组[19]跨气候带多城市采用QMRA方法发现我国季风气候区细菌病原体的年感染风险与疾病负担分别超US EPA(2012)和WHO(2016)规定的10−4和10−6阈值;李丹课题组[20]采用QMRA方法评估上海城市垃圾收集场景,发现一线从业人员病原菌年感染风险远超WHO可接受10−4的限值。
生物气溶胶非致癌风险评估方法的系统应用起步较晚,从2013—2025年发展仅12年。非致癌风险评估中的危害指数法,则主要借鉴美国环境保护署的化学物质健康风险评估框架,将生物气溶胶中所含的全部微生物视作一个总体暴露单元,通过累积各尺寸微生物组分的潜在危害效应,综合估算其整体非致癌健康风险[21]。龙於洋课题组[22]采用HQ法证实垃圾填埋场开挖产生的病原体气溶胶影响可达下风向500 m,全程HQ>1,健康风险不可忽视;Jain等[23]采用HQ法发现印度2个贫民窟家庭的室内可培养真菌暴露导致较高非致癌健康风险(HI>1)。
虽然现已有大量研究围绕多场景、多种改进方法开展生物气溶胶健康风险评估,为风险识别与管控奠定了坚实基础,但2类主流方法在实际应用中仍存在诸多局限。QMRA方法可精准量化单一致病微生物的感染风险,却难以反映复杂生物气溶胶系统的综合健康风险。非致癌风险评估法操作简便、适用于整体风险评价,应用日趋广泛,但仍存在诸多问题:其一,核心概念混淆,诸多研究混淆了参考浓度与参考暴露剂量的本质差异,存在参数混用问题;其二,阈值选取混乱,参考浓度(RfC)设定未结合暴露途径、场景类型、微生物种类差异化标准,取值涵盖500、800、1000、1500、2500、5000 CFU/m3等,常用的500 CFU/m3阈值被随意套用至细菌、真菌、总微生物等不同评估对象;其三,暴露参数本土化缺失,多数研究直接照搬国外通用参数,与我国人群特征及环境实际不符,评估结果偏离实际风险;其四,方法适配性不足,直接沿用US EPA化学物质风险评估框架,未针对生物气溶胶活性、感染性、群落变异性等独有属性进行优化。此外,当前生物气溶胶非致癌风险评估尚未形成统一规范的技术体系,计算公式、参数选取与数据来源均无统一标准,导致各研究结果可比性极差,难以有效支撑环境健康风险管理。
作为环境健康风险定量评估的核心参数,暴露参数的合理性直接决定评估结果的可靠性:当环境介质中污染物浓度已实现准确定量时,暴露参数的选取越贴近实际目标人群的暴露特征(如暴露途径、时长、频率等),最终风险评价结果的准确性便越高[24]。如图3所示,国外针对人群暴露参数的研究起步较早、体系较为完善。如美国于1989年出版首版《暴露参数手册》(《Exposure Factors Handbook》)后,分别于1997、2011年完成2次修订[25];同时针对儿童特殊人群专项编写并完善了《儿童暴露参数手册》(《Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook》)。欧洲、日本、韩国等国家和地区均参考美国EPA框架,结合本土人群特征相继构建了本地化暴露参数数据库与手册体系[2628];加拿大、澳大利亚等也于2001—2014年陆续完成本土暴露参数体系建设,发布了适配本国居民特征的风险评估参数手册。
中国环境健康风险研究始于20世纪90年代。中国将人群暴露参数调查列为环境健康核心工作,依托实地问卷调研、模型模拟并借鉴US EPA研究成果,于2013年、2016年先后发布《中国人群暴露参数手册》成人卷与儿童卷[2931],奠定了我国本土环境健康风险评估数据的基础。但该体系存在明显局限,数据滞后、收录不全,且皮肤黏附系数、颗粒物摄入量仍参照美国标准,未适配我国人群人种特征、生活习惯与环境条件,参数本土化适用性不足。生物气溶胶成分与浓度受环境类型、人类活动、温湿度及通风条件等影响显著[32],化学污染物暴露参数无法适配其风险评价需求。如表1所示,排除问卷调查获得的实际人群暴露参数,不同文献在计算人群暴露风险HQ时,将不同国家地区人群暴露参数混用,造成文献之间缺乏可比性。另外,现阶段国内外现有暴露参数体系均以化学污染物为主要研究对象,尚未形成适配生物气溶胶的专属参数技术体系。
为获得精准的风险评估结果,各国均已建立和发展适应本国人群与环境的暴露参数体系。但生物气溶胶相关参数体系尚不规范、研究基础薄弱,主要受制于自身复杂属性与研究短板。生物气溶胶成分远较化学污染物复杂:涵盖活的细菌、真菌、病毒及各类生物活性碎片,且微生物活性易受温湿度、光照等环境因素动态影响[3940],难以实现稳定定量与标准化检测。此外,其健康效应(如致敏性、感染性)存在显著个体差异,难以建立普适性剂量−效应模型,严重制约了生物气溶胶风险评估体系的规范化建设。
生物气溶胶非致癌健康风险评估借鉴化学物质评估框架,不区分微生物物种,将其视为整体单元计算暴露剂量与风险,常见经口摄入、皮肤接触、呼吸吸入3种暴露途径,生物气溶胶主要通过呼吸吸入与皮肤接触作用于人体,且呼吸吸入途径风险比皮肤接触途径高出4个数量级[41]。因此,本文后续聚焦呼吸吸入暴露途径展开讨论,计算公式如下
$ ADD=\frac{C\times EF\times ED\times IR}{AT\times BW} $
$ HQ=\frac{ADD}{RfD} $
$\Rightarrow \frac{C}{RfC} $
$ \Rightarrow \frac{ADD}{RfC} $
$ \Rightarrow\frac{{ADD}}{{{RfD}}_{\text{计算}}}=\frac{{ADD}}{\dfrac{{RfC\times IR}}{{BW}}}=\frac{{C}{\times EF\times ED}}{{RfC\times AT}} $
$\begin{split}&\Rightarrow \frac{{ADD}}{{{RfD}}_{\text{male/female}}}= \frac{{ADD}}{\dfrac{{RfC}\times {{IR}}_{\text{male/femal}}}{{{BW}}_{\text{male/femal}}}}=\\& \frac{{C}\times {{EF}}\times {{ED}}\times {{IR}}_{\text{TWA}}}{{AT}\times {{BW}}_{\text{TWA}}}\times \frac{{{BW}}_{{\text{TWA}}_{\text{male/femal}}}}{{RfC}\times {{IR}}_{\text{male/femal}}} \end{split}$
式中,ADD为呼吸吸入的日均暴露剂量[CFU/(kg·d)];C为实际环境可培养微生物的浓度(CFU/m3);IR为呼吸速率(m3/d);EF为暴露频率(d/a);ED为暴露年限(a);BW为体重(kg);AT为平均预期寿命(d);RfC为参考浓度(CFU/m3);RfD为参考暴露剂量,危险指数HI为各暴露途径HQ总和;当HQHI<1时,认为不存在明显的健康风险;当HQHI>1时,则认为存在潜在的不利健康风险[33,42]
其中,式(1)为暴露剂量计算公式,健康风险核心计算公式为式(2),其计算生物气溶胶的非致癌健康风险直接沿用了化学物质风险评估框架。然而,化学物质的RfD已有明确的人体实验或动物实验数据库支撑,将其应用于生物气溶胶健康风险评估时,却没有相应的经过实验论证的RfD,导致评估结果的可靠性受限,因此,式(2)在实际评估应用中,学者之间产生较大分歧,将非致癌风险计算模型进行一定修改,变体为式(3)~(6),用于生物气溶胶健康风险的评估。
1) 以环境浓度与参考浓度比值计算。由于现有生物气溶胶RfD缺失,仅有少数机构给出不同场景下的RfC,因此,有Roy等和Odonkor等[4243]CRfC的比值来估算生物气溶胶的总体健康风险,见式(3)。在式(3)中将式(2)中的ADD采用C替代,RfD采用RfC替代,此算法参数获取简便,可快速获得现场生物气溶胶风险的直观数据;但也存在明显局限。
首先,环境浓度多依赖培养法测定,仅覆盖可培养微生物,忽略空气中占比颇高的活而不可培养(VBNC)态微生物[4445],易造成风险低估;其次,环境浓度为瞬时监测结果,未区分微生物粒径与菌群差异,无法反映长期真实暴露水平,易高估或低估实际风险,且缺乏与健康效应的直接关联,环境浓度仅体现“存在量”而非“人体实际摄入量”,无法匹配毒理学“剂量−效应关系”规律。此外,不同机构制定RfC标准存在较大差异,500 CFU/m3阈值被随意套用至细菌、真菌及总微生物等不同评估对象,缺乏场景与物种差异化考量,导致各项研究的评估结果缺乏一致性与可比性。
2) 以人体暴露剂量与参考浓度比值计算。为量化人体暴露生物气溶胶的健康风险情况,有大量学者[21,4647]修改HQ计算模型,用ADDRfC的比值计算健康风险,见式(4)。该模型通过式(1)计算获得人体吸入暴露剂量,同时沿用参考浓度RfC(CFU/m3)。该模型虽考虑了人体的暴露剂量,却未考虑粒径差异对实际吸入量的影响(如>4.7 μm的微生物不易进入呼吸道),易造成风险高估;检测层面依赖传统培养计数,无法覆盖VBNC状态微生物,进而低估真实暴露风险。同时,该计算方式存在量纲不统一问题,学者在计算时把参考环境浓度RfC与参考暴露剂量RfD两者等同,并将ADDRfC的比值认为是HQ健康风险,然而二者的比值并非无量纲的倍数关系(而是m3·kg–1·d–1)。若能进一步明确单位定义与推导依据,将更符合健康风险评估的科学性要求,也能为后续研究提供更可靠的方法支撑。
3) 以人体暴露剂量与参考暴露剂量比值计算(忽略呼吸速率及体重)。进一步,为解决没有参考暴露剂量的问题,有学者考虑自行计算参考暴露剂量,通过权威单位给出的参考浓度,考虑呼吸速率及体重后,计算出一个参考暴露剂量[4849],见式(5)。值得注意的是,学者利用权威机构给出的RfC值,根据人体暴露的剂量去推导一个可接受的RfD计算,这里的RfD计算虽考虑与ADD单位匹配,获得倍数比值,但该剂量并未经过毒理学的剂量−效应关系获得,是否具有实际参考价值,仍有待考证。此外,在计算HQ时,式(5)RfD计算中的呼吸速率(IR)和体重(BW)已隐含于ADD的计算中。因此,在比值(ADD/RfD计算)中,IRBW被抵消,丢失关键暴露参数,使得暴露评估的核心变量最终简化为暴露频率(EF)、暴露年限(ED)和平均寿命(AT),从而忽略了不同人群具有不同呼吸速率及体重差异(表2)。
4) 加权平均校正呼吸速率和体重的算法。近年来,Siddique等[67]提出一种采用加权平均的方法解决丢失IRBW关键暴露参数的问题,通过整合时间加权方法将不同年龄段呼吸速率及体重的差异取平均值算入ADD,计算更真实的终生非致癌生物气溶胶暴露风险,见式(6)。其中ADDIRTWA(时间加权平均呼吸速率,m3/d)考虑了不同生命阶段的呼吸速率差异;BWTWA(时间加权平均体重,kg)整合了不同生命阶段的体重变化;该公式考虑了整个生命周期中特定年龄的吸入率和体重的动态变化,更精准反映暴露情况;同时参考性别差异化RfD取值,超越了仅限成人的限制。但该方法目前仅在单一地区验证,未充分考虑地域环境差异与敏感人群特征,参数区域性较强。且选用的参考暴露剂量同样缺乏毒理学验证。未来需结合更多区域数据与暴露场景进一步完善。
总体而言,如表3所示,以上4种生物气溶胶非致癌风险的算法是目前文献中常用的方法。这几种算法各有利弊,其中,直接将参考浓度等同参考剂量的方法最常用(38篇参考文献),但该方法既未考虑参考暴露剂量,还存在核心参数量纲不统一的科学性问题。因此,现有的常用非致癌健康风险评估方法,仍不能很好地评估整体生物气溶胶的健康风险。
通过采用实测值如流行病学问卷、动物实验等方法获得暴露参数,可以校正呼吸速率和体重,基于此,可进一步通过收集IR、BW等暴露参数计算日均暴露剂量,同时采用《中国人群暴露参数手册》中的数值计算参考剂量,以此校正健康风险评估中IR与BW被抵消而忽略的问题,构建本土化的IR与BW校正的健康风险模型;通过量化暴露水平与健康效应的关联,为更全面的健康风险评估提供依据,使健康风险评估既包含暴露剂量分析,也纳入人群实际健康信息,进而提升评估的科学性与实用性。
与非致癌风险评估整体生物气溶胶(所有微生物)健康风险不同,定量微生物风险评估(QMRA)模型被广泛用于评估环境单一病原体对个体的感染风险,主要评估职业环境中的病原体感染风险[69],主要有β−泊松模型和指数模型。
将计算的暴露剂量d式(7)代入相应的单次感染概率模型中式(10)、式(11),可计算年均感染风险值和疾病负担。
暴露剂量计算
$ {d}={C}\times {{IR}}\times {{T}}\times {AG} $
年均感染风险值Pn根据单次暴露感染概率Pi和暴露次数n计算
$ {{P}}_{{n}}{=1-}{{(1-}{{P}}_{{i}})}^{{n}} $
疾病负担计算(DB
$ {DB}={{P}}_{{n}}\times {HB}\times {{P}}_{\text{ill/inf}} $
式中,d为暴露剂量(cells;copies;CFU);C为空气中病原微生物的浓度(cells/m3;copies/m3;CFU/m3);IR为呼吸速率(m3/h);T为暴露时间(h);AG为肠胃/呼吸系统侵入率(%),HB为健康负担(DALYs·case−1),即暴露后导致的伤残调整寿命年。根据美国EPA年度感染概率基准(≤ 10−4)和WHO疾病负担基准(≤ 10−6 DALYs·case−1)表征健康风险结果。剂量−反应模型是QMRA的核心环节,用于建立病原体有效暴露剂量与人体感染概率的定量关系。国际通用的剂量−反应模型主要包括β−泊松模型和指数模型,二者基于不同感染机制假设,分别适用于不同类型病原微生物。
1) β−泊松模型单次暴露感染概率Piβ−泊松模型适用于大多数细菌(如大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)
$ {P}_{i}=1-\left[1+\frac{d}{{N}_{50}}\left({2}^{\tfrac{1}{\alpha}}-1\right)\right]^{-\alpha}=1-{\left(1+\frac{d}{\beta}\right)}^{-\alpha}$
式中,α为形状参数,描述剂量−反应曲线的陡峭程度;β=$ {{{N}}_{{50}}}/\left({{{2}}^{\tfrac{{1}}{\alpha}}-1}\right) $为特征剂量参数,αβ共同刻画风险曲线的形态与敏感性,单位:无单位(无量纲参数);N50为半数感染剂量,即导致50%暴露人群发生感染的微生物暴露剂量。
该模型在于能捕捉低剂量暴露下的非线性风险特征,根据流行病学规律统计而得,与疾病发展的规律相关联,不同病原体有其对应的权威参数可对照,例如大肠杆菌的感染概率计算可取α=0.248,β=48.8[70] 或者α=0.209,N50=1.12×103[20]。该计算模型参数较少,计算简单、物理意义清晰、便于快速初步定量单一病原体的健康风险;缺陷是假设病原体均匀独立分布,未考虑颗粒团聚、感染异质性等实际情况;通常采用测序方法计算摄入量,仅考虑数浓度而忽略生物活性,因而可能高估风险。
2) 指数模型单次暴露感染概率Pi。指数模型则适用于高致病性病原体,假设风险与剂量呈线性关系,模型参数参考值需根据具体病原体确定。指数模型主要适用于病毒及少部分细菌(如肠球菌、腺病毒、SARS−CoV−2)如式(11)
$ {{P}}_{{i}}={1-\exp}(-k\times d) $
式中,k为模型的剂量反应参数(无量纲参数),例如,肠球菌的感染概率计算,有学者[71]k=1.31×10−7
指数模型形式简单、参数少、计算便捷,能够反映暴露剂量与感染风险之间的指数增长关系,适用于有限数据下的快速评估。缺点是假设病原体感染能力完全一致,忽略了个体易感性、病原体活性差异及颗粒团聚效应,且缺乏生物学机制支撑,拟合效果往往弱于β−泊松模型。
总体而言,QMRA方法基于明确的剂量−响应关系,可以精准量化单一病原体的感染风险与疾病负担。但在实际环境中生物气溶胶组分复杂、未知物种占比很高,若采用QMRA逐一核算每种病原体的健康风险,存在微生物定量难度大与计算流程烦琐的问题,难以反映整体风险及满足复杂场景快速评估的需求。因此,在生物气溶胶组成复杂、难以精准识别并定量所有致病微生物的场所,采用非致癌风险评估来表征整体风险的方法更具实用性与可操作性。
当前生物气溶胶健康风险评估方法以非致癌风险评估(HQ)与定量微生物风险评估(QMRA)为核心,其中,HQ法可实现生物气溶胶整体风险评价,但尚未形成完善的体系,核心问题集中在4方面:一是缺乏经毒理学验证的统一参考暴露剂量及参考浓度数据库,各机构推荐阈值取值差异较大,制约评估模型标准化应用;二是计算模型覆盖面不足,计算公式不统一,参考暴露剂量不明确,仅覆盖可培养细菌和真菌,忽略了花粉、病毒、内毒素(ACGIH推荐空气悬浮内毒素为90 EU/m3(8 h加权平均)[72])等关键组分及其协同或拮抗效应。实际大气环境中的生物气溶胶转化过程极其复杂,如胡若兰等[73]指出的大气二次有机气溶胶等成分的混合存在,会与生物气溶胶产生复杂的理化交互作用,现有的方法未能有效整合感染风险,难以表征综合风险;三是本土化暴露参数缺失,多沿用欧美数据,与本土人群生理特征、地域环境适配性差;四是暴露评价维度单一,仅关注呼吸暴露途径的环境浓度,未考虑生物气溶胶尺寸效应及皮肤接触、经口摄入等潜在途径,可能低估综合风险。
综上,现有方法的局限性制约了生物气溶胶健康风险的精准评估,未来生物气溶胶健康风险评估需从方法优化、数据支撑与暴露途径拓展协同突破,形成如图4所示的健康风险评估框架:首先,完善生物气溶胶检测与活性表征技术,重点突破VBNC微生物精准定量难题,将粒径沉积效应、皮肤接触和经口摄入等途径纳入模型;其次,统一计算方法,量化不同生物组分对整体健康风险的贡献,同时建立HQ和QMRA两类方法通用的标准化分析流程;需整合问卷调研、环境实测与毒理学实验3大数据,构建“基础数据—加权暴露模型—本土RfD推导”的闭环体系,加快建立覆盖多成分的生物气溶胶专属参考标准体系,同时开展分场景、分人群的本土化暴露参数调研,重点关注老人、儿童和职业暴露人群等敏感群体,构建适配中国人群生理特征与气候差异的参数数据;最终实现多途径、全维度的生物气溶胶健康风险的精准计算,构建适用于复杂场景的综合评估模型,准确识别健康风险主要贡献因子,为中国健康风险精准防控提供技术支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3708204)
  • 广东省自然科学基金−面上项目(2025A1515011295)
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2026年第44卷第15期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.05.00013
  • 接收时间:2026-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-08-31
  • 出版时间:2026-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2026-05-06
  • 修回日期:2026-06-14
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3708204)
广东省自然科学基金−面上项目(2025A1515011295)
作者信息
    1广东工业大学环境健康与污染控制研究院,粤港澳污染物暴露与健康联合实验室和广东省环境催化与健康风险控制重点实验室,广州 510006
    2广东工业大学环境科学与工程学院,湾区生态安全与绿色发展基础研究卓越中心和广州市环境催化与污染控制重点实验室,广州 510006

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安太成(通信作者),教授,研究方向为环境地球化学与健康,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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