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With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry, higher requirements are imposed on the safety, energy density, and service life of power batteries. However, occasional thermal runaway incidents reveal limitations of traditional battery management systems in early fault warning and active protection. Intelligent battery technology therefore emerges as a promising solution. By integrating multi−source sensors, edge computing units, and intelligent algorithms, this technology enables a transition from passive protection to active safety management. This study focuses on thermal runaway in electric vehicles and systematically analyzes key technologies of intelligent batteries from three perspectives, including intrinsic material safety, manufacturing and sensing systems, and intelligent management strategies. The discussion covers the development of high energy density and high−safety materials, long−life material optimization, precision manufacturing processes, and intelligent sensing architectures. In addition, the critical functions of intelligent battery management systems in fault diagnosis, state prediction, and adaptive optimization are clarified. Future development of intelligent battery technology advances toward higher intelligence and enhanced sustainability, providing safe and efficient energy solutions for electric vehicles.
, authors=Jichao HONG
1, 2, Meng LI
1, 2, Shuyuan DENG
1, 2, authorsList=Jichao HONG, Meng LI, Shuyuan DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=
All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301137701990847000, articleId=1301137698866090512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=电动汽车热失控事故引发的智能动力电池发展与思考, columnId=1150494644438708440, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=本刊专稿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
随着电动汽车产业快速发展,对动力电池的安全性、能量密度和使用寿命提出了更高要求。然而,时有发生的热失控事故暴露出传统电池管理系统在早期故障预警和主动防护上的不足。智能电池技术因此应运而生,通过集成多源传感器、边缘计算单元与智能算法,实现从被动防护向主动安全的转变。以电动汽车热失控为问题导向,围绕材料本征安全、制造与感知体系、智能管理3条路径,系统分析了智能电池的关键技术,包括高能量密度和高安全性材料研发、长寿命材料优化、精密制造工艺及智能传感架构,并阐述了智能电池管理系统在故障诊断、状态预测和自适应优化中的关键功能。展望未来,智能电池技术将朝着更高智能化与绿色化方向发展,为电动汽车提供安全高效的能源解决方案。
, authors=洪吉超
1, 2, 李萌
1, 2, 邓树源
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via SpikingFormer and frequency slice wavelet transform, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1301137706927542855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, awardId=20250484955, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市科技新星交叉合作课题项目(20250484955), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1301137706990457416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, awardId=2024A1515012804, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2024A1515012804), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1301137702242505241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1301137702255088154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, companyId=1301137702242505241, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2北京科技大学顺德创新学院,佛山 528000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1301137705878966843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EHQoG8gELAkSO4qOg4arPw==, figureFileBig=7scvhTwUUtAnbKPIhQiQkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1301137705946075708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
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智能电池技术, figureFileSmall=48dI3YCYeTpczolBsh41xw==, figureFileBig=E4srbV+W3RSDT5EZ/d8+Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1301137706290008639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=m03HXhV6uPVs+FnMaL2Uqg==, figureFileBig=bhUP0TLpUc9YVOZwPQXEHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1301137706365506112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
智能电池传感技术体系架构, figureFileSmall=m03HXhV6uPVs+FnMaL2Uqg==, figureFileBig=bhUP0TLpUc9YVOZwPQXEHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1301137706432614977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 对比项目 | 钴酸锂(LCO) | 磷酸铁锂(LFP) | 三元材料(NCM/NCA) | 锰酸锂(LMO) |
|---|
| 注:安全性、成本和低温性能为典型商用电芯的相对评价,具体表现受材料组成、电解液、负极、电芯结构及热管理等条件影响。 |
| 比容量/(mAh·g−1) | 140~150 | 130~160 | 180~240 | 100~120 |
| 循环寿命/次 | 500~2000 | 2000+ | 1500~2000 | 500~1000 |
| 能量密度/(Wh·kg−1) | 180~240 | 130~160 | 180~240 | 130~180 |
| 安全性 | 一般 | 好 | 一般 | 好 |
| 成本 | 高 | 低 | 中、高 | 低 |
| 低温性能 | 好 | 一般 | 好 | 好 |
| 终端应用 | 消费电子等 | 储能、电动汽车等 | 储能、电动汽车等 | 两轮、三轮电动车及电动工具 |
| 优势 | 能量密度高、高温性能好、 充放电稳定等 | 安全性好、 循环寿命高等 | 能量密度高、低温性能好、 循环稳定性好等 | 安全性高、低温性能优异、 成本低等 |
| 劣势 | 钴资源紧缺、成本高、 循环寿命差等 | 能量密度低、 低温性能差等 | 工艺复杂、高温性能较差 | 能量密度较低、循环寿命差等 |
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4种类型的锂离子电池正极材料性能对比
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| 对比项目 | 钴酸锂(LCO) | 磷酸铁锂(LFP) | 三元材料(NCM/NCA) | 锰酸锂(LMO) |
|---|
| 注:安全性、成本和低温性能为典型商用电芯的相对评价,具体表现受材料组成、电解液、负极、电芯结构及热管理等条件影响。 |
| 比容量/(mAh·g−1) | 140~150 | 130~160 | 180~240 | 100~120 |
| 循环寿命/次 | 500~2000 | 2000+ | 1500~2000 | 500~1000 |
| 能量密度/(Wh·kg−1) | 180~240 | 130~160 | 180~240 | 130~180 |
| 安全性 | 一般 | 好 | 一般 | 好 |
| 成本 | 高 | 低 | 中、高 | 低 |
| 低温性能 | 好 | 一般 | 好 | 好 |
| 终端应用 | 消费电子等 | 储能、电动汽车等 | 储能、电动汽车等 | 两轮、三轮电动车及电动工具 |
| 优势 | 能量密度高、高温性能好、 充放电稳定等 | 安全性好、 循环寿命高等 | 能量密度高、低温性能好、 循环稳定性好等 | 安全性高、低温性能优异、 成本低等 |
| 劣势 | 钴资源紧缺、成本高、 循环寿命差等 | 能量密度低、 低温性能差等 | 工艺复杂、高温性能较差 | 能量密度较低、循环寿命差等 |
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| 固态电解质类型 | 聚合物 | | 氧化物 | | 硫化物 | | 卤化物 |
|---|
| 材料 | 聚环氧乙烷及其衍生物、聚偏氟乙烯及其共聚物等 | | 石榴石型氧化物电解质、钙钛矿型氧化物电解质等 | | 玻璃态硫化物电解质、玻璃陶瓷态硫化物电解质等 | | 复合金属氯化物、溴化物等 |
| 界面稳定性 | 柔性较好,能够在一定程度上适应电极体积变化,界面接触相对较好 | | 化学和热稳定性较好,但材料刚性大,固—固界面接触较差;长期循环中可能出现孔隙和接触损失 | | 材料易压实,初始界面接触较好;但与正负极可能发生副反应,长期循环中易因电极体积变化和锂沉积/剥离出现孔隙、裂纹及接触损失 | | 与高电压正极的稳定性相对较好,但与锂金属兼容性较差;颗粒型界面在循环中也可能出现接触损失 |
| 优点 | 易加工、易规模化制备,柔性和界面贴合性较好 | | 安全性较高、热稳定性好、电化学稳定性较高 | | 离子电导率高、机械延展性较好、易压实、初始界面接触好 | | 高电压正极侧稳定性较好,较易压实,部分体系合成工艺相对简单 |
| 缺点 | 室温离子电导率偏低,高电压稳定性有限;机械强度与离子传导性能较难兼顾 | | 界面接触较差,材料脆、易产生裂纹;长期循环可能形成界面孔隙,部分体系需要一定压力或柔性界面层维持接触 | | 对空气和水分敏感,可能释放H2S,界面副反应明显;长期循环中容易出现界面孔隙、裂纹和接触衰退,通常需要一定的持续堆叠压力;部分含Ge体系原料成本较高 | | 多数体系具有吸湿性,与锂金属兼容性较差;颗粒型电池通常需要一定堆叠压力,部分组成还存在成本问题 |
| 技术难度 | 中:需要兼顾室温离子电导率、机械性能和循环稳定性 | | 高:材料脆性、致密化、薄层制备,以及长期固—固界面接触控制 | | 高:空气和水分控制、界面副反应、长期固—固接触及低压力运行 | | 高:材料纯度、湿度控制、负极界面稳定性及低压力运行 |
), ArticleFig(id=1301137706654913092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
4大类型固态电解质对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 固态电解质类型 | 聚合物 | | 氧化物 | | 硫化物 | | 卤化物 |
|---|
| 材料 | 聚环氧乙烷及其衍生物、聚偏氟乙烯及其共聚物等 | | 石榴石型氧化物电解质、钙钛矿型氧化物电解质等 | | 玻璃态硫化物电解质、玻璃陶瓷态硫化物电解质等 | | 复合金属氯化物、溴化物等 |
| 界面稳定性 | 柔性较好,能够在一定程度上适应电极体积变化,界面接触相对较好 | | 化学和热稳定性较好,但材料刚性大,固—固界面接触较差;长期循环中可能出现孔隙和接触损失 | | 材料易压实,初始界面接触较好;但与正负极可能发生副反应,长期循环中易因电极体积变化和锂沉积/剥离出现孔隙、裂纹及接触损失 | | 与高电压正极的稳定性相对较好,但与锂金属兼容性较差;颗粒型界面在循环中也可能出现接触损失 |
| 优点 | 易加工、易规模化制备,柔性和界面贴合性较好 | | 安全性较高、热稳定性好、电化学稳定性较高 | | 离子电导率高、机械延展性较好、易压实、初始界面接触好 | | 高电压正极侧稳定性较好,较易压实,部分体系合成工艺相对简单 |
| 缺点 | 室温离子电导率偏低,高电压稳定性有限;机械强度与离子传导性能较难兼顾 | | 界面接触较差,材料脆、易产生裂纹;长期循环可能形成界面孔隙,部分体系需要一定压力或柔性界面层维持接触 | | 对空气和水分敏感,可能释放H2S,界面副反应明显;长期循环中容易出现界面孔隙、裂纹和接触衰退,通常需要一定的持续堆叠压力;部分含Ge体系原料成本较高 | | 多数体系具有吸湿性,与锂金属兼容性较差;颗粒型电池通常需要一定堆叠压力,部分组成还存在成本问题 |
| 技术难度 | 中:需要兼顾室温离子电导率、机械性能和循环稳定性 | | 高:材料脆性、致密化、薄层制备,以及长期固—固界面接触控制 | | 高:空气和水分控制、界面副反应、长期固—固接触及低压力运行 | | 高:材料纯度、湿度控制、负极界面稳定性及低压力运行 |
), ArticleFig(id=1301137706755576389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 对比维度 | 传统BMS故障诊断 | 智能电池多物理场故障诊断 |
|---|
| 感知数据源 | 仅依赖电压、电流、温度 | 融合“电压、电流、温度、应变、压力、气体、声学”等多源信号 |
| 诊断方法 | 基于固定阈值或简单规则 | AI数据驱动 |
| 响应模式 | 被动响应(故障发生后报警,滞后明显) | 主动预警(识别微观异常,如析锂、微裂纹,提前干预) |
| 准确率与泛化性 | 易受工况干扰,误报率高,参数漂移后失效 | 具备自适应能力,通过云端迭代更新模型,鲁棒性强 |
| 防护层级 | 仅做切断回路处理 | 分级防护:功率限制、热管理介入、主动隔离、提前排气 |
), ArticleFig(id=1301137706826879558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137698866090512, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
传统BMS故障诊断与智能电池故障诊断体系对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 对比维度 | 传统BMS故障诊断 | 智能电池多物理场故障诊断 |
|---|
| 感知数据源 | 仅依赖电压、电流、温度 | 融合“电压、电流、温度、应变、压力、气体、声学”等多源信号 |
| 诊断方法 | 基于固定阈值或简单规则 | AI数据驱动 |
| 响应模式 | 被动响应(故障发生后报警,滞后明显) | 主动预警(识别微观异常,如析锂、微裂纹,提前干预) |
| 准确率与泛化性 | 易受工况干扰,误报率高,参数漂移后失效 | 具备自适应能力,通过云端迭代更新模型,鲁棒性强 |
| 防护层级 | 仅做切断回路处理 | 分级防护:功率限制、热管理介入、主动隔离、提前排气 |
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