Article(id=1301137681858187684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764950400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-06, revisedDate=1768492800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1788144997323, onlineDateStr=2026-08-31, pubDate=1786550400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788144997323, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-31, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788144997323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788144997323, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1301137643908128824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='15', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786550400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1788144988276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788145858754, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1301141295053959999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1301137643908128824, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=121, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1301137683535909285, articleId=1301137681858187684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Analysis of technological innovation trends in solid−state lithium batteries based on patent data mining, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Solid−state lithium battery technology is an emerging field expected to overcome the current development bottlenecks of lithium−ion batteries and achieve "revolutionary innovation", which represents a critical area for major nations competing for dominance in "next−generation lithium battery technology". By analyzing global patent trends in solid−state lithium batteries, we can effectively grasp the international competitive landscape, identify key technological barriers and development opportunities, thereby providing support for the high−quality development and high−level security of China's related technologies and industries. Based on retrieval results from the IncoPat patent database, this paper integrates text mining with KeyBERT algorithm, CiteSpace visualization analysis, and Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) analysis to conduct an in−depth investigation from perspectives of patent quantity, quality, and technology themes. The results indicate that patents in this field primarily originate from China, Japan, the United States, and the republic of Korea. China holds an absolute leading position in the quantity of technological achievements, but there remain deficiencies in technological integration and technological impact. The scope of legal protection remains relatively narrow, and the stability of patent rights needs to be improved. Furthermore, the patent deployment of Chinese entities is largely restricted to the domestic market, with limited adequacy in international patent deployment and constrained influence over the global market. The research focus and development pathways of major countries exhibit distinct priorities. Finally, recommendations for promoting the technological innovation and development of solid-state lithium battery in China are put forward from three aspects: clarify the directions of key technological breakthroughs and secure strategic positions in technological competition; strengthen patent deployment and standard formulation to enhance international discourse power; expand cooperation and exchange to aggregate innovation resources.

, authors=Wenting JIN1, Zidong WEI2, *, authorsList=Wenting JIN, Zidong WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zidong WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1301137686199292346, articleId=1301137681858187684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=基于专利数据挖掘的固态锂电池技术创新态势分析, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

固态锂电池技术是有望突破当前锂离子电池技术发展瓶颈,实现“革命性创新”的新兴技术,是各大国抢占“下一代锂电技术”制高点的关键领域。对全球固态锂电池专利技术进行分析,有助于把握该领域技术的国际竞争态势,识别关键技术壁垒与发展机遇,为中国相关技术、产业实现高质量发展和高水平安全提供支持。基于IncoPat专利数据库的检索结果,综合运用文本挖掘KeyBERT算法、CiteSpace可视化分析与合作专利分类(cooperative patent classification,CPC)分析等方法,从专利数量、质量、技术主题等角度展开深入研究。结果表明:该领域的专利技术主要来自中国、日本、美国、韩国;中国的技术成果数量处于绝对领先地位,但技术集成度、技术影响力仍存在不足,法律保护范围相对偏窄、专利权稳定性有待提升,且中国主体的专利布局主要局限于本国,国际专利布局的充分度以及对全球市场的影响力较为有限;各主要国家的研发主题和路径有着不同的侧重点。最后,从3个方面提出促进我国固态锂电池技术创新发展的建议:明确攻关方向,占领技术竞争的关键阵地;强化专利布局与标准构建,增强国际话语权;拓展合作交流,聚合创新要素。

, authors=靳文婷1, 魏子栋2, *, authorsList=靳文婷, 魏子栋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=魏子栋, authorNote=

靳文婷,博士研究生,研究方向为国家安全、能源安全及科技情报等,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
魏子栋(通信作者),教授,研究方向为电化学、新能源材料及先进能源系统等,电子信箱:
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靳文婷,博士研究生,研究方向为国家安全、能源安全及科技情报等,电子信箱:

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靳文婷,博士研究生,研究方向为国家安全、能源安全及科技情报等,电子信箱:

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评价维度具体指标衡量维度指标意义
注:“大家族*”是指规模较大即成员数量较多的专利族。在本研究中,将包含10件及以上专利成员的专利家族定义为“大家族”。
技术质量相对IPC小类数(RIi 技术的交叉性、集成度  RIi越大,表明专利涉及的创新领域越广,创新的交叉性、集成度越强
相对专利被引次数(RIc 技术基础性、开创性  RIc越大,说明专利技术的基础性和开创性越强,对后续技术的影响越大
法律质量相对权利要求数(RId 权利保护范围、效力稳固性  RId越大,权利要求数量越多,专利保护范围越广、效力越稳固
相对有效专利数(RIv 专利权稳定性  RIv越大,意味着被撤销或宣告无效的情况越少,权利越稳定
市场质量相对同族专利数(RIf 专利在国际市场上的影响力、竞争力  RIf越大、“大家族*”专利越多,意味着国际布局越充分,专利在国际市场上的影响力、竞争力越强
家族规模情况
), ArticleFig(id=1301137692973093354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1301137681858187684, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

专利质量的三维评价体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价维度具体指标衡量维度指标意义
注:“大家族*”是指规模较大即成员数量较多的专利族。在本研究中,将包含10件及以上专利成员的专利家族定义为“大家族”。
技术质量相对IPC小类数(RIi 技术的交叉性、集成度  RIi越大,表明专利涉及的创新领域越广,创新的交叉性、集成度越强
相对专利被引次数(RIc 技术基础性、开创性  RIc越大,说明专利技术的基础性和开创性越强,对后续技术的影响越大
法律质量相对权利要求数(RId 权利保护范围、效力稳固性  RId越大,权利要求数量越多,专利保护范围越广、效力越稳固
相对有效专利数(RIv 专利权稳定性  RIv越大,意味着被撤销或宣告无效的情况越少,权利越稳定
市场质量相对同族专利数(RIf 专利在国际市场上的影响力、竞争力  RIf越大、“大家族*”专利越多,意味着国际布局越充分,专利在国际市场上的影响力、竞争力越强
家族规模情况
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基于专利数据挖掘的固态锂电池技术创新态势分析
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靳文婷 1 , 魏子栋 2, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(15): 121-131
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (15) : 121 -131
基于专利数据挖掘的固态锂电池技术创新态势分析
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靳文婷,博士研究生,研究方向为国家安全、能源安全及科技情报等,电子信箱:

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靳文婷1 , 魏子栋2, *
作者信息
  • 1西南政法大学国家安全学院,重庆 401120
  • 2重庆大学化学化工学院,重庆 401331
通讯作者:
魏子栋(通信作者),教授,研究方向为电化学、新能源材料及先进能源系统等,电子信箱:
作者简介:

靳文婷,博士研究生,研究方向为国家安全、能源安全及科技情报等,电子信箱:

Analysis of technological innovation trends in solid−state lithium batteries based on patent data mining
Wenting JIN1 , Zidong WEI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Security College, Southwest University of Political Science & Law, Chongqing 401120, China
  • 2The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
出版时间: 2026-08-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00017
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固态锂电池技术是有望突破当前锂离子电池技术发展瓶颈,实现“革命性创新”的新兴技术,是各大国抢占“下一代锂电技术”制高点的关键领域。对全球固态锂电池专利技术进行分析,有助于把握该领域技术的国际竞争态势,识别关键技术壁垒与发展机遇,为中国相关技术、产业实现高质量发展和高水平安全提供支持。基于IncoPat专利数据库的检索结果,综合运用文本挖掘KeyBERT算法、CiteSpace可视化分析与合作专利分类(cooperative patent classification,CPC)分析等方法,从专利数量、质量、技术主题等角度展开深入研究。结果表明:该领域的专利技术主要来自中国、日本、美国、韩国;中国的技术成果数量处于绝对领先地位,但技术集成度、技术影响力仍存在不足,法律保护范围相对偏窄、专利权稳定性有待提升,且中国主体的专利布局主要局限于本国,国际专利布局的充分度以及对全球市场的影响力较为有限;各主要国家的研发主题和路径有着不同的侧重点。最后,从3个方面提出促进我国固态锂电池技术创新发展的建议:明确攻关方向,占领技术竞争的关键阵地;强化专利布局与标准构建,增强国际话语权;拓展合作交流,聚合创新要素。

固态锂电池  /  专利分析  /  数据挖掘  /  国际比较  /  高质量发展和高水平安全

Solid−state lithium battery technology is an emerging field expected to overcome the current development bottlenecks of lithium−ion batteries and achieve "revolutionary innovation", which represents a critical area for major nations competing for dominance in "next−generation lithium battery technology". By analyzing global patent trends in solid−state lithium batteries, we can effectively grasp the international competitive landscape, identify key technological barriers and development opportunities, thereby providing support for the high−quality development and high−level security of China's related technologies and industries. Based on retrieval results from the IncoPat patent database, this paper integrates text mining with KeyBERT algorithm, CiteSpace visualization analysis, and Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) analysis to conduct an in−depth investigation from perspectives of patent quantity, quality, and technology themes. The results indicate that patents in this field primarily originate from China, Japan, the United States, and the republic of Korea. China holds an absolute leading position in the quantity of technological achievements, but there remain deficiencies in technological integration and technological impact. The scope of legal protection remains relatively narrow, and the stability of patent rights needs to be improved. Furthermore, the patent deployment of Chinese entities is largely restricted to the domestic market, with limited adequacy in international patent deployment and constrained influence over the global market. The research focus and development pathways of major countries exhibit distinct priorities. Finally, recommendations for promoting the technological innovation and development of solid-state lithium battery in China are put forward from three aspects: clarify the directions of key technological breakthroughs and secure strategic positions in technological competition; strengthen patent deployment and standard formulation to enhance international discourse power; expand cooperation and exchange to aggregate innovation resources.

solid−state lithium batteries  /  patent analysis  /  data mining  /  international comparison  /  high−quality development and high−level security
靳文婷, 魏子栋. 基于专利数据挖掘的固态锂电池技术创新态势分析. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (15) : 121 -131 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00017
Wenting JIN, Zidong WEI. Analysis of technological innovation trends in solid−state lithium batteries based on patent data mining[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (15) : 121 -131 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00017
能源是驱动经济社会持续发展的动力源泉,是国家战略安全的重要保障。在全球能源加速转型与新一轮科技革命交织演进的双重背景下,习近平总书记强调:“以更大力度推动我国新能源高质量发展,为中国式现代化建设提供安全可靠的能源保障”[1]。近年来,中国锂电池技术创新取得显著进步,有效推动了新能源产业、绿色产业的蓬勃发展[2],但该领域的技术瓶颈也逐步显现。在液态锂电池中,普遍采用的有机电解液易发生副反应,导致界面稳定性下降并缩短电池的循环寿命,更因电解液的易挥发性和易燃性而存在安全隐患[3]。固态锂电池具有高能量密度、卓越的安全性能、良好的材料兼容性等优势,不仅能突破新能源汽车“续航力与安全性难以兼得”的困境,而且能为低空飞行、深海探测、人形机器人等产业场景提供关键支持,大大拓展新能源技术的应用边界和价值限度,甚至引领储能产业生态的重构。中国《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年)》等政策将固态锂电池技术定位为支撑新能源汽车、储能等战略性新兴产业高质量发展的核心技术,给予重点关注和支持。日本、欧盟、美国也颁行了一系列政策法规来促进其固态锂电池技术和产业的发展。相较于传统锂电池技术,固态锂电池具有更高的技术复杂性和技术难度,主要体现在以下3方面:首先,电解质与电极均为固体,无法形成液态电解液的紧密润湿性接触,导致界面有效接触面积大幅降低,界面电阻显著增加,进而影响离子传输效率;其次,锂枝晶在固态电解质中的生长与穿透机理更为复杂,可以沿晶界、结构缺陷或局部电子导电通道延伸,使得相应的抑制策略相比液态体系面临更大挑战;此外,界面副反应等问题也进一步阻碍了固态锂电池的产业化进程,导致在判断技术演化方向、选择研发路径、明确研发重点等方面仍存在一系列难题[45],因此,为推动固态锂电池技术的发展,迫切需要科技情报、实证数据的支持。
专利技术是技术创新的重要体现,专利文献是全世界规模最大的科技资料库之一,专利信息是技术及其关联产业创新发展的“晴雨表”“导航仪”[6]。因此,本文对全球固态锂电池技术专利信息进行统计分析,以清晰反映该技术领域的竞争格局、研发现状和重点方向,为政府、产业界和科研机构制定相关决策提供科学依据和参考。
本文分析的专利数据来源于IncoPat数据库,其检索式为(TIAB−DWPI=(锂电池OR锂离子电池OR锂金属电池) AND IPC=(H01M10/0562) OR TIAB−DWPI=(固态锂电池OR固态锂离子电池OR固态锂金属电池OR固体锂电池OR固体锂离子电池OR固体锂金属电池) AND AD=[20000101 TO 20251231]),经专利申请号合并、剔除实用新型等非发明专利的批量去噪后,采用人工审读专利的标题与摘要以排除技术主题不符的专利文献,共获得9683项发明专利。需要说明的是,发明专利通常自申请日起满18个月才公开,因此,本文统计的2024、2025年的专利申请数量(简称专利数量)会小于实际数量。
专利摘要作为技术公开的核心载体,既包含特定技术领域的专业术语,也常通过非标准化的组合短语传递技术细节,这些表述往往与发明点的具体语境紧密相关。KeyBERT算法作为一种文本挖掘技术,基于BERT预训练语言模型的上下文嵌入能力,可以捕捉依赖语境的关键术语。与传统的词频−逆文档频率(term frequency−inverse document frequency,TF−IDF)等统计方法不同,KeyBERT充分融入了单词的语义信息与上下文特征,可以处理更为复杂的语境[7]。因此,本文采用KeyBERT算法对主要创新主体的专利摘要文本进行关键词提取。
本文从技术质量、市场质量、法律质量3个维度构建专利质量评价体系(表1)。
为避免因国家的专利申请总量多而造成对各专利质量指标虚高的误判,精准且真实地把握各国在技术领域的相对竞争力,本文采用相对指标RIm[8]来衡量专利质量的具体指标,即统计全球相应指标的平均水平作为领域基准,再将各国的单位质量指标与此比较,从而以比值的形式直观量化各国在该指标上的相对竞争力。该指标数值大于1表示高于全球平均水平,小于1表示低于平均水平。具体的表达式为
$ {RI}_{\mathrm{m}}=\frac{{C}_{ij}/{N}_{ij}}{\sum _{n}{G}_{ij}/{\sum }_{i}{N}_{ij}} $
式中,Cij表示某国i年至j年之间专利相应指标的总数;Nij表示i年至j年间的该国发明专利数量;$ \sum _{n}{G}_{ij} $表示全球i年至j年间专利相应指标的总数;$ {\sum }_{n}{N}_{ij} $表示i年至j年间的全球发明专利数量。
对2000—2025年固态锂电池专利申请人国籍进行统计,可以发现中国、日本、美国、韩国是专利申请的主要来源国,这4个国家的专利数量之和占全球专利总量的90.4%。如图1所示,中国的专利数量位居首位(3930件),日本位列第2(2691件),随后依次为美国(1485件)和韩国(651件)。
从整体趋势来看(图2),2002—2017年,中国、日本、美国、韩国申请人的专利数量均保持在每年200件以内,未出现显著波动。2018年开始,中国的专利数量呈现爆发式增长,迅速拉开与其他各国的差距,究其原因主要有2方面。一方面,《“十三五”国家战略性新兴产业发展规划》明确将固态锂电池列为重点研发方向[9],同时《促进汽车动力电池产业发展行动方案》也提出到2025年,推动固态电池单体比能量达到500 Wh/kg的目标,进而为相关技术的研发及专利申请提供了有力的政策引导[10]。另一方面,2016年中国科学院物理研究所孵化的北京卫蓝新能源公司正式成立,致力于固态锂电池的开发,并率先实现了原位固态化技术的产业化。同年,比亚迪等领先企业也相继与国际机构合作,共同推动固态锂电池技术的进步[11]。到2022年,中国年度申请量已超过其他3个国家当年申请总量。
日本的专利数量在2017年前处于领先地位,但在2018年被中国赶超后位居第2。美国的专利数量在2016年前位居世界第2,自2016年起被中国超越后排名第3。韩国的专利数量在绝大多数年份低于其他3个国家,专利申请呈现缓慢增长趋势。2024—2025年,各国的专利申请量呈现回落趋势,这是因为部分专利在本文采集数据时尚未公开。
在评估固态锂电池技术领域的创新水平和竞争态势时,不能仅看专利数量,还需深入分析专利质量。本文从技术质量、法律质量及市场质量维度,对主要来源国的专利质量进行评估。
统计技术质量的2项具体指标,从技术集成度和技术影响力维度对比分析各国专利的技术质量(图3(a))。中国申请人的RIi(0.79)低于其他3个国家,RIc(0.73)低于日本和美国,与韩国(0.75)相当。日本的RIi(1.09)低于美国与韩国,但RIc(1.43)位于第1,而美国的RIi(1.21)位于第1,RIc(1.25)仅次于日本。
基于图3(a)构建技术质量四象限矩阵图(图3(b))。日本和美国位于象限I,RIiRIc都高于世界平均水平,可见其技术集成度高,技术影响力强。中国位于象限III,两指标都低于平均水平,技术集成度、技术影响力都存在不足。韩国位于象限IV,技术集成度高但技术影响力较低。
统计法律质量的2项具体指标,从法律保护范围和专利权稳定性维度对比分析各国专利的法律质量(图4(a))。中国申请人的RId(0.78)低于美国与韩国,高于日本,RIv(0.91)低于日本和韩国,高于美国。日本的RId(0.76)最低,但RIv(1.15)位居首位。美国的RId(1.74)位于第1,但RIv(0.89)最低,韩国的RIdRIv均排列第2。
基于图4(a)构建法律质量四象限矩阵图(图4(b))。韩国位于象限I,RIdRIv均高于世界平均水平,说明法律保护范围广、专利权稳定性强。中国位于象限III,两指标都低于平均水平,法律保护范围、专利权稳定性相对较弱。日本位于象限II,RId低于平均水平但RIv高于平均水平,即法律保护范围窄、专利权相对稳定。美国位于象限IV,法律保护范围广但专利权稳定性较弱。
统计市场质量的2项具体指标,从国际市场广度和竞争力维度对比分析各国专利的市场质量(图5)。中国申请人的RIf低于全球平均水平,日本和美国的RIf显著高于平均水平且分别位于第1、第2位,韩国的RIf仅略高于平均水平。
专利规模在3件及以下的“小家族”中,中国占比高达94.0%,韩国与美国分别为52.7%和51.2%,日本最低为37.1%。规模在10件及以上的“大家族”中,日本占比领先(24.0%),美国紧随其后(20.1%),韩国为12.9%,而中国仅为1.4%(图5(b))。可见,中国RIf低且“大家族”少,这反映中国申请人的市场定位偏重本国,参与国际专利布局和市场竞争的意识相对较弱。日本RIf和“大家族”占比均位于第1,说明日本申请人的国际专利布局充分,在国际市场具有很强的影响力、竞争力。
为进一步考察各国基础专利的国际布局特征,本文将被引次数不低于40次的有效专利界定为基础专利,并据此对主要来源国的基础专利布局策略进行比较分析[12]。日本的基础专利数量最多(105件),其次为美国(60件)和中国(50件),韩国数量最少(图6(a))。从图6(b)可见,中国、日本和美国的申请人均将母国作为其最首要的基础专利布局目标地,而韩国申请人则优先将美国作为基础专利布局的最重要目标,其次才是本国。此外,日本和美国申请人除了将世界知识产权组织与中国视为海外专利布局的关键目标外,还均将对方市场作为基础专利布局的重点方向。
上文概述了专利申请主要来源国在固态锂电池领域的宏观创新趋势,但要更深入理解技术发展的关键路径和竞争焦点,还须对主要创新主体关注的技术主题进行对比分析。本文将申请量排名前20的申请人界定为“主要创新主体”(简称主体)。在排名前20的主体中(图7),日本占据7席,且全部为企业。中国占据6席,其中4席为高校院所、2席为企业。剩余7席均为企业,分别来自韩国(1家)、美国(3家)、欧洲(3家)。这表明中国在该领域的技术研发以高校院所为主要力量,而日本、美国等国家则形成了以企业为主导的技术研发格局。
根据CPC分类号对固态锂电池进行技术领域划分,可以观察到主体所关注的重点研发方向(图8)。H01M4/62、H01M4/366、H01M10/056是各国主体共同关注的技术领域,涉及非活性物质的应用、叠层体结构或混合电解质等技术。进一步对比分析发现,各国主体的技术研发侧重点存在一定差异。日本主体聚焦于H01B1/10(硫化物电解质)、H01M2300/008(卤化物电解质)、H01M4/525(铁/钴/镍含氧化物活性材料)和H01M2004/021(多孔电极)等研究领域。中国、韩国、美国与欧洲的主体一致将H01M2300/0071(氧化物电解质)作为重点研发方向。不同的是,中国侧重于H01M10/0565(聚合物电解质)、H01M2300/008(卤化物电解质)和H01M10/4235(添加剂)技术的开发应用。韩国集中布局H01M2300/008(卤化物电解质)和H01M4/134(含金属/Si/合金负极材料)相关技术。美国更加关注H01M2300/0094涉及的界面层构建或优化技术。欧洲则侧重于H01M4/485领域,致力于开发钛酸锂的负极材料技术。
为深入挖掘固态锂电池的研发热点,本节采用CiteSpace对KeyBERT算法所提取的关键词进行主题聚类,并借助桑基图呈现主体的技术演化路径,从而解析不同主体在技术主题上的竞争态势。
CiteSpace通过模块值Q和平均轮廓值S两指标来评估聚类效果和结构清晰度。Q >0.3表明聚类结构显著;S >0.5表示聚类合理,S >0.7则说明单个聚类中的技术内容高度一致,聚类结果具有较高的可信度[13]。本研究的聚类结果Q=0.8574,S=0.9564,表明聚类结果清晰显著。由图9可知,专利技术主要围绕固态电解质(如#1硫化物电解质、#2聚合物电解质、#3氧化物电解质、#5卤化物电解质)、电极活性材料(如#0正极活性材料和#4负极活性材料)、#6电池结构以及#7辅助材料开展研究,本研究以较大聚类为例并结合桑基图(图10)进行评述。
1) 固态电解质。#1硫化物电解质。日本的Toyota Motor Co Ltd、Idemitsu Kosan Co Ltd及Furukawa Co Ltd等企业正在积极布局硫化物电解质相关专利技术(图10),其主要集中于以下2方面。(1) 硫银锗矿型电解质。Li6PS5X(X=Cl、Br、I)具有可调控的阴离子亚晶格,为此相关主体常采用引入阴离子无序度的策略来促进离子扩散,提升材料的离子电导率。在固相烧结法路径下,大多专利技术聚焦于优化球磨与烧结工艺参数来调控S2−/X的无序分布程度,以有效拓宽离子迁移通道并降低Li+迁移能垒 [14]。在液相法路径中,专利研发倾向于调控前驱体化学计量比,通过适当增加卤素含量来诱导产生更多锂空位,提高离子传输性能[15]。为抑制H2S的产生,提高Li6PS5X的水氧稳定性,专利研究主要围绕掺杂改性和复合电解质设计维度展开:引入特定形式的晶格掺杂,形成适量的局域畸变与缺陷浓度,从而协同优化离子电导率与界面稳定性[16]。复合界面兼容性的功能性材料,缓解电解质与电极间的物理接触问题,提升电池循环寿命[17]。(2) 玻璃态硫化物电解质。专利研究重点包括调控前驱体组分与电解质掺杂改性2方面。针对(100−x)Li2S−xP2S5基础体系,进行比例调控并引入廉价的Li2CO3等原料替代部分高价Li2S前驱体,在维持高离子电导率的同时寻求成本的降低[18]。在掺杂改性方面,引入LiX形成间隙掺杂,利用X的间隙占位效应优化Li+传输通道,有效扩宽电化学窗口[19]。引入锂氧酸盐或氧化物等进行取代掺杂,借助更强的P—O键增强玻璃网络的结构稳定性[20]
#3氧化物电解质。除了韩国的Samsung Sdi Co Ltd以及中国科学院对该领域的研发与产业化给予了高度重视外,日本的Toyota Motor Co Ltd和Seiko Epson Corp也在加大对氧化物电解质的专利布局。其中,石榴石型电解质因兼具宽电化学窗口和优异的热稳定性在氧化物电解质领域中成为研究重点。研究聚焦于以下3方面。(1) 烧结体致密化。在专利技术中常采用埋烧[21],引入Al2O3、SiO2、LiF等烧结助剂的策略来促进电解质的致密化和提高烧结的一致性[2223]。(2) 界面层构建。中国与日本主体的研发重心在于解决锂金属负极/电解质界面的锂枝晶问题。不同的是,中国主体侧重在界面处引入金属或柔性聚合物修饰层,以形成有效的物理隔绝并引导锂均匀沉积[24]。利用表面杂质的转化,在清洁表面的同时生成稳定的亲锂层[25]。日本主体则在电解质基板表面构建富碳层,通过填充其表面孔洞或损伤来提升界面完整性,抑制电池短路[26]。与之相反的是,韩国主体主要致力于降低正极/电解质界面的高电阻,通过引入具有图案的非晶质膜,增大有效的接触面积并构建定向的离子通道来优化界面的离子传输效率[27]。(3) 电解质掺杂改性。各国主体通过多元阳离子的引入形成共掺杂,不仅有效提升锂空位浓度,还能维持立方结构的稳定性[28]。采用阴离子掺杂来调节Li+在固体电解质晶格中的迁移或扩散,改善电化学特性[29]
#2聚合物电解质。聚合物电解质因良好的柔韧性和较高的室温离子电导率展现出巨大的应用潜力[30]。中国科学院对聚合物电解质技术的重视程度较高,尤其侧重复合聚合物与凝胶聚合物电解质的研发布局。复合聚合物电解质作为一种多组分体系,有效结合了不同材料的优点,从而实现电解质综合性能的优化。当前专利技术主要集中以下3层面。运用氧化物和硫化物2种快离子导体材料作为活性填料[31],来改善复合电解质的电化学性能。引入金属氧化物、黏土材料以及碳材料等惰性填料以增强电解质的机械模量,抑制锂枝晶的穿刺。此外,为抑制填料的团聚现象并增强界面相容性,研究还通过在惰性填料表面接枝烷基链等方式对其进行表面改性[32]。凝胶聚合物电解质是一种介于固态和液态之间的半固态电解质,能有效推动液态电解液到全固态电解质的平稳过渡[33]。为获得性能更优的凝胶聚合物电解质,中国科学院采取了多项优化策略。引入LLZO、LATP等氧化物电解质作为功能性填料或引入刚性聚合物作为多孔骨架,通过共混方式增强电解质的机械稳定性。
2) 电极活性材料。#0正极活性材料。目前专利研发领域主要集中在岩盐层状、尖晶石型和橄榄石型的氧化物系活性材料及硫化物系活性材料。为实现氧化物体系的高性能化,日本的Toyota Motor Co Ltd、韩国的Samsung Sdi Co Ltd及中国科学院常采用体相掺杂策略提高材料的比容量、表面包覆工程增强界面相容性以及构建复合正极畅通离子传输路径。对于硫化物系活性材料而言,研究重点多集中于复合正极结构的设计。分析各国主体在该领域的技术布局策略,可以发现日本和韩国的研究多将正极材料的选用与电池结构设计相结合,而对材料本身的研发投入相对有限。相比之下,中国主体则在该领域开展了深入的系统性研究,比如采用核壳结构设计增加界面稳定性、构建浓度梯度结构缓解正极界面局部应力的累积等。#4负极活性材料。日本的Toyota Motor Co Ltd与韩国的Samsung Sdi Co Ltd均将锂金属或合金作为核心研发方向。此外,韩国主体还侧重于碳系材料领域,如金属−碳复合物的开发。日本主体则致力于构建纳米多孔结构或硅基复合材料。而在锡系活性材料和钛酸锂方向,欧洲的I−TEN表现出了较高的技术关注度。
3) 辅助材料。#7辅助材料。专利技术主要涵盖黏合剂、集流体以及添加剂3大领域。中国主体在添加剂方面的研究较为集中,且重点聚焦于界面修饰型与增强电解质功能型添加剂。日本与欧洲主体更倾向于功能化聚合物基黏合剂的开发。在集流体领域,日本与韩国主要致力于多孔结构的设计、碳系集流体或金属基复合型集流体的应用。
4) 电池结构。#6电池结构。目前,电池结构设计主要围绕叠层式结构、薄膜型结构与一体化结构3大方向展开。在叠层式结构方面,中国、日本、美国、韩国以及欧洲主体均开展了广泛研究,其中日本与美国主体正重点布局双极型固态锂电池。为实现更高的功率密度和超薄柔韧性,中国、日本与欧洲主体也在积极开发薄膜型固态锂电池。此外,中国主体还在深入研究具有一体化结构的固态锂电池以从根本上改善界面稳定性并实现高能量密度。
基于上述分析,目前固态锂电池领域的全球发明专利申请主要集中在中国、日本、美国和韩国。中国虽然在技术成果数量上居于领先地位,但在技术的基础性、核心性、集成度等方面仍存在短板。中国主体的专利布局主要局限于本国,国际专利布局充分度以及对全球市场的影响力有限。
在主要创新主体构成中,中国以高校院所为主要研发力量,其他国家则由企业主导创新活动。从专利技术构成与竞争焦点来看,各国创新发展的总体方向较为接近,在无机固态电解质、混合电解质、电极材料等关键核心领域都投入了大量研发资源。然而,不同国家在具体技术主题上的侧重却存在一定差异,日本主体重点布局硫化物电解质、硅系负极材料、双极型固态锂电池等技术。中国、韩国、美国与欧洲主体均将氧化物电解质作为重点研发方向。除此之外,中国主体侧重于聚合物电解质、正极材料结构设计以及一体化集成技术,韩国主体在金属−碳复合物领域投入较多,美国主体主要推进双极型固态锂电池的研发应用,而欧洲主体则致力于钛酸锂负极材料的开发。
1) 明确攻关方向,占领技术竞争的关键阵地。如前所述,中国的固态锂电池技术成果数量处于国际领先地位,但成果质量仍存在一定短板,反映了对基础技术、核心技术掌控不足的问题。未来应当集中资源推动高离子电导率电解质、高容量电极活性材料等关键技术研究,着力攻克界面稳定性不足、锂枝晶生长与穿透等难题,并促进干法电极成型、电芯叠片等规模化工艺的应用。在硫化物电解质、硅系负极材料、金属−碳负极材料、钛酸锂负极材料以及双极型固态锂电池等领域,国外企业通过严密、系统的专利布局构建了较高的技术壁垒,我国主体要在该方向实现技术突破存在较大难度。在氧化物电解质、聚合物电解质、正极材料结构设计以及一体化集成技术方面,国外企业现有的技术积累与专利覆盖相对有限,中国可加大相关方向的研发投入和专利布局,形成差异化技术优势。
2) 强化专利布局与标准构建,增强国际话语权。值得注意的是,与丰田、三星等日韩企业相比,中国的锂电头部企业在专利数量、质量方面仍存在一定差距。中国企业掌控专利资源的水平尚滞后于其产能与产值水平。随着固态电池技术、产业竞争日趋激烈,中国企业遭遇外国主体专利壁垒和专利攻击的风险不可忽视。根据相关资讯,全球动力电池重点企业及其所属国的发展规划大多将2027—2028年作为固态锂电池技术从实验室走向规模化量产的关键节点。可见,未来3年是塑造全球固态锂电池技术、产业格局的关键期,也是各国、各企业之间专利“攻防战”的高发期。我国创新主体应当抓紧国际专利布局的步伐,为激烈的竞争博弈做好准备。
另外,随着固态电池产业的快速发展,不同企业的产品在性能、安全性、规格等方面的差异不断凸显,技术标准的制定成为备受关注的议题。2025年5月,中国汽车工程学会先于日本、欧美发布了全固态电池的关键技术标准——《全固态电池判定方法》,下好了标准化战略的“先手棋”。后续还须积极参与国际标准磋商制定,推动中国创新主体的核心专利技术进入国际标准,成为“标准必要专利”。由此,通过“技术专利化、专利标准化、标准国际化”增进中国固态锂电池技术、产业的全球影响力和话语权。
3) 拓展合作交流,聚合创新要素。一是要推动跨部门的合作交流。如前所述,中国固态锂电池专利大多数来自高校院所。与企业相比,高校院所的研发成果与市场需求的联系程度相对较低,在转化应用过程中需要克服较多的困难和障碍。应推动高校院所深入参与产学研协同,增强成果转化效能。例如,在科研经费拨付、产业补贴发放、重大专项设立等方面,加强对产学研联合团队的支持,引导构建强强联合、协同攻关的“产学研用联盟”。二是推动跨国科技合作。尽管美国等西方国家多次打压、围堵中国新能源汽车产业,但基于各国在全球气候治理、能源转型议题上的共识,各国固态锂电池研发资源的互补性,以及西方新能源企业在中国市场投资发展的需求,跨国交流合作仍有一定空间。中国可依托超大规模市场、全要素生产率高、产业链环节齐全等特殊优势,吸引外国固态锂电池创新主体在中国投资运营,通过合作研发、专利交叉许可、共建专利池等方式,让多元化的创新要素、多路径的创新探索在中国聚合,加快中国固态锂电池“奇点时刻”的到来。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52021004)
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2026年第44卷第15期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00017
  • 接收时间:2025-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-08-31
  • 出版时间:2026-08-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-06
  • 修回日期:2026-01-16
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52021004)
作者信息
    1西南政法大学国家安全学院,重庆 401120
    2重庆大学化学化工学院,重庆 401331

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魏子栋(通信作者),教授,研究方向为电化学、新能源材料及先进能源系统等,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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