Article(id=1296828812814209566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.02.00034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1770652800000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-10, revisedDate=1774368000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1787117682889, onlineDateStr=2026-08-19, pubDate=1785168000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787117682889, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787117682889, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787117682889, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1296827250129784977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785168000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787117310316, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787117721595, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1296828975423185806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1296828975423185807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1296827250129784977, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=142, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1296828813019730463, articleId=1296828812814209566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Synergistic enhancement of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties in aluminum nitride ceramics via AlN whisker reinforcements, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the growing demand for thermal dissipation substrates in high−power electronic devices, this study focuses on overcoming the mechanical limitations of aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramics and the reduction in thermal conductivity associated with conventional toughening methods. A phase−compatible toughening strategy using one−dimensional AlN whiskers is proposed. AlN whiskers were synthesized via direct nitridation and incorporated into AlN ceramics through dry pressing and atmospheric pressure sintering at elevated temperature. The results indicate that the AlN whiskers form strong interfacial bonds with the matrix, effectively reducing thermal boundary resistance. Its high aspect ratio creates continuous, highly efficient heat conduction pathways, which collectively enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of the AlN ceramic. The optimized composites achieved a thermal conductivity of 189.49 W·m−1·K−1, a flexural strength of 255.13 MPa, and a fracture toughness of 3.25 MPa·m1/2, corresponding to enhancements of 7.2%, 150.8%, and 24.5%, respectively, compared to unreinforced AlN. Microstructural analysis combined with finite element simulations confirms that the AlN whiskers effectively redistribute mechanical stress and suppress crack propagation. This work provides a viable approach for developing high−performance ceramic substrates with integrated thermal management and structural reliability for advanced electronic packaging applications.

, authors=Chang SUN, Tiantian ZHOU, Yiming CHENG, Shuangfei LI, Fusheng YANG, Hongrui REN, Jianlei KUANG*, Qi WANG*, authorsList=Chang SUN, Tiantian ZHOU, Yiming CHENG, Shuangfei LI, Fusheng YANG, Hongrui REN, Jianlei KUANG, Qi WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianlei KUANG, Qi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1296828815574061618, articleId=1296828812814209566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=晶须协同增强氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷导热和力学性能, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为满足高功率电子器件对散热基板日益增长的需求,针对氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷力学性能不足、传统增韧方法导致导热性能下降的难题,提出利用一维AlN晶须实现同相增韧的策略。通过直接氮化法合成AlN晶须,经干压成型与常压高温烧结,制备了系列AlN陶瓷。结果表明,AlN晶须可与基体紧密结合,有效降低界面热阻;其高长径比形态构建了连续、高效的导热通道,协同提升了AlN陶瓷的导热和力学性能。最终获得的最大导热系数、抗弯强度及断裂韧性分别达到189.49 W·m−1·K−1、255.13 MPa与3.25 MPa·m1/2,分别较未添加晶须的样品提升7.2%、150.8%与24.5%。微观结构分析与有限元模拟结果表明,AlN晶须在受力过程中能够有效分散应力并抑制裂纹扩展。

, authors=孙畅, 周添添, 程一鸣, 厉双飞, 杨福胜, 任泓睿, 匡健磊*, 王琦*, authorsList=孙畅, 周添添, 程一鸣, 厉双飞, 杨福胜, 任泓睿, 匡健磊, 王琦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=匡健磊, 王琦, authorNote=

孙畅,硕士研究生,研究方向为散热陶瓷基板,电子信箱:

, correspAuthorsNote=
匡健磊(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为结构陶瓷,电子信箱:;
王琦(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为氮化物陶瓷,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=2sd5rqM1RXfwXHX/Yaj/5g==, magXml=3XZuL9JahD8eVj1OmJBGwg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ov/F30RJePxq+tkqcAHbbw==, pdfFileSize=11939008, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=16f8u62Y4xhkK+oMo0DKJw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zx7kAR+2yzvCqO9WwRXozg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1296828816115126839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828812814209566, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=sunchang0208@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1296828816459059768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828812814209566, authorId=1296828816115126839, language=EN, stringName=Chang SUN, firstName=Chang, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1296828816857518649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1296828812814209566, authorId=1296828816115126839, language=CN, stringName=孙畅, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio={"content":"

孙畅,硕士研究生,研究方向为散热陶瓷基板,电子信箱:

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孙畅,硕士研究生,研究方向为散热陶瓷基板,电子信箱:

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晶须协同增强氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷导热和力学性能
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孙畅 , 周添添 , 程一鸣 , 厉双飞 , 杨福胜 , 任泓睿 , 匡健磊 * , 王琦 *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(14): 142-151
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (14) : 142 -151
晶须协同增强氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷导热和力学性能
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孙畅 , 周添添, 程一鸣, 厉双飞, 杨福胜, 任泓睿, 匡健磊* , 王琦*
作者信息
  • 北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
通讯作者:
匡健磊(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为结构陶瓷,电子信箱:;
王琦(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为氮化物陶瓷,电子信箱:
作者简介:

孙畅,硕士研究生,研究方向为散热陶瓷基板,电子信箱:

Synergistic enhancement of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties in aluminum nitride ceramics via AlN whisker reinforcements
Chang SUN , Tiantian ZHOU, Yiming CHENG, Shuangfei LI, Fusheng YANG, Hongrui REN, Jianlei KUANG* , Qi WANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-07-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.02.00034
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为满足高功率电子器件对散热基板日益增长的需求,针对氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷力学性能不足、传统增韧方法导致导热性能下降的难题,提出利用一维AlN晶须实现同相增韧的策略。通过直接氮化法合成AlN晶须,经干压成型与常压高温烧结,制备了系列AlN陶瓷。结果表明,AlN晶须可与基体紧密结合,有效降低界面热阻;其高长径比形态构建了连续、高效的导热通道,协同提升了AlN陶瓷的导热和力学性能。最终获得的最大导热系数、抗弯强度及断裂韧性分别达到189.49 W·m−1·K−1、255.13 MPa与3.25 MPa·m1/2,分别较未添加晶须的样品提升7.2%、150.8%与24.5%。微观结构分析与有限元模拟结果表明,AlN晶须在受力过程中能够有效分散应力并抑制裂纹扩展。

AlN陶瓷  /  AlN晶须  /  晶须增韧  /  导热系数  /  机械性能

To address the growing demand for thermal dissipation substrates in high−power electronic devices, this study focuses on overcoming the mechanical limitations of aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramics and the reduction in thermal conductivity associated with conventional toughening methods. A phase−compatible toughening strategy using one−dimensional AlN whiskers is proposed. AlN whiskers were synthesized via direct nitridation and incorporated into AlN ceramics through dry pressing and atmospheric pressure sintering at elevated temperature. The results indicate that the AlN whiskers form strong interfacial bonds with the matrix, effectively reducing thermal boundary resistance. Its high aspect ratio creates continuous, highly efficient heat conduction pathways, which collectively enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of the AlN ceramic. The optimized composites achieved a thermal conductivity of 189.49 W·m−1·K−1, a flexural strength of 255.13 MPa, and a fracture toughness of 3.25 MPa·m1/2, corresponding to enhancements of 7.2%, 150.8%, and 24.5%, respectively, compared to unreinforced AlN. Microstructural analysis combined with finite element simulations confirms that the AlN whiskers effectively redistribute mechanical stress and suppress crack propagation. This work provides a viable approach for developing high−performance ceramic substrates with integrated thermal management and structural reliability for advanced electronic packaging applications.

AlN ceramic  /  AlN whisker  /  whisker toughening  /  thermal conductivity  /  mechanical properties
孙畅, 周添添, 程一鸣, 厉双飞, 杨福胜, 任泓睿, 匡健磊, 王琦. 晶须协同增强氮化铝(AlN)陶瓷导热和力学性能. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (14) : 142 -151 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.02.00034
Chang SUN, Tiantian ZHOU, Yiming CHENG, Shuangfei LI, Fusheng YANG, Hongrui REN, Jianlei KUANG, Qi WANG. Synergistic enhancement of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties in aluminum nitride ceramics via AlN whisker reinforcements[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (14) : 142 -151 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.02.00034
近年来,随着电动汽车、高压输电系统、5G通信、大功率发光二极管等领域的快速发展,芯片及电子器件不断向着小型化、高功率化的方向演进,这在带来强大使用功能的同时也导致发热量急剧增加,散热问题已成为制约电子技术发展的关键瓶颈之一。陶瓷基板作为电子封装中连接芯片与散热器的关键介质,其性能直接影响到整个系统的散热效率与长期可靠性,因此开发高性能的陶瓷基板至关重要。理想的陶瓷基板不仅需要具备超高的导热性和绝缘性,还需兼顾优异的机械强度与韧性,以承受使用过程中复杂热应力与机械应力[1]
在众多陶瓷材料中,AlN陶瓷具有高热导率(理论值320 W·m−1·K−1)、高击穿场强(1.5×107 V·cm−1)、接近硅的热膨胀系数(4.3×10−6 K−1)、高电阻率(~1014 Ω·cm)以及无毒等优异特性[23],被视为极具潜力的基板材料。然而,AlN强共价键特性导致其自扩散系数低、致密化困难,通常需在1900℃以上高温烧结,这不仅导致工艺成本高昂,而且往往难以获得理想的导热性能[4]。为了降低烧结温度并促进致密化,研究者发展了热压烧结、放电等离子体烧结(spark plasma sintering,SPS)等技术,并配合添加Y2O3[5]、YF3[6]、CaF2[7]、Sm2O3[8]、CaO[9]等烧结助剂。尽管上述策略在一定程度上改善了AlN陶瓷的致密度与导热性能,但其机械性能仍然较低,断裂韧性普遍≤3 MPa·m1/2[10],严重制约了其在高可靠性电子封装领域的实际应用。
目前,随着增强与增韧技术的发展,陶瓷基板的工程可靠性与适用性在逐步提升。作为提升陶瓷强度与刚度的关键途径,金属和其他氮化物常被用于增强AlN陶瓷。如Rogers等[11]采用合成的Al/AlN复合增强粉作为原料,低温烧结制备了Al/AlN复合材料。与传统的Al/AlN复合材料相比,抗拉强度和断裂伸长率分别从92.2 MPa和2.5%提升至108.4 MPa和11.5%。但该研究提供的性能数据较少,难以充分佐证该材料在其所声称的汽车和航空航天领域的可靠服役能力。Xu等[12]通过热压烧结制备了具有BN取向性的AlN复合陶瓷。在助烧剂Y2O3的协助下,烧结后陶瓷的热导率具有各向异性,在面内和纵向方向上分别为100和59 W·m−1·K−1。另外,引入异相颗粒或一维晶须能够有效抵抗裂纹扩展,是AlN陶瓷常用的增韧手段。如Kim等[13]制备了纳米晶TiN−AlN复合陶瓷,在长时间球磨(40 h)并结合脉冲电流活化烧结(pulsed current activated sintering,PCAS)的条件下,将断裂韧性提升至3.3 MPa·m1/2,然而TiN的本征热导率仅约20 W·m−1·K−1[14],导致复合陶瓷的热导率大幅降低。Baek等[15]通过添加MgO−CaO−Al2O3−SiO2复合相,将AlN陶瓷的抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别提升至469 MPa和3.4 MPa·m1/2,但获得的热导率却低于125 W·m−1·K−1。Lee等[16]通过热压烧结制备了添加SiC晶须的AlN复合陶瓷,利用一维晶须的桥接、拔出等机制提升陶瓷机械性能,当SiC晶须添加量(质量分数)从0增加到30%时,维氏硬度从10.29 GPa增加到14.47 GPa,断裂韧性从3.03增加到4.39 MPa·m1/2,值得关注的是,热导率从139.53 W·m−1·K−1大幅下降到49.95 W·m−1·K−1。由此可见,异相增韧固然能够提升AlN陶瓷的机械性能,但由于大量异质界面的引入会显著增加声子散射,往往导致材料热导率下降[17]。因此,如何在保持高热导率的同时有效提升AlN陶瓷的力学性能,已成为该领域亟待解决的关键问题。
相比之下,引入具有高长径比的一维AlN晶须进行同相增韧,既避免了界面热阻增加的问题,还可构建连续、直接的导热通路,被认为是协同提升AlN陶瓷力学性能与导热性能的理想策略。然而,由于AlN晶须合成难度较高、不易实现产业化,目前关于AlN晶须增韧AlN陶瓷的研究仍处于初步探索阶段。在现有报道中,Okazaki等[18]在1650℃常压烧结制备了含5%(质量分数)AlN晶须的AlN陶瓷,但其热导率和抗弯强度分别仅为98 W·m−1·K−1和235 MPa;Shimizu等[19]在1900℃常压烧结2 h,制备了含有3%(质量分数)的AlN晶须的AlN陶瓷,断裂韧性为3.1~6.7 MPa·m1/2,强度和热导率却有所下降;Ahn等[20]采用SPS法在1800℃制备含3%(质量分数)AlN晶须的AlN陶瓷,获得12 GPa的维氏硬度和3 MPa·m1/2的断裂韧性,但热导率仅达到115 W·m−1·K−1左右。由此可见,现有研究制备的AlN晶须增韧AlN陶瓷热导率仍远低于理想值,同时在陶瓷的微观结构调控、晶须/基体界面优化等基础科学问题上仍需深入系统研究。
基于此,本研究采用直接氮化法制备了具有高生长密度和大尺寸特征的AlN晶须,并将其引入AlN粉体,通过常压烧结工艺制备了AlN晶须同相增韧的陶瓷,并深入探讨了AlN晶须对陶瓷导热和力学性能的协同影响规律。
AlN晶须利用本课题组先前报道的直接氮化法合成[21]。AlN粉体购自日本德山株式会社,纯度大于99%,粒径范围为1.1~1.3 μm;所添加的烧结助剂CaF2和Y2O3粉体购自国药试剂,纯度分别为分析纯(analytical reagent,AR)和99.9%;SiC晶须通过本课题组先前报道的微波加热法合成[22],直径范围为0.2~0.3 μm,平均长度为1.5 μm。
为制备AlN晶须增韧的AlN陶瓷,在固定添加质量分数为2%CaF2和3%Y2O3的基础上,分别向AlN粉体中掺入质量分数为0、1%、2%、3%、4%及5%的AlN晶须。所有体系中均加入1%(质量分数)的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(polyvinyl butyral,PVB)作为黏结剂。将混合粉体以无水乙醇为分散介质进行球磨混合7 h,并于60℃烘干。烘干后粉体经研磨,采用干压成型法在200 MPa下压制成生坯。生坯置于马弗炉中,以程序升温至600℃保温4 h完成排胶。排胶后的样品置于BN坩埚内,在常压石墨炉中于流通氮气气氛下以4℃/min升温至1850℃,保温4 h,随后以5℃/min冷却至室温。所得陶瓷样品经打磨抛光后用于表征与性能测试,并按AlN晶须的质量分数命名为xAw−AlN(x表示晶须质量分数)。作为对比,采用相同工艺制备了添加SiC晶须的AlN陶瓷,命名为xSw−AlN。
AlN陶瓷的物相由日本Rigaku Smartlab SE X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffraction,XRD)在10°~90°(2θ)范围内用Cu Kα辐射进行表征,扫描速度为10°/min。使用KY−D4504电子万能试验机通过三点弯曲法测试陶瓷的抗弯强度,根据GB 6569—86标准,试样尺寸为3 mm×4 mm×36 mm,跨距为13 mm,加载速率为0.5 mm/min,测试样品数量3条并取平均值和标准差。使用德国ZEISS Sigma 360扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察陶瓷的微观形貌,使用OXFORD XPLORE30电子能谱仪(energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)分析陶瓷微观结构不同区域的化学成分。使用配备维氏压头的硬度计通过压痕法测试陶瓷的维氏硬度和断裂韧性(荷兰Innovatest Falcon 507),载荷为3 kg·f,加载速率为0.05 mm/min,保载时间为15 s。使用NETZSCH LFA 467 NanoFlash激光导热仪测试陶瓷的热扩散系数,样品尺寸10 mm×10 mm×2 mm。用阿基米德排水法测试样品密度,由公式λ=α·ρ·cp(其中λ为导热系数,α为热扩散系数,ρ为样品密度,cp为样品比热容)得到陶瓷的热导率;由密度与理论密度的比值计算得到致密度,其中理论密度根据混合物定律设定为3.293 g·cm−3[2324]。使用Olympus BX53金相显微镜对陶瓷的抛光表面进行拍照。使用ABAQUS CAE 2023软件建立陶瓷的三点弯曲模型,并进行有限元模拟分析。
图1(a)所示为通过直接氮化法合成的AlN晶须的宏观形貌。晶须在坩埚底部和侧壁均匀生长,具有高生长密度。其直径为11~150 μm,长度为6~30 mm,呈现典型的高长径比一维形态。图1(b)对比了所合成AlN晶须与商业AlN粉体的XRD图谱。由于形貌差异,AlN晶须的(100)峰与(002)峰的峰强比显著高于AlN粉体,这是由于AlN晶须沿<0001>晶向择优生长,导致平行于主生长方向的晶体表面暴露面积更大,使(100)衍射峰显著增强,而AlN粉体则不具备此特征[25]。AlN晶须的扫描电镜图像如图1(c)、(d)所示,晶须具有明显的高长径比特点,呈六方结构,其表面光滑且具有单向生长特性。图1(e)和(f)中Al、N元素的EDS能谱分布图进一步证明了晶须的高纯度和高均匀特性。
不同AlN晶须含量的陶瓷XRD图谱如图2所示。AlN陶瓷的所有衍射峰都对应于AlN标准PDF卡片(PDF#03−065−0832),并存在少量对应于Y2O3(PDF#97−029−0964)和Y4Al2O9(PDF#00−014−0475)的峰。这是由于所添加的烧结助剂在高温烧结过程中形成晶界相,因此在XRD图谱中被检索到微弱的峰。该结果与Kondo等[26]的研究一致。
随AlN晶须质量分数的增加,陶瓷密度、致密度和烧结后线收缩率均呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势(图3(a))。当添加量为3%(质量分数)时(3Aw−AlN),三者达到最大值,分别为3.271 g·cm−3、99.332%和13.231%。尽管5Aw−AlN的密度相比于0Aw−AlN有所降低,但所有样品的致密度均达到98.8%以上。图3(b)展示了AlN晶须含量对陶瓷热导率的影响。其中,未添加晶须时,0Aw−AlN的热导率为176.67 W·m−1·K−1。可以看出,随着AlN晶须含量的增加,AlN陶瓷的热导率同样呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在3Aw−AlN时达到最大值189.49 W·m−1·K−1。此外,除5Aw−AlN外,其他添加AlN晶须的样品热导率均高于未添加晶须的样品。
AlN作为绝缘体,其热量主要通过声子传递[2728]。由于AlN晶须的结晶度高于AlN粉体[29],且其高长径比的一维形貌为声子传导提供了更为通畅的路径,这些路径使声子能够更远地移动而不被晶界中断,因此适量添加有助于提升热导率。然而,添加过量的晶须会阻碍烧结过程中晶粒的致密堆积,引入间隙和微孔隙,并抑制其整体收缩[30],进而导致声子散射增强,传热效率降低,因此5Aw−AlN陶瓷在密度、线收缩率及热导率上均出现下降。
考虑到添加商用SiC晶须是提升AlN陶瓷力学性能的常用方法[31],因此本研究在相同条件下制备了SiC晶须增强的AlN陶瓷以作对比,结果如图3(b)所示。由于SiC晶须作为第二相,与AlN晶粒存在界面,因此大幅增加了界面热阻和声子散射[16, 32],因而添加SiC晶须后陶瓷的热导率急剧下降,仅添加1%(质量分数)时热导率就下降到125.71 W·m−1·K−1。相比之下,3Aw−AlN的热导率比相同添加量的3Sw−AlN高71.73%,这充分证明了使用AlN晶须进行同相增韧能够有效减少热传输过程中的能量损失。
图4(a)~(c)展示了不同AlN晶须添加量对陶瓷抗弯强度、维氏硬度及断裂韧性的影响。如图4(a)所示,AlN陶瓷的抗弯强度随晶须加入具有明显的提升趋势,但整体上样品的抗弯强度偏低。与Okazaki等[18]采用相近工艺制备的AlN陶瓷结果(抗弯强度≤235 MPa)一致。这是由于坯体成型时,单轴压力导致的局部密度不均及内部残余应力等因素引起的[33]。根据文献[8],对素坯进行等静压处理能够提升均匀度。尽管如此,4Aw−AlN样品达到最大值255.13 MPa,较未添加晶须的0Aw−AlN(101.74 MPa)提高约150.8%。这是由于裂纹扩展过程中遇到尺寸较大的晶须时,晶须在断裂时吸收大量能量,从而有效增强了材料承载能力。然而,过量晶须引入会导致组织不均匀性增加,其高长径比形态亦会阻碍基体晶粒的致密堆积并引入孔隙,因此5Aw−AlN的抗弯强度小幅降至210.09 MPa。
维氏硬度在3Aw−AlN处取得最高值1276.73 HV,相比0Aw−AlN(1225.24 HV)上升约4.20%,各样品硬度数据波动较小,表明烧结工艺稳定可靠。断裂韧性则在4Aw−AlN时达到峰值3.25 MPa·m1/2,较0Aw−AlN提升了24.5%。将本研究制备的AlN陶瓷的综合导热和力学性能与已有文献[10, 16, 20, 34]结果(测试方法与本研究相同)进行对比(图4(d)),图中已注明相关研究的烧结工艺、温度及晶须添加量。在相近的晶须填充质量分数下,本研究制备的4Aw−AlN陶瓷展现出更为均衡且优异的导热和力学协同性能,表现出良好的竞争力。
综合上述分析,样品的密度、线收缩率和热导率随AlN晶须填充质量分数的增加整体上呈先升后降的趋势,在AlN晶须填充质量分数为3%(3Aw−AlN)时取得最大值,分别为3.271 g·cm−3、13.231%和189.49 W·m−1·K−1;AlN晶须的引入同时提升抗弯强度、维氏硬度和断裂韧性,其中4Aw−AlN获得最大抗弯强度255.13 MPa和断裂韧性3.25 MPa·m1/2,3Aw−AlN获得最大维氏硬度1276.73 HV。
为探究AlN晶须对AlN陶瓷的力学性能提升机制,重点对0Aw−AlN和4Aw−AlN的抛光表面形貌进行了对比分析。首先通过SEM(背散射电子模式)与EDS对2个样品进行表征,如图5所示。结果表明,AlN相呈暗衬度,而富含Y元素的晶界相衬度较高[35],该相均匀分布于晶粒之间,有助于促进烧结致密化与界面结合,为后续力学行为分析提供了结构基础。
图6(a)、(b)进一步对比展示了0Aw−AlN与4Aw−AlN陶瓷抛光表面的压痕形貌。2种样品中AlN晶粒均结合紧密,且4Aw−AlN中晶须断面清晰可见,与基体间无明显缝隙或孔洞,进一步验证了所制备AlN陶瓷的高致密度。裂纹从压痕四角向外扩展,当延伸至晶粒内部时沿晶界发生偏转(白色方框内展示了图像裂纹偏转区域的放大图),引发沿晶断裂并伴随晶粒“拔出”现象,该过程有效消耗了裂纹扩展所需能量[36]。尤其是在4Aw−AlN中,白色方框内放大展示了裂纹遇到较大AlN晶须后停止延伸,且未沿晶须/基体界面继续扩展,表明二者结合牢固,晶须能够有效阻碍裂纹发展,从而显著提升AlN陶瓷的断裂韧性。
图7为不同AlN晶须含量下陶瓷断面的典型形貌。图中所有样品的断裂形态被划分为2个区域:沿晶断裂区域和穿晶断裂区域。在未添加晶须的0Aw−AlN样品中,断裂模式以沿晶断裂为主,主裂纹沿着晶界扩展。随着AlN晶须的引入,裂纹沿晶扩展直至与晶界处的AlN晶须相遇。由于晶须的结晶度和机械性能高于普通晶界和晶粒,裂纹可能被固定或偏转[29]。随后,裂纹扩展转变为穿晶断裂(白框标出)。当晶须含量(质量分数)达到3%及以上时,穿晶断裂区域显著扩大,穿晶断裂成为主导断裂模式。同时,晶粒形貌从规则的多面体逐渐转变为紧密互锁的不规则结构,尽管在该区域未直接观察到明显的AlN晶须[30]。总体来说,与普通晶界相比,AlN晶须引入后导致的不规则晶界会导致裂纹路径更加曲折。当裂纹遇到由晶须相结合的晶界时,形成能够强化晶界的钉扎效应,最终导致裂纹扩展路径由沿晶断裂转向穿晶断裂,穿晶断裂比例显著提高。
陶瓷断面中具有代表性的局部微观形貌如图8所示。图8(a)为0Aw−AlN晶粒的放大图像,可见晶粒烧结致密、无明显孔洞,断裂模式基本为沿晶断裂。图8(b)对应的1Aw−AlN样品中,虽因晶须含量较低,难以直接观测到晶须,但其断裂模式已部分转变为穿晶断裂。图8(c)~(f)为晶须含量(质量分数)≥2%的样品,其中可清晰观察到晶须断面,部分呈现出台阶状纹理。晶须与周围晶粒结合紧密、无界面间隙,体现了同相增韧对陶瓷致密度的提升作用。晶须周围的晶粒亦呈现紧密互锁的不规则形态,且断裂模式均以穿晶断裂为主。上述结果表明,AlN晶须的引入整体促进了陶瓷中穿晶断裂区域的增加,且该效应并不局限于晶须直接相连的区域,这说明晶界结合得到显著强化,从而有利于材料抗弯强度的提升[3738]
图9通过有限元模拟陶瓷三点弯曲过程进一步阐释了AlN晶须在力学承载中的作用机制。利用ABAQUS CAE 2023软件建立了尺寸为3 mm×4 mm×36 mm的AlN梁模型。在梁内部装配长度范围为0.1~2.5 mm、直径范围为0.01~0.10 mm的随机分散体AlN,其体积分数为固定值4%,并命名为4wAlN;内部不进行装配的样品命名为0wAlN。在初始状态中,上压头和下支撑辊作为刚体,与梁进行点接触。设置梁与下支撑辊之间的接触摩擦系数为0.1,并对下支撑辊进行位移约束。在步骤1中,给上压头施加向下的系统载荷,并调整静力幅值使其在模拟过程的平滑分析步中缓慢进行加载。模拟结果显示,随着载荷增加,4wAlN中的晶须承担并分散了部分应力[30],使梁体始终未达到最高应力水平;而0wAlN则在受力后迅速达到应力峰值并发生断裂。黑色虚线框内展示了梁体断裂瞬间的局部放大图(为清晰展示,晶须经三维渲染加粗处理)。可见在4wAlN中晶须尚未断裂时,0wAlN已完全断裂,体现了AlN晶须在弯曲载荷下对裂纹扩展的抵抗作用。
本研究采用高长径比AlN晶须对AlN陶瓷进行同相增韧,成功实现了热导率与力学性能的协同提升。通过直接氮化法制备的AlN晶须与基体结合紧密,形成连续的致密烧结体,有效降低了界面声子散射。添加AlN晶须能够构建高效的导热通路,AlN陶瓷的最大热导率达到189.49 W·m−1·K−1,较未添加样品提升7.2%,并显著优于异相SiC晶须增韧体系。在力学性能方面,AlN晶须的引入通过裂纹偏转、应力吸收及晶界强化等机制,使陶瓷断裂模式从沿晶断裂为主转变为穿晶断裂主导。当添加量(质量分数)为4%时,抗弯强度与断裂韧性分别提升至255.13 MPa和3.25 MPa·m1/2,较基体材料分别增长150.8%和24.5%。微观结构表征与有限元模拟共同表明,AlN晶须在承载过程中能有效分散应力、阻碍裂纹扩展。本研究表明,基于AlN晶须的同相增韧策略能够兼顾高导热与强韧化需求,为高性能电子封装陶瓷基板的开发提供了有效途径。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52372077)
  • 北京市科技新星计划(20250484892)
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2026年第44卷第14期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.02.00034
  • 接收时间:2026-02-10
  • 首发时间:2026-08-19
  • 出版时间:2026-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-10
  • 修回日期:2026-03-25
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52372077)
北京市科技新星计划(20250484892)
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    北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083

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匡健磊(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为结构陶瓷,电子信箱:;
王琦(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为氮化物陶瓷,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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