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气体分离是石油化工、天然气处理、碳捕集和氢气纯化等工业过程中的关键环节。工业上长期主要依靠低温精馏，根据分子挥发性的细微差异完成分离，但这类过程设备庞大、能耗高。膜分离可利用分子尺寸和扩散速率的差异进行筛分，被认为是一条更节能的路线。然而，易于加工的聚合物膜往往难以达到高难度气体分离所需的性能，而分离能力出色的金属有机框架（metalorganic framework, MOF）膜又受制于复杂、敏感的结晶过程，难以无缺陷地放大到工业尺寸。

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（图片来源：《Nature》）

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