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炼油是个名副其实的“电老虎”和“排碳大户”。为了从原油中提炼出石脑油、煤油等物资,炼油厂需要把原油加热到350℃以上进行蒸馏。全球每年为此要耗费超过1100太瓦时(TWh)的热量,占据了全球工业总能耗的近1%。在环境足迹方面,炼油需要每年向大气层排放超过1.6亿t二氧化碳当量(CO2e)的温室气体。

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(图片来源:韩国科学技术院)

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    炼油是个名副其实的“电老虎”和“排碳大户”。为了从原油中提炼出石脑油、煤油等物资,炼油厂需要把原油加热到350℃以上进行蒸馏。全球每年为此要耗费超过1100太瓦时(TWh)的热量,占据了全球工业总能耗的近1%。在环境足迹方面,炼油需要每年向大气层排放超过1.6亿t二氧化碳当量(CO2e)的温室气体。

    . 炼油厂里的“以毒攻毒”:原油自己织了一张过滤网. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (13) : 9 -9 .
    . Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (13) : 9 -9 .
    炼油是个名副其实的“电老虎”和“排碳大户”。为了从原油中提炼出石脑油、煤油等物资,炼油厂需要把原油加热到350℃以上进行蒸馏。全球每年为此要耗费超过1100太瓦时(TWh)的热量,占据了全球工业总能耗的近1%。在环境足迹方面,炼油需要每年向大气层排放超过1.6亿t二氧化碳当量(CO2e)的温室气体。
    一直以来,工程师们都有个设想:如果能在加热前,先用一层薄膜把一部分轻质油像筛沙子一样过滤出来,蒸馏塔不就能少烧很多燃料了吗?思路很好,但现实很骨感——原油成分极其复杂,黏稠的重质油很快就会把薄膜的孔洞彻底堵死。
    韩国科学技术院和美国佐治亚理工学院的团队提出了一项堪称“脑洞大开”的研究:他们干脆把“堵孔”本身,变成了过滤的关键。以往为了防止堵塞,科学家需要绞尽脑汁在膜表面涂覆昂贵且极难做到大面积无缺陷的选择层。而这次研究团队直接抛弃了涂层,只用了一种原本用来做底衬的廉价材料——多孔聚丙烯腈(PAN)膜。2026年6月25日,相关研究成果发表于《Nature》。
    该膜的初始孔径大约有15 nm,对原油分子来说就像一条“大马路”。有趣的事情发生了:当原油流过时,其中体型庞大的重质烃(如芳香族和沥青质)不可避免地卡在了孔道壁上。就像马路两边停满了重型卡车,原本宽敞的通道硬生生被挤成了不到2 nm的“小巷”。这下大分子彻底过不去了,而尺寸刚刚好的石脑油和煤油等轻质小分子却能顺畅穿行。
    传统膜工程将原油附着物视为导致性能暴跌的“毒瘤”,必须定期清洗更换;但这项新研究却利用原油的特性,让它自己给自己织出了一张稳定的“次生筛网”。
    这套“以毒攻毒”的策略效果惊人。数据显示,这种新膜的原油渗透率比先前的业界标杆高出了惊人的23倍。团队让它连续运转了4周,其分离表现依然极其稳定,透过液体颜色肉眼可见地变浅,完全没有出现传统膜那种越来越堵、最终失效的衰减情况。
    研究人员发现,这种神奇的“自校准”性能得益于冲刷与污染的微妙平衡:只要压力和流速控制得当,重质组分就能在孔壁上形成动态沉积,既能筛分轻质油,又不至于把路彻底封死。
    更具工业价值的是,这项实验使用的是真实原油,而非实验室里采用纯烃调配的理想“模型液”。团队算了一笔工程账:如果将这套膜作为常压蒸馏前的预处理环节,据模型估算,炼油流程的总能耗有望下降31.6%,二氧化碳排放减少37.6%,运行成本也能砍掉1/3以上。
    该团队认为,这项技术的应用范围不仅限于炼油,还可以扩展到一系列化学工艺,包括从废塑料中提纯热解油、回收电池溶剂和药物提纯。
    (综合:《Nature》、EurekAlert)

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    2种不同金属材料的力学参数

    Family
    属数
    Number of
    genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of
    total species (%)

    Genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of total
    species (%)
    鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
    小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
    多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
    红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
    小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
    光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
    红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
    栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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