Article(id=1288421780704433091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765987200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-18, revisedDate=1768406400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785113290238, onlineDateStr=2026-07-27, pubDate=1783872000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785113290238, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785113290238, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785113290238, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1288421735473058437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783872000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785113279455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785113348006, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1288422023114240128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1288422023118434433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=40, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1288421780935119812, articleId=1288421780704433091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress and prospects of ultra−lightweight integrated thermal protection and insulation composites for aerospace vehicles, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The new generation of high−Mach aerospace vehicles faces severe challenges posed by the "new thermal barrier" under extreme thermo−mechanical−chemical multi−field coupling, demanding stringent requirements for thermal protection systems (TPS), including lightweight design, high−efficiency thermal insulation, reusability, and multifunctional integration. Focusing on the core objective of "integrated thermal protection and insulation", this review systematically outlines the evolutionary logic of material technologies—from passive load−bearing to active management, and from single−function to synergistic protection. Four key material systems are critically analyzed: lightweight ablative thermal protection/insulation composites, reusable rigid insulation tiles and their integrated structures, high−temperature resistant aerogel composites, and flexible thermal protection composites. This paper not only summarizes recent advances but also highlights an ongoing paradigm shift from "optimizing individual material properties" to "synergistic material−structure−process co−design". Finally, future research directions are proposed, including multi−scale co−design, deepening understanding of reusable mechanisms, intelligent multifunctional integration, and cost−effective manufacturing, aiming to provide theoretical support and a clear technological roadmap for the systematic innovation and leapfrog development of aerospace TPS.
, authors=Xiangyu JIN
1, Rubing ZHANG
2, Ruixiang LIU
3, Wei WANG
1, Hongyan HUANG
4, Honghua LIU
3, Jiancheng SUN
2, Mengmeng WANG
3, Wanlin ZHANG
4, Wenjing LI
4, *, Changqing HONG
1, *, Xinghong ZHANG
1, Jiecai HAN
1, authorsList=Xiangyu JIN, Rubing ZHANG, Ruixiang LIU, Wei WANG, Hongyan HUANG, Honghua LIU, Jiancheng SUN, Mengmeng WANG, Wanlin ZHANG, Wenjing LI, Changqing HONG, Xinghong ZHANG, Jiecai HAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjing LI, Changqing HONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=
All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1288421786433852401, articleId=1288421780704433091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=空天飞行器超轻质防隔热一体化复合材料研究进展与展望, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
新一代高马赫数空天飞行器正面临“热−力−化”多场耦合作用下极端“新热障”的严峻挑战,对热防护系统提出了轻量化、高效隔热、可重复使用及多功能一体化等严苛要求。聚焦“防隔热一体化”这一核心目标,系统梳理材料技术从被动承载向主动管理、从单一功能向协同防护的演进逻辑。以轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料、可重复使用刚性隔热瓦及其一体化结构、耐高温气凝胶复合材料,以及柔性热防护复合材料4类关键材料体系为主线展开深入分析,不仅总结了相关领域的最新研究进展,更揭示了其正经历从“单一材料性能优化”向“材料−结构−工艺一体化协同设计”的范式转变。最后,提出未来重点突破方向包括多尺度协同设计、可重复使用机理深化、智能化多功能集成及低成本高效制造,旨在为空天飞行器热防护技术的体系化创新与跨越式发展提供系统的理论支撑与清晰的技术路径。
, authors=金翔宇
1, 张如炳
2, 刘瑞祥
3, 王玮
1, 黄红岩
4, 刘红花
3, 孙健程
2, 王蒙蒙
3, 张晚林
4, 李文静
4, *, 洪长青
1, *, 张幸红
1, 韩杰才
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耐高温二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料与纳米纤维二氧化硅气凝胶材料, figureFileSmall=j93ElCJfk060YAI8zBV2gQ==, figureFileBig=FwtpolnlShs0jDdpyi4tBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421795585822812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CNbV+nuS9xfb2Fg+8f6hfQ==, figureFileBig=njTDm8oJn69Rl4eISFeY1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421795644543069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
高温型二氧化硅气凝胶20次重复考核后尺寸和微观结构变化, figureFileSmall=CNbV+nuS9xfb2Fg+8f6hfQ==, figureFileBig=njTDm8oJn69Rl4eISFeY1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421795707457630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+dQnL8pMinS3eNmV2jEW3g==, figureFileBig=Hlt4XboNZnrm57chxJahxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421795782955103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
结构强健Al2O3−SiO2复合气凝胶, figureFileSmall=+dQnL8pMinS3eNmV2jEW3g==, figureFileBig=Hlt4XboNZnrm57chxJahxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421795858452576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4KiMsfmIJB/Op+zjUbAhmA==, figureFileBig=PADAwq0KU+0Mw/U9h0CNcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421795929755745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
面向热防护应用的氧化铝气凝胶复合材料结构设计与功能化示意, figureFileSmall=4KiMsfmIJB/Op+zjUbAhmA==, figureFileBig=PADAwq0KU+0Mw/U9h0CNcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421795992670306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MQRzJs0CFEtVZhVDEVElyQ==, figureFileBig=DojPOfOnN5kTq5WEpxfwZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421796072362083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
非氧化物陶瓷气凝胶的微观结构及制备流程示意, figureFileSmall=MQRzJs0CFEtVZhVDEVElyQ==, figureFileBig=DojPOfOnN5kTq5WEpxfwZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421796135276644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pGE8P7lfyJVd+AK1MPfbEQ==, figureFileBig=66P5LQC2J2s3+vutDi7Wbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421796198191205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图15, caption=
Si3N4基气凝胶的多类型结构构筑与制备示意, figureFileSmall=pGE8P7lfyJVd+AK1MPfbEQ==, figureFileBig=66P5LQC2J2s3+vutDi7Wbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421796256911462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xbbAUB/xeXhrRk1TTsIrMQ==, figureFileBig=S8uwa7no1WAkyF+ck1JBew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421796315631719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图16, caption=
BN气凝胶材料的结构设计与制备, figureFileSmall=xbbAUB/xeXhrRk1TTsIrMQ==, figureFileBig=S8uwa7no1WAkyF+ck1JBew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421797959798890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fU4F9TV1BnIUVkQiiVYWzw==, figureFileBig=/Ddx3Gt8f7xQukmIBn+fNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798056267883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图17, caption=
新型超高温气凝胶复合材料的微观结构、制备工艺及综合性能对比, figureFileSmall=fU4F9TV1BnIUVkQiiVYWzw==, figureFileBig=/Ddx3Gt8f7xQukmIBn+fNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798140153964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=smniXrkIqi4AD1bOCN6dFA==, figureFileBig=SwEVlGhQp+K50Yl3+QG3Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798198874221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图18, caption=
QF−SA复合材料合成示意, figureFileSmall=smniXrkIqi4AD1bOCN6dFA==, figureFileBig=SwEVlGhQp+K50Yl3+QG3Lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798274371694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7T4xatV4rugVVDnYC5U3iA==, figureFileBig=haVDNNJ0tRFMo+qMCsfufw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798362452079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图19, caption=
模压成型与真空抽滤相结合的工艺, figureFileSmall=7T4xatV4rugVVDnYC5U3iA==, figureFileBig=haVDNNJ0tRFMo+qMCsfufw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798425366640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LNnoBNtST27eyBKem3bdqw==, figureFileBig=dnsg/C8fg0a4vARJRv8mvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798484086897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图20, caption=
纤维增强与本征柔性二氧化硅气凝胶的结构设计, figureFileSmall=LNnoBNtST27eyBKem3bdqw==, figureFileBig=dnsg/C8fg0a4vARJRv8mvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798538612850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kMs8NTjc3e7DDDcwyluW0A==, figureFileBig=vZgeRXfc5lRhj2ScfJfHSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798618304627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图21, caption=
柔性PI气凝胶膜的制备方法, figureFileSmall=kMs8NTjc3e7DDDcwyluW0A==, figureFileBig=vZgeRXfc5lRhj2ScfJfHSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798689607796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uz3BUTgryYCMcSgeN6CZGg==, figureFileBig=y/imeU0krPPgiSeei2qo5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798752522357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=图22, caption=
聚酰亚胺−二氧化硅气凝胶的化学结构及其高温热稳定性, figureFileSmall=uz3BUTgryYCMcSgeN6CZGg==, figureFileBig=y/imeU0krPPgiSeei2qo5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421798823825526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料体系 | 典型代表 | 密度/ (g·cm−3) | 热导率/ (W·m−1·K−1) | 最高耐受 热流或温度 | 优势 | | 局限性 |
|---|
| 蜂窝增强树脂基 | AVCOAT, H88/H96 | 0.36~0.55 | ~0.12 | ~4500 kW/m2 | 烧蚀维形好,隔热性优,可靠性高 | | 密度偏高,力学强度不足,不可重复使用 |
| 短切纤维增强 | PICA, PICA−X | 0.22~0.32 | 0.05~0.15 | ~1200 W/cm2 | 超轻质,防热效率高,工艺较成熟 | | 脆性较大,一次性使用 |
| 连续纤维/织物增强 | C−PICA, NF材料 | 0.3~0.8 | <0.2 | >3000℃ | 力学性能优,抗烧蚀−隔热可设计性强 | | 制备工艺复杂,成本较高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1288421798907711607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
典型轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料体系对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料体系 | 典型代表 | 密度/ (g·cm−3) | 热导率/ (W·m−1·K−1) | 最高耐受 热流或温度 | 优势 | | 局限性 |
|---|
| 蜂窝增强树脂基 | AVCOAT, H88/H96 | 0.36~0.55 | ~0.12 | ~4500 kW/m2 | 烧蚀维形好,隔热性优,可靠性高 | | 密度偏高,力学强度不足,不可重复使用 |
| 短切纤维增强 | PICA, PICA−X | 0.22~0.32 | 0.05~0.15 | ~1200 W/cm2 | 超轻质,防热效率高,工艺较成熟 | | 脆性较大,一次性使用 |
| 连续纤维/织物增强 | C−PICA, NF材料 | 0.3~0.8 | <0.2 | >3000℃ | 力学性能优,抗烧蚀−隔热可设计性强 | | 制备工艺复杂,成本较高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1288421798987403384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目 | 材料体系 | 主要组分 | 密度/(g·cm−3) | 使用温度/℃ | 特点 | 应用代表 |
|---|
| 第1代 | LI系列 | 石英纤维 | 0.14~0.35 | 约1260 | 超轻、低强度、高脆性 | 航天飞机 |
| 第2代 | FRCI系列 | 石英纤维+硼硅酸铝纤维 | 约0.20 | 约1315 | 强度提升,自烧结强化 | 航天飞机 |
| 第3代 | AETB/HTP 系列 | 氧化铝纤维+石英纤维等 | 约0.20 | 1400~1600 | 耐温性显著提高,尺寸稳定性好 | X−37B |
| 增韧型 | TUFROC | 碳/陶瓷基复合材料+ 隔热基体 | 可变 | >1650 | 防隔热一体化,抗冲击, 可重复使用 | X−37B鼻锥、翼前缘 |
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799050317945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
各代刚性陶瓷隔热瓦代表性体系对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目 | 材料体系 | 主要组分 | 密度/(g·cm−3) | 使用温度/℃ | 特点 | 应用代表 |
|---|
| 第1代 | LI系列 | 石英纤维 | 0.14~0.35 | 约1260 | 超轻、低强度、高脆性 | 航天飞机 |
| 第2代 | FRCI系列 | 石英纤维+硼硅酸铝纤维 | 约0.20 | 约1315 | 强度提升,自烧结强化 | 航天飞机 |
| 第3代 | AETB/HTP 系列 | 氧化铝纤维+石英纤维等 | 约0.20 | 1400~1600 | 耐温性显著提高,尺寸稳定性好 | X−37B |
| 增韧型 | TUFROC | 碳/陶瓷基复合材料+ 隔热基体 | 可变 | >1650 | 防隔热一体化,抗冲击, 可重复使用 | X−37B鼻锥、翼前缘 |
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799117426810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料类别 | 典型体系 | 耐温范围/℃ | 室温热导率/(W·m−1·K−1) | 优势 | 关键技术挑战 |
|---|
| 氧化物气凝胶 | SiO2、A2O3 | ≤1400 | 0.014~0.030 | 工艺最成熟,隔热性能最优 | 高温相变,疏水失效 |
| 非氧化物陶瓷气凝胶 | SiC、Si3N4 | ≤1200 | 0.025~0.050 | 高温强度好,抗氧化潜力 | 制备成本高,有氧易氧化 |
| 新型超高温体系 | 高熵/硼化物 | >1500 | 数据尚少 | 极限耐温潜力,成分可调 | 制备方法不成熟,机理不明 |
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799176147067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
耐高温气凝胶复合材料主要体系对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料类别 | 典型体系 | 耐温范围/℃ | 室温热导率/(W·m−1·K−1) | 优势 | 关键技术挑战 |
|---|
| 氧化物气凝胶 | SiO2、A2O3 | ≤1400 | 0.014~0.030 | 工艺最成熟,隔热性能最优 | 高温相变,疏水失效 |
| 非氧化物陶瓷气凝胶 | SiC、Si3N4 | ≤1200 | 0.025~0.050 | 高温强度好,抗氧化潜力 | 制备成本高,有氧易氧化 |
| 新型超高温体系 | 高熵/硼化物 | >1500 | 数据尚少 | 极限耐温潜力,成分可调 | 制备方法不成熟,机理不明 |
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799255838844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术路线 | 典型材料/结构 | 密度/(g·cm−3) | 使用温度/℃ | 特性 | 适用部位 |
|---|
柔性陶瓷纤维毡 复合材料 | 石英纤维/莫来石 纤维毡+基体 | 0.3~0.8 | 1000~1400 | 柔韧,抗热震, 可缝合/裁剪 | 大面积曲面,非承力 舱壁 |
柔性气凝胶 复合材料 | 有机改性/纳米纤维 增强气凝胶 | 0.1~0.3 | 500~800(聚合物基) ~1100(陶瓷基) | 超低导热,可弯曲/ 压缩,超轻质 | 复杂异形面,活动机构 间隙,极端轻量化部位 |
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799314559101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
柔性热防护复合材料主要技术路线对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 技术路线 | 典型材料/结构 | 密度/(g·cm−3) | 使用温度/℃ | 特性 | 适用部位 |
|---|
柔性陶瓷纤维毡 复合材料 | 石英纤维/莫来石 纤维毡+基体 | 0.3~0.8 | 1000~1400 | 柔韧,抗热震, 可缝合/裁剪 | 大面积曲面,非承力 舱壁 |
柔性气凝胶 复合材料 | 有机改性/纳米纤维 增强气凝胶 | 0.1~0.3 | 500~800(聚合物基) ~1100(陶瓷基) | 超低导热,可弯曲/ 压缩,超轻质 | 复杂异形面,活动机构 间隙,极端轻量化部位 |
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799373279358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目 | 轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料 | | 刚性隔热瓦 | | 耐高温气凝胶复合材料 | | 柔性热防护复合材料 |
|---|
| 核心功能 | 一次性极端热流防护 | | 可重复使用大面积高效隔热 | | 轻质、超隔热,具备可重复使用潜力 | | 适应形变,复杂部位热防护 |
| 使用温度/℃ | >3000 | | 1200~1650 | | 800~1600 | | 600~1400 |
| 特点 | 防热可靠性极高,结构简单 | | 工程验证充分,可靠性高,可重复使用 | | 隔热性能最优,密度极低,可设计性强 | | 柔韧性好,可贴合复杂构型,抗热震 |
| 局限性 | 一次性消耗,密度相对较高,性能预测复杂 | | 脆性大,抗冲击差,维护成本高,安装复杂 | | 高温稳定性/耐久性待验证,环境敏感性高,成本高 | | 高温下柔性易退化,力学强度相对较低 |
| 使用场景 | 载人飞船返回舱、弹头、探测器防热大底等极端热流部位 | | 航天飞机、可重复使用运载器/飞船的大面积舱体 | | 新一代可重复使用飞行器中低温区、火星探测器、对质量敏感部件 | | 飞行器舵面、翼缘、发动机喷管调节片等可动或复杂曲面部位 |
| 成熟度 | 高(成功应用于重大任务) | | 高(航天飞机等已成熟应用) | | 中(部分应用) | | 中−低(研制或验证阶段) |
| 成本 | 中(多为一次性消耗品) | | 高(制备、安装、维护成本高) | | 目前较高(原材料及工艺成本高) | | 中−高(定制化设计,工艺复杂) |
), ArticleFig(id=1288421799444582527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421780704433091, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
空天飞行器主要热防护材料体系对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目 | 轻质烧蚀防隔热复合材料 | | 刚性隔热瓦 | | 耐高温气凝胶复合材料 | | 柔性热防护复合材料 |
|---|
| 核心功能 | 一次性极端热流防护 | | 可重复使用大面积高效隔热 | | 轻质、超隔热,具备可重复使用潜力 | | 适应形变,复杂部位热防护 |
| 使用温度/℃ | >3000 | | 1200~1650 | | 800~1600 | | 600~1400 |
| 特点 | 防热可靠性极高,结构简单 | | 工程验证充分,可靠性高,可重复使用 | | 隔热性能最优,密度极低,可设计性强 | | 柔韧性好,可贴合复杂构型,抗热震 |
| 局限性 | 一次性消耗,密度相对较高,性能预测复杂 | | 脆性大,抗冲击差,维护成本高,安装复杂 | | 高温稳定性/耐久性待验证,环境敏感性高,成本高 | | 高温下柔性易退化,力学强度相对较低 |
| 使用场景 | 载人飞船返回舱、弹头、探测器防热大底等极端热流部位 | | 航天飞机、可重复使用运载器/飞船的大面积舱体 | | 新一代可重复使用飞行器中低温区、火星探测器、对质量敏感部件 | | 飞行器舵面、翼缘、发动机喷管调节片等可动或复杂曲面部位 |
| 成熟度 | 高(成功应用于重大任务) | | 高(航天飞机等已成熟应用) | | 中(部分应用) | | 中−低(研制或验证阶段) |
| 成本 | 中(多为一次性消耗品) | | 高(制备、安装、维护成本高) | | 目前较高(原材料及工艺成本高) | | 中−高(定制化设计,工艺复杂) |
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