Article(id=1288421774467515134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764518400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-01, revisedDate=1770220800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785113288751, onlineDateStr=2026-07-27, pubDate=1783872000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785113288751, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785113288751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785113288751, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1288421735473058437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783872000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785113279455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785113348006, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1288422023114240128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1288422023118434433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=64, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1288421775990047487, articleId=1288421774467515134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress on reusable ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aerospace vehicles are rapidly evolving towards higher speeds, reusability, and lighter weight. Consequently, thermal protection systems face severe challenges, including extreme temperatures, repeated ablation, and mechanical loads. Ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs) are regarded as an ideal material for next−generation reusable thermal protection, due to key advantages such as high melting point, excellent ablation resistance, low density, high strength, and high reliability. This paper systematically reviews the main categories of thermal protection materials for aerospace vehicles and analyzes the performance requirements for reusable systems. The discussion focuses on recent research progress in the most promising UHTCMCs, particularly regarding resistance to repeated ablation. Key aspects covered include material composition design and optimization, fiber and interface tailoring, lightweight and integrated structure−function design, and advanced fabrication processes. Studies indicate that the repeated ablation resistance and structural reliability of UHTCMCs have been significantly improved. These advances result from composition optimization methods−such as multi−phase compounding, rare−earth modification, and high−entropy design−combined with innovative fiber and interface engineering. Looking ahead, further research should address several key challenges: understanding performance degradation under long−term cyclic thermal−mechanical coupling, enhancing the durability of fibers and interfaces in oxidative environments, developing life prediction and assessment methods, and advancing low−cost, efficient manufacturing. Cross−scale mechanistic studies and engineering application efforts in these areas are essential to enable the practical use of UHTCMCs in advanced reusable aerospace vehicles.

, authors=Fuchen LIU1, 2, Bowen CHEN1, *, Dewei NI1, Yan GU1, Ling LIN1, Feiyan CAI1, Yusheng DING1, Shaoming DONG1, *, authorsList=Fuchen LIU, Bowen CHEN, Dewei NI, Yan GU, Ling LIN, Feiyan CAI, Yusheng DING, Shaoming DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bowen CHEN, Shaoming DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1288421778275943190, articleId=1288421774467515134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着空天飞行器向更高速度、可重复使用与轻量化方向快速发展,其热防护系统面临极端高温、重复烧蚀及力学承载等多重严苛挑战。超高温陶瓷基复合材料因兼具高熔点、耐重复烧蚀、低密度、高比强度以及高可靠性等优势,被视为新一代可重复使用空天飞行器热防护系统的理想材料体系。系统综述了空天飞行器热防护材料的主要类别,分析了可重复使用空天飞行器对热防护材料的性能要求,并重点聚焦于最具潜力的超高温陶瓷基复合材料在耐重复烧蚀等方面的研究进展,分别从材料组分设计与优化、纤维与界面调控、轻量化与结构功能一体化设计以及先进制备工艺等关键方向展开论述。研究表明,通过多相复合、稀土掺杂、高熵设计等组分优化手段,结合纤维/界面体系创新设计,超高温陶瓷基复合材料的抗重复烧蚀性能和结构可靠性等方面已取得显著提升。展望未来,该领域仍需在长时循环力−热耦合下的性能退化机制、纤维/界面在氧化环境中的耐久性、寿命预测与评估方法以及低成本高效制备技术等方面开展跨尺度机理研究与工程化应用探索,以推动其在可重复使用空天飞行器等尖端装备上的实际应用。

, authors=刘付晨1, 2, 陈博文1, *, 倪德伟1, 顾炎1, 林玲1, 蔡飞燕1, 丁玉生1, 董绍明1, *, authorsList=刘付晨, 陈博文, 倪德伟, 顾炎, 林玲, 蔡飞燕, 丁玉生, 董绍明, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈博文, 董绍明, authorNote=

刘付晨,博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料,电子信箱:

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陈博文(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料,电子信箱:;
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(a) 2500℃/300 s重复烧蚀后的烧蚀率;(b) 未改性样品10次烧蚀后的氧化层SEM图像;(c) Y2O3改性样品10次烧蚀后的氧化层SEM图像;

(d)、(e) Y−Si−O−t−Zr0.9Y0.1O1.95核壳结构TEM图像;(f) Y−Si−O−t−Zr0.9Y0.1O1.95核壳结构EDS图像;

(g) Y−Si−O−t−Zr0.9Y0.1O1.95的HR−TEM和SAED图像

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可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料研究进展
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刘付晨 1, 2 , 陈博文 1, * , 倪德伟 1 , 顾炎 1 , 林玲 1 , 蔡飞燕 1 , 丁玉生 1 , 董绍明 1, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(13): 64-78
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可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料研究进展
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刘付晨1, 2 , 陈博文1, * , 倪德伟1, 顾炎1, 林玲1, 蔡飞燕1, 丁玉生1, 董绍明1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所结构陶瓷与复合材料工程研究中心,上海 201899
  • 2中国科学院大学材料科学与光电技术学院,北京 100049
通讯作者:
陈博文(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料,电子信箱:;
董绍明(共同通信作者),研究员,中国工程院院士,研究方向为陶瓷基复合材料,电子信箱:
作者简介:

刘付晨,博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料,电子信箱:

Research progress on reusable ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites
Fuchen LIU1, 2 , Bowen CHEN1, * , Dewei NI1, Yan GU1, Ling LIN1, Feiyan CAI1, Yusheng DING1, Shaoming DONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Center of Structural Ceramics and Composite Materials, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
  • 2College of Materials Science and Opto−Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-07-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00012
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随着空天飞行器向更高速度、可重复使用与轻量化方向快速发展,其热防护系统面临极端高温、重复烧蚀及力学承载等多重严苛挑战。超高温陶瓷基复合材料因兼具高熔点、耐重复烧蚀、低密度、高比强度以及高可靠性等优势,被视为新一代可重复使用空天飞行器热防护系统的理想材料体系。系统综述了空天飞行器热防护材料的主要类别,分析了可重复使用空天飞行器对热防护材料的性能要求,并重点聚焦于最具潜力的超高温陶瓷基复合材料在耐重复烧蚀等方面的研究进展,分别从材料组分设计与优化、纤维与界面调控、轻量化与结构功能一体化设计以及先进制备工艺等关键方向展开论述。研究表明,通过多相复合、稀土掺杂、高熵设计等组分优化手段,结合纤维/界面体系创新设计,超高温陶瓷基复合材料的抗重复烧蚀性能和结构可靠性等方面已取得显著提升。展望未来,该领域仍需在长时循环力−热耦合下的性能退化机制、纤维/界面在氧化环境中的耐久性、寿命预测与评估方法以及低成本高效制备技术等方面开展跨尺度机理研究与工程化应用探索,以推动其在可重复使用空天飞行器等尖端装备上的实际应用。

超高温陶瓷基复合材料  /  可重复使用  /  空天飞行器  /  热防护系统

Aerospace vehicles are rapidly evolving towards higher speeds, reusability, and lighter weight. Consequently, thermal protection systems face severe challenges, including extreme temperatures, repeated ablation, and mechanical loads. Ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs) are regarded as an ideal material for next−generation reusable thermal protection, due to key advantages such as high melting point, excellent ablation resistance, low density, high strength, and high reliability. This paper systematically reviews the main categories of thermal protection materials for aerospace vehicles and analyzes the performance requirements for reusable systems. The discussion focuses on recent research progress in the most promising UHTCMCs, particularly regarding resistance to repeated ablation. Key aspects covered include material composition design and optimization, fiber and interface tailoring, lightweight and integrated structure−function design, and advanced fabrication processes. Studies indicate that the repeated ablation resistance and structural reliability of UHTCMCs have been significantly improved. These advances result from composition optimization methods−such as multi−phase compounding, rare−earth modification, and high−entropy design−combined with innovative fiber and interface engineering. Looking ahead, further research should address several key challenges: understanding performance degradation under long−term cyclic thermal−mechanical coupling, enhancing the durability of fibers and interfaces in oxidative environments, developing life prediction and assessment methods, and advancing low−cost, efficient manufacturing. Cross−scale mechanistic studies and engineering application efforts in these areas are essential to enable the practical use of UHTCMCs in advanced reusable aerospace vehicles.

ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs)  /  reusability  /  aerospace vehicles  /  thermal protection system
刘付晨, 陈博文, 倪德伟, 顾炎, 林玲, 蔡飞燕, 丁玉生, 董绍明. 可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (13) : 64 -78 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00012
Fuchen LIU, Bowen CHEN, Dewei NI, Yan GU, Ling LIN, Feiyan CAI, Yusheng DING, Shaoming DONG. Research progress on reusable ultra−high temperature ceramic matrix composites[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (13) : 64 -78 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00012
随着21世纪初航天飞机的落幕,各航空航天大国总结过往航空航天工程技术经验,将提高飞行器飞行速度、降低成本、快速响应等作为空天领域新技术的发展方向,并于近些年发展了高超声速飞行器、可重复使用的轨道飞行器等先进飞行器,并进一步冲击以可单级入轨、跨介质飞行的新型空天飞行器为代表的新技术制高点[13]。先进空天飞行器具有结构高度轻量化、高机动性、复杂的飞行包线。其在高速再入时,受高速气流冲击,表面温度急剧升高,飞行器鼻锥、机翼前缘等部位温度最高可达2000℃以上[45],典型的空天飞行器气动加热效应如图1[6]所示。因此,构筑高可靠的轻质−承载−热防护一体化空天飞行器热防护结构是保障飞行器实现高性能安全服役的关键技术之一[78]
传统热防护材料(如一次性烧蚀材料、金属等)存在局限性。其性能上限低、无法承载等问题使其难以满足未来空天飞行器可重复使用、耐极高温、承载等苛刻要求,迫切需要研发新一代可重复使用热防护材料。超高温陶瓷基复合材料兼具高熔点、轻量化、耐重复烧蚀、性能可设计的优势,通过引入连续纤维增韧克服陶瓷的脆性问题,显著提高了可靠性。因此,超高温陶瓷基复合材料有望成为新型空天飞行器可重复使用热防护系统的理想材料体系。
本文旨在梳理空天飞行器热防护用超高温陶瓷基复合材料的研究现状,分析超高温陶瓷基复合材料如何提高耐重复烧蚀性能等关键问题,梳理提高超高温陶瓷基复合材料抗重复烧蚀的关键技术,总结超高温陶瓷基复合材料在空天飞行器上的应用发展前景。
空天飞行器在再入大气层、跨大气层飞行或高速巡航时,会面临极为严酷的气动加热环境。鼻锥、机翼前缘、动力热结构等部位最高温度可超过2000℃,这对空天飞行器带来了巨大挑战。在此类极端服役环境下,可靠的热防护系统已成为保障飞行器结构安全的核心关键技术之一。
根据防热机理与可重复使用潜力,空天飞行器热防护材料可以分为一次性烧蚀材料和可重复使用热防护材料。传统一次性烧蚀材料通过熔化、升华等相变过程耗散热量,但会发生不可逆的烧蚀损耗,无法重复使用。而可重复使用热防护材料需在多次极端热循环后保持结构完整及功能可靠,这对材料的耐温性、抗氧化性以及力学性能提出极高要求。经过数10年发展,热防护材料已形成涵盖金属材料、树脂基复合材料、气凝胶隔热材料、超高温陶瓷、C/C复合材料、陶瓷基复合材料等在内的多元化材料体系。
1) 金属材料。金属热防护材料主要以钛合金、镍基合金和难熔金属为主,具有强度高、韧性好、抗冲击等优势,主要应用于中温区(一般不超过1000℃)的热结构部件。金属材料受限于金属的熔点和高温软化特点,当温度升高接近固相线时,材料强度急剧下降,使得金属材料的最高使用温度受限。德国Sanger空天飞机采用以金属多层壁为主的热防护系统,使用的金属材料包括钛合金、镍基和钴基合金[9]。针对可重复使用运载器,中国航天材料及工艺研究所开展了金属热防护结构组件设计与优化技术研究,研制出多层壁、蜂窝复合结构等多种结构的平面金属防热瓦[10],典型的金属防热盖板结构如图2[11]所示。
2) 树脂基复合材料。树脂基复合材料是以有机高分子树脂为基体,以碳纤维、玻璃纤维或者石英纤维为增强体。在高温作用下,树脂发生热解碳化,吸收大量热量。树脂基复合材料被广泛应用于返回舱防热大底等部位,但其烧蚀过程中材料被永久损耗,且难以具备承载能力。因此,其不具备可重复使用的能力,无法应用于可重复使用空天飞行器的防热承载部件。且树脂基复合材料在接近1000℃时产生分解,将限制其使用温度上限。应用案例如美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)的SRAM系列和PhenCarb系列采用树脂基复合材料[12],中国神舟系列载人飞船多个型号也采用树脂基复合材料H88、H96等作为轻质烧蚀材料[13]
3) 气凝胶隔热材料。气凝胶是一种纳米多孔网络结构固体材料,孔隙率高达80%~99%,拥有极低的热导率特性。其不直接承受高速气流冲刷,而是作为隔热材料,防止外界热量向内部结构传递。但其强度低,难以承受高载荷冲击,常作为填充材料使用。20世纪90年代,美国ASPEN公司研发纤维增强气凝胶复合材料技术,开展其在热防护系统方面的应用研究[11]
4) 超高温陶瓷。超高温陶瓷通常是指熔点高于3000℃的难熔金属硼化物、碳化物和氮化物,如硼化锆(ZrB2)、硼化铪(HfB2)、硼化钽(TaB2)、碳化锆(ZrC)、碳化铪(HfC)、碳化钽(TaC)、氮化钽(TaN)等[1416]。相比于金属热防护材料,超高温陶瓷具有高熔点、低密度、抗氧化烧蚀等优点,成为航天器鼻锥、翼前缘等承载结构部件的重要应用材料[17]。然而,单相超高温陶瓷存在本征脆性大的问题,且其抗氧化性能在高温下面临挑战,无法作为可重复使用热防护材料应用于可重复使用空天飞行器。
5) C/C复合材料。C/C复合材料是由碳纤维增强体与碳基体组成的复合材料。在惰性气氛下,随着温度升高,其强度不降反升,这一特性使其成为热防护领域的研究热点[18]。但C/C复合材料在约450℃以上会发生氧化,导致材料性能迅速衰退,成为限制其高温氧化环境下应用的关键瓶颈。研究人员研发了各类保护涂层材料,同时尽可能匹配涂层与C/C复合材料的热膨胀系数,提高材料体系的抗热震性能。20世纪60年代,美国研制了碳纤维增强碳基复合材料应用于高超声速飞行器[11]。随后,C/C复合材料由于其优异的高温强度、抗热震性能得到了快速发展,被广泛应用于火箭发动机、燃烧室等位置,以及高超声速飞行器的热防护系统,C/C复合材料在空天飞行器上的应用研究如图3[19]所示。利用抗氧化涂层的保护效果,C/C复合材料可在一定温度下实现多次使用,但涂层的长效稳定性和抗热震性能的不足仍是其可重复使用的关键挑战。
6) 陶瓷基复合材料。陶瓷基复合材料是通过引入纤维、晶须或颗粒作为增强体,增韧陶瓷基体而构成的一类先进材料[2021]。它从根本上克服了传统陶瓷材料的本征脆性,显著改善了其断裂韧性与抗热震性能,同时继承了陶瓷基体高熔点、高强度、优异的高温稳定性和耐腐蚀性等核心优势,使其成为下一代可重复使用空天飞行器最具潜力的热防护材料体系[2122]。美国X−38曾采用防热−结构一体化的C/SiC复合材料组合襟翼,欧洲Hermes航天飞机采用了C/SiC复合材料制备的头锥、襟翼等[2324]
此外,空天飞行器热防护材料还包括陶瓷纤维隔热瓦[25]、热障涂层等。陶瓷纤维隔热瓦脆性大,对冲击敏感。热障涂层存在涂层与基体热膨胀系数不匹配、界面氧化、涂层剥落等问题。
综上所述,面对未来可重复使用空天飞行器的极端服役环境,传统热防护材料均存在各自的性能瓶颈:金属材料易受熔点限制而发生高温软化,树脂基复合材料在超高温环境下无法承受多次烧蚀,气凝胶及陶瓷纤维隔热瓦等功能材料难以具备优异的承载能力,单相超高温陶瓷存在本征脆性问题,C/C复合材料的本体抗氧化性不足。相比之下,超高温陶瓷基复合材料通过“纤维增韧超高温陶瓷基体”的协同设计,既保留了超高温陶瓷耐极端高温和抗烧蚀潜力,又显著改善了本征脆性问题,从而具备高损伤容限和优异的抗热震性能。因此,超高温陶瓷基复合材料在可重复使用性、耐温极限及结构可靠性方面展现出显著优势,成为新一代可重复使用空天飞行器热防护系统的理想选择。
空天飞行器的可重复使用是实现低成本多次往返的关键技术。可重复使用的特性对热防护系统提出了更高要求,需要满足在极端力−热−化学多场耦合环境下,多次往返后仍能够保持功能可靠性与结构完整性,具体需求体现在以下4个方面。
可重复使用热防护材料在“发射—在轨—再入”多次循环服役过程中,持续承受严酷的力−热−化学多场耦合环境,要求可重复使用热防护材料表面状态和物理化学性质在循环过程中保持高度稳定。具体而言,材料需具备3方面关键特性:一是具备耐超高温与热化学稳定性,在超过2000℃的高温下,材料基本保持稳定,不发生或极少发生熔化、升华;二是具备优异的高温抗氧化性和抗腐蚀性,抵御高能粒子的腐蚀及强氧化环境的化学腐蚀;三是具备稳定的辐射散热特性,能够通过热辐射的形式将绝大部分气动热耗散至外部空间,实现非烧蚀型或低烧蚀型防热。
为实现飞行器的结构轻量化目标,飞行器热防护系统需尽可能具备承载性能,以降低热防护系统的结构自重。具体而言,需要其具备以下特性:一是具备卓越的抗热震性能,材料必须承受从太空的冷环境到再入的超高温环境这一瞬时温度巨变,抵抗材料产生巨大的热应力;二是高损伤容限与断裂韧性,当受到冲击损伤时,材料应表现出非脆性断裂特征,确保局部损伤不会导致灾难性的整体失效;三是高温下保持足够高的力学性能,满足作为承载结构的力学需求。
为最大程度提升空天飞行器的有效载荷比,提高经济效益,热防护系统轻质化是关键路径。材料在满足耐温和力学性能的前提下,必须具备低密度、高比强度特性。通过结构功能一体化,实现热防护−承载一体化,是实现空天飞行器轻量化的关键技术路径。
可重复使用的深层价值在于其在全生命周期的经济性优势。在热防护材料的全生命周期,需实现材料性能退化的可预测性,从而实现科学的服役寿命预测。另外,实现制造成本可控,性能可检测与可修复性,严格控制维护成本也成为新型可重复使用热防护材料需要考虑的新问题。
空天飞行器对可重复使用热防护材料提出耐极端高温、耐重复烧蚀、高结构可靠、轻量化及经济性等多重要求,传统单一材料体系难以满足。陶瓷基复合材料可通过多相复合与多尺度结构设计,在继承超高温陶瓷材料的高熔点、耐烧蚀等优异特性的同时,借助纤维增强与界面调控显著提升了材料的损伤容限和抗热震性能,从而在极端力−热−化学耦合环境下表现出优异的综合性能和可重复使用潜力。因此,以超高温陶瓷为基体的陶瓷基复合材料成为当前满足上述苛刻要求的重点研究方向。
陶瓷基复合材料主要由陶瓷基体、增强体和界面相3部分组成,三者协同作用,赋予了陶瓷基复合材料优异的综合性能。陶瓷基体是陶瓷基复合材料的主体,其主要起到耐高温、耐氧化烧蚀以及抵御环境侵蚀等作用。常见的基体材料主要包括碳基体、碳化硅基体、氧化物基体、氮化物基体。碳基体复合材料主要应用于惰性环境或者还原性环境中,如碳纤维增强碳基复合材料,其随温度升高而强度增加,并且具备优异的抗热冲击性能,但其抗氧化性能较差,若在氧化环境中使用,常见方法是在其表面制备抗氧化涂层。碳化硅基体是应用十分广泛的陶瓷基体,SiC具有优异的高温抗氧化性能,其在氧化环境中生成SiO2氧化层,阻隔内层SiC被进一步氧化侵蚀。氧化物基体主要包括氧化铝、莫来石、铝硅酸盐等,主要优点是无氧化的问题,但其高温抗蠕变能力相对较差,且与部分增强体存在热膨胀系数失配。氮化物基体如氮化硅,具有高硬度、良好的抗热震性以及较高的断裂韧性。
增强体主要起到承载作用,是陶瓷基复合材料优异抗热震性能和高损伤容限优势的主要来源。增强体主要分为连续增强体和非连续增强体。目前广泛使用的连续纤维增强体主要有碳纤维和碳化硅纤维。碳纤维是目前唯一能够在3000℃以上保持高比强度、高比模量且热膨胀系数极低的纤维,并且可便捷地通过编织、针刺制成各类预制体,但其最大缺点是在高温氧环境中会迅速氧化。碳化硅纤维具有更好的抗氧化性能,可在1300℃以内长期服役,但在更高温度下碳化硅纤维性能会严重退化。非连续增强体包括颗粒和晶须,如碳化硅颗粒、短纤维单晶,对韧性的改善效用有限。
界面处于纤维和基体的中间,起到保护纤维的作用,通过裂纹偏转、界面脱黏等方式起到增韧效果。常用的界面相包括热解碳界面、碳化硅界面、氮化硼界面等。不同界面相具有一定的性能差异,根据应用需求选择单层界面相及构建多层界面相,是保障陶瓷基复合材料性能的重要环节。
陶瓷基复合材料制备方法及工艺流程图如图4[26]所示,主要包括化学气相沉积/渗透(chemical vapor deposition/infiltration,CVD/I)、浆料浸渍、聚合物前驱体浸渍裂解(polymer impregnation and pyrolysis,PIP)、反应熔体渗透(reaction melt infiltration,RMI)、热压烧结(hot pressing,HP)等。各种制备方法的核心目标都是将陶瓷基体均匀、致密地引入纤维预制体,获得性能优异的复合材料。不同的制备方法在基体致密化程度、对纤维损伤程度、微观结构和复合材料性能等方面存在显著差异。因此,根据应用需求选择合适的制备工艺是实现复合材料特定性能与工程化应用的关键环节。
1) 化学气相沉积/渗透法。化学气相沉积/渗透是将气态前驱体在高温下通入多孔纤维预制体孔隙中,气态前驱体在纤维表面发生反应,生成固态陶瓷基体并沉积在预制体内。通过精确控制反应温度、压力和气相组成,能够实现复合材料由内而外的致密化。化学气相沉积制备的陶瓷基复合材料致密度高,对纤维损伤小,可以获得具有优异力学性能的陶瓷基复合材料。但其工艺周期长,设备复杂,因此其制备成本较高。
2) 浆料浸渍与热压烧结法。浆料浸渍法是将陶瓷基体粉末、有机溶剂及分散剂等混合,以制备稳定悬浮的浆料,将纤维预制体浸渍于浆料中,并通过震荡、抽真空等方式,使得陶瓷基体颗粒充分填充纤维预制体孔隙,后经干燥、热解排胶去除有机组分。最后结合热压烧结法在高温下施加压力进行致密化烧结。该方法工艺简单,成本较低。但热压烧结施加的高温和压力会导致纤维损伤,降低力学性能。
3) 前驱体浸渍裂解法。前驱体浸渍裂解法是选用具有目标陶瓷组分的有机前驱体,并溶解于溶剂中制成液体形态。将纤维预制体置于前驱体溶液中,通过抽真空等方式提高浸渍效率,随后在惰性气氛下高温裂解,使有机前驱体转化为陶瓷基体。该方法制备温度低,通常低于1100℃,因此对纤维损伤较小,且更易实现复杂结构材料成型。但其致密化过程需多次循环,制备周期较长。
4) 反应熔渗法。反应熔渗法是将熔融金属包覆多孔预制体,在高温真空条件下,熔融金属在毛细管力作用下渗入预制体,并与预制体中的反应物发生原位反应,生成致密的陶瓷基体。此方法工艺周期短,致密化效率高,但工艺温度较高,可能对纤维造成损伤,且反应生成的基体中通常含有未反应的残余金属相,这会降低材料的高温蠕变性能。
陶瓷基复合材料的性能不仅取决于制备工艺,也取决于基体、增强体和界面相的选择与组合。根据耐温及应用特点,可分为高温用陶瓷基复合材料和超高温用陶瓷基复合材料。其中,高温用陶瓷基复合材料通常以碳化硅、氧化物为基体,其长期使用温度一般不超过1600℃,主要应用于航空发动机、燃气轮机等高温结构部件。而超高温用陶瓷基复合材料一般指熔点超过3000℃的难熔金属硼化物、碳化物或氮化物为基体的复合材料,其设计使用温度可达到1800℃以上乃至3000℃,主要针对空天飞行器鼻锥、翼前缘等极端气动热环境。目前,研究最为广泛的陶瓷基复合材料体系主要包括碳纤维增强碳化硅基复合材料、碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅基复合材料、氧化物/氧化物陶瓷基复合材料、超高温陶瓷基复合材料。
1) 碳纤维增强碳化硅基复合材料。碳纤维增强碳化硅基复合材料是当前应用最成熟的高温结构陶瓷基复合材料体系之一[2729],该体系以高性能连续碳纤维作为增强体,以碳化硅陶瓷作为基体。连续碳纤维赋予材料高比强度和低密度的优势,碳化硅基体赋予材料在高温下的优异抗氧化性能。但在超过500℃的有氧环境下,碳纤维面临严峻挑战,易被氧化从而导致力学性能急剧退化,因而促进环境障涂层的发展。
2) 碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅基复合材料。碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅基复合材料是面向更高温度有氧环境的重要材料体系,具有更好的高温抗氧化性,在航空发动机涡轮外环、核包壳材料以及燃气轮机等领域具有广阔的应用前景[3031]
3) 氧化物/氧化物陶瓷基复合材料。氧化物/氧化物复合材料体系由氧化物纤维(如氧化铝纤维、莫来石纤维)和氧化物基体(如氧化铝、莫来石)组成,该体系具备本征抗氧化能力,因此可在高温氧化环境下长期稳定服役。但其耐温上限有限,限制了其在超高温环境下的应用。
4) 超高温陶瓷基复合材料。超高温陶瓷基复合材料通常以熔点超过3000℃的难熔金属硼化物、碳化物和氮化物为陶瓷基体,如ZrB2、HfB2、TaB2、ZrC、HfC、TaC、TaN等[17](熔点如图5[32]所示),常以连续碳纤维作为增强体,具有耐极端高温、抗氧化烧蚀等优势,是空天飞行器热防护系统的关键候选材料。
综合对比上述4类陶瓷基复合材料体系:碳化硅纤维虽在高温下比碳纤维表现出更好的抗氧化性能,但在超过1600℃的高温环境中力学性能发生显著退化;氧化物/氧化物陶瓷基复合材料虽具备本征抗氧化特性,但其耐温上限受限,无法满足可重复使用空天飞行器对超过2000℃的超高温热防护的苛刻要求;相比之下,碳纤维在惰性气氛或有效保护下展现出“强度随温度升高而增加”的特性,赋予其在超高温环境中独特的力学优势。因此,以碳纤维为增强相、超高温陶瓷为基体的超高温陶瓷基复合材料,有效结合了碳纤维的高比强度及优异的抗热震性能,同时通过超高温陶瓷基体的高温抗氧化烧蚀能力对碳纤维实现有效保护。该体系在耐极端高温、抗重复烧蚀、轻量化设计及结构−功能一体化等关键性能上展现出显著系统性优势,从而成为目前最具潜力满足可重复使用空天飞行器热防护系统严苛要求的前沿材料体系。
随着空天飞行器朝着更高速度、可重复使用的方向发展,对热防护材料的综合性能提出了更为严苛的要求。超高温陶瓷基复合材料因其优异的耐极端高温、抗氧化烧蚀、高比强度以及抗热震性能,成为实现多次往返空天飞行器热防护系统的关键材料体系。在服役过程中,可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料需经受“发射—在轨—再入”的多次循环,期间承受严酷的气动加热、高速粒子冲刷以及复杂应力状态的反复作用。这种重复的力−热−化学多场耦合环境,会引发材料发生氧化层的动态演化、纤维性能退化、结构劣化等一系列不可逆的物理化学变化,最终导致烧蚀率上升及力学性能衰减。因此,提升其抗重复烧蚀性能的核心在于深刻理解并有效调控这些在循环过程中不断累积的退化机制。近年来,国内外研究团队围绕该核心目标,在材料组分设计、纤维与界面调控、微结构优化、轻量化设计以及先进制备工艺等方面展开系统研究,并取得一系列重要进展。
材料组分设计与优化是提升超高温陶瓷基复合材料抗重复烧蚀性能的关键思路,其研究范式从最初的静态相组成设计,逐步发展为对氧化层动态“演化−失效”过程的有效调控,核心目标在于构筑高阻氧、抗相变、低挥发的稳定氧化层。
首先,以ZrB2和HfB2为代表的单组元超高温陶瓷奠定了可重复使用陶瓷基复合材料体系的基础。这类材料具备极高的熔点、优异的热导率,成为热防护系统的核心基体。在中低温氧化阶段(约1100℃以下),硼化物被氧化生成B2O3玻璃相,该液相能够有效填补裂纹和孔隙,阻隔氧气进一步侵蚀材料。然而,在超过1100℃的环境中,B2O3玻璃相在高温环境中加速挥发,导致氧化层保护作用失效,材料发生氧化烧蚀衰退。Fahrenholtz[33]证实了ZrB2在1200 K以下表现出被动氧化,但在高温下由于B2O3挥发而导致ZrB2发生主动氧化。这一瓶颈推动材料体系向多相复合方向发展。
继而,研究人员发现,将SiC陶瓷作为第二相引入,实现了复合材料高温长效抗氧化的关键突破,ZrB2−SiC陶瓷在1500℃空气环境下的氧化过程机理如图6[34]所示。研究表明,在ZrB2或HfB2基复合材料中引入15%~30%(体积分数)的SiC,可显著提高材料在1600℃以上的抗氧化性能。SiC在烧蚀氧化后形成SiO2玻璃相能够在1600~2200℃形成一层致密稳定的保护膜,有效阻隔氧气向内部扩散,从而为复合材料提供长久保护。Zhang等[35]针对ZrB2−SiC陶瓷材料体系,研究了其氧化过程中的动态演化机制。在1600℃以下,SiC含量对ZrB2的氧化过程没有明显影响,当温度高于1800℃时,SiC含量对ZrB2的氧化过程产生显著影响,且提出在超高温应用中,SiC含量约占ZrB2−SiC体系的16%(体积分数)为最佳值。Zhao等[36]对比了C/C−ZrC−SiC和C/C−ZrC复合材料的抗重复烧蚀行为,结果表明C/C−ZrC−SiC的质量损失低于C/C−ZrC复合材料,表现出更优异的抗重复烧蚀性能。
然而,在2200℃以上的超高温环境中,SiO2玻璃相会因加速挥发而失去保护作用。Chen等[37]对Cf/ZrB2−SiC复合材料进行2500℃的重复烧蚀测试(图7[37])。结果表明,材料经过3次烧蚀后,表面玻璃相大量挥发,同时在ZrO2相变应力下产生大量裂纹,导致保护层丧失阻氧能力。为解决这一瓶颈,研究人员通过多元掺杂来重构氧化层组成,旨在形成更高熔点、更低氧扩散速率的氧化层,从而实现对氧化层在超高温环境中性能的主动调控。Zeng等[15]在C/C−SiC复合材料中引入TiC,由于与Ti相关的氧化物挥发性低于Si相关氧化物,因此降低了氧化层的挥发损失,但生成的TiO2熔点相对较低(~2130℃),导致其氧化物黏度低,在高速气流冲刷下持续衰减。因此,再次引入ZrC生成Zr1−xTixO2,提高了氧化物熔点,为内层材料提供持久保护,在2500℃下实现近零烧蚀,质量烧蚀率降低至0.008 mg/cm2。Liu等[3839]通过向Cf/ZrB2−SiC复合材料中引入Al4SiC4等改性剂,主动调控玻璃相组成及黏度,烧蚀氧化后形成Al2O3−SiO2复合玻璃相,显著降低玻璃相挥发,质量烧蚀率相比未改性复合材料降低约80%。Zhang等[40]通过在C/C−SiC复合材料中添加不同含量的Al,研究了Al对复合材料抗重复烧蚀性能的影响,40%(质量分数)Al添加量的材料抗重复烧蚀性能优于20%(质量分数)材料体系。
另一方面,在剧烈的循环氧化烧蚀过程中,氧化层稳定性受到挑战。ZrB2/HfB2氧化生成的ZrO2/HfO2在冷却过程中会发生相变,并伴随一定的体积变化。这导致氧化层在循环烧蚀过程中产生内应力,因而引发了氧化层开裂和剥落。为抑制相变,Chen等[4142]和Zhang等[43]在Cf/ZrB2−SiC复合材料中引入Y2O3等稀土元素,通过形成Y−Si−O−t−Zr0.9Y0.1O1.95纳米核壳特殊结构,有效抑制ZrO2在循环过程中的相变,并通过弥散分布的纳米晶缓解了SiO2玻璃相的挥发,实现复合材料在2500℃/300 s下重复烧蚀10次后,表现出近零烧蚀损伤(图8[41])。这项工作验证了超高温陶瓷基复合材料作为可重复使用空天飞行器热防护材料的可行性,并为提高超高温陶瓷基复合材料长时循环烧蚀性能提供了新的发展方向。
近年来,高熵设计理念被引入到超高温陶瓷基复合材料体系,通过构建多主元固溶体骨架,利用其特有的“高熵迟滞扩散效应”[4445],显著降低氧化过程中氧向内扩散的速率,起到抗氧化效果。Hu等[4647]和Cai等[4851]设计了Cf/(CrZrHfNbTa)C−SiC高熵超高温陶瓷基复合材料(图9[46]),在5 MW/m2烧蚀条件下,复合材料表面原位生成了以(Zr, Hf)6(Nb, Ta)2O17为骨架的高稳定氧化物保护层,SiO2玻璃相与Ta2O5相互作用,减缓了玻璃相挥发,线烧蚀率为0.9 μm/s,质量烧蚀率为1.82 mg/s。
连续纤维的引入是陶瓷基复合材料克服陶瓷材料本征脆性、实现非脆性断裂的关键。可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料中,纤维增强体不仅赋予材料优异的力学性能和抗热震性能,还通过合理的界面设计,实现了裂纹偏转等增韧机制,显著提升了材料的损伤容限和结构可靠性。
目前,可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料所采用的主流纤维是聚丙烯腈(PAN)基碳纤维。PAN基碳纤维的发展可追溯至20世纪50年代末,由日本大阪工业技术研究所的近藤昭男首次以PAN为原料,在实验室成功制备得到PAN基碳纤维。2010年,美国Hexcel公司率先推出了商业化的第3代IM10型碳纤维,拉伸强度高达6.8 GPa,拉伸模量达到310 GPa,为超高温陶瓷基复合材料提供了关键基础。2016年,中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所率先研制出拉伸强度为4.86 GPa、拉伸模量为541 GPa的国产M55J级碳纤维。
除了主流的PAN基碳纤维外,以中间相沥青为原料制备的沥青基碳纤维,因其优异的高导热特性,在可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料领域受到日益广泛的关注。PAN基碳纤维由于石墨化程度相对较低,导致其本征热导率较低(普遍低于100 W/(m·K))。而沥青基碳纤维在高温石墨化处理后,其形成了高度有序的石墨晶格结构,沿纤维轴向呈现近乎理想的取向排列,使其成为优异的导热体。高性能中间相沥青基石墨纤维轴向热导率可达到500~1000 W/(m·K),是PAN基碳纤维的5~10倍,在热防护系统的热疏导与热管理方面发挥重要作用。国际上于20世纪60年代开始对沥青基碳纤维展开研究,1964年,日本群马大学发明了通用沥青制造沥青基碳纤维的技术路线。国内最早于20世纪70年代由上海焦化厂成功研制出沥青基碳纤维[52],随后中国科学院陕西煤炭化学研究所、天津大学等单位开展了进一步的研究,并取得一系列进展。全球碳纤维制造商及发展历程如图10[53]所示。
纤维/基体之间的界面对复合材料的力学行为和抗氧化性能具有重要影响。界面相一方面可以起到保护纤维免受环境侵蚀的作用,另一方面,能够在材料受力时通过发生裂纹偏转、界面脱黏等方式起到增韧的作用。主流使用的界面相主要是热解碳(PyC)、h−BN、SiC等。另外,研究人员开发了多种界面相组合的方式以适应应用需求,提高材料性能。Ding等[54]通过构建(PyC/SiC)3多层界面,在2200℃条件下烧蚀,实现比单层PyC界面更高的抗氧化性能,线烧蚀率为(1.7 ± 0.4) μm/s,质量烧蚀率为(0.0427 ± 0.0053) mg/(mm2·s),分别下降了~43%和~21%。烧蚀机理如图11[54]所示。
除纤维/基体界面之外,涂层/基体之间的界面设计同样至关重要,直接决定涂层在热震、机械冲击和重复烧蚀等极端环境下的服役寿命。Ren等[55]在C/C复合材料表面首先制备了一层SiC过渡层,然后再通过化学气相沉积和大气等离子喷涂的工艺沉积制备了一层HfC纳米线增强的HfC涂层。在2.4 MW/m2氧乙炔焰条件下循环烧蚀3次,每次60 s,该复合材料表现出优异的抗重复烧蚀性能,质量烧蚀率和线烧蚀率分别为0.444 mg/s和−0.767 μm/s。
轻量化与结构功能一体化是可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料在工程应用领域的关键发展方向。空天飞行器对减重的需求极为迫切,热防护系统质量的降低能够显著提升飞行器的有效载荷和经济效益。因此,在确保材料具备优异耐高温、抗烧蚀和力学性能的前提下,实现材料体系低密度、高比强度和高比模量成为研究重点。为实现轻量化目标,研究人员主要从以下3方面展开探索。
1) 预制体结构设计与纤维体积分数调控。通过优化纤维预制体的编织和排布方式,如采用二维叠层、三维针刺等,可控制纤维占整体材料的体积分数,从而在考虑力学性能的前提下实现材料整体密度的优化。近年来,研发人员也通过设计中空层结构等方式,在维持一定刚度和强度的前提下,显著降低材料体系的整体质量,并进一步提升了隔热性能,为轻量化与隔热一体化提供了新路径。
2) 基体设计与梯度结构优化。在基体组分选择方面,选用密度相对较低的ZrB2(~6.1 g/cm3)替代HfB2(~10.5 g/cm3),或者通过设计Zr/Hf等超高温组元的比例,可在保持超高温性能的同时有效降低材料体系密度。Zou等[5657]和Wang等[58]设计了Ta/Hf原子比为4∶1的3D−Cf/Ta0.8Hf0.2C−SiC复合材料,通过在TaC中引入Hf元素,实现复合材料高熔点与轻量化的有效平衡。此外,引入低密度第二相(如SiC、TiC等)形成复合基体,亦有助于实现轻量化与性能平衡。通过构建梯度结构,可在不同区域满足耐高温、抗冲击和轻量化的需求,实现材料整体性能与轻量化的最优配置。Hu等[47]基于毛细吸收和传输的仿生策略研制得到的Cf/(CrZrHfNbTa)C−SiC复合材料,在0.74 g/cm3的密度下,表现出优异的抗烧蚀性能和隔热性能。但此类材料体系陶瓷基体的减少,增加了纤维氧化和材料可靠性降低的风险。
3) 结构功能一体化设计。超高温陶瓷基复合材料不仅可以作为热防护系统使用,还可以被设计作为承载结构的重要部分,实现热防护与结构承载一体化。通过结构设计将热防护层与承载结构融合,避免传统热防护与承载结构分离所带来的质量冗余和连接问题,是实现空天飞行器整体减重与提升结构效率的关键技术路径。
先进制备工艺是可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料实现优异性能、复杂构型和工程化应用的基础。传统的单一制备方法往往难以兼顾高致密化、低纤维损伤、复杂形状成型与低成本等要求。为此,近年来研究人员通过发展新型工艺及复合工艺路线,在提升材料综合性能和制备效率方面取得了显著进展。
1) 新型前驱体设计与前驱体浸渍裂解(PIP)优化。PIP工艺因其成型温度低、对纤维损伤小、适用于复杂构件制造而备受关注。其工艺创新主要集中于高性能陶瓷前驱体的设计,通过合成陶瓷产率更高、热稳定性更优的聚碳硅烷等新型前驱体,可有效减少裂解周期和材料孔隙,从而降低制备成本和提高材料性能。近年来,研究人员针对应用需求开发了ZrC、ZrB2等超高温陶瓷的前驱体。Li等[59]利用ZrC前驱体制备得到了3D−Cf/ZrB2−ZrC−SiC复合材料,并验证了其具备优异的高温抗氧化性能、抗烧蚀性能和良好的力学性能。Zhang等[60]利用中国科学院过程工程研究所开发的有机锆聚合物前驱体制备得到了C/C−ZrC−ZrB2−SiC复合材料,并研究了SiC界面相对该复合材料力学性能和抗烧蚀性能的影响,但并未公开这些有机前驱体的研制方法。
2) 化学气相渗透(CVI)工艺的强化与增效。CVI是制备高性能陶瓷基复合材料的关键技术,但其周期长、成本高是工程化应用的主要瓶颈。研究人员通过温度梯度CVI、压力梯度CVI、强制流动热梯度CVI、感应加热梯度CVI等改进技术,实现对前驱体气体传输和沉积的精准控制,显著提高了渗透效率和基体均匀性。罗瑞盈等[61]采用温度梯度CVI工艺,经过200~300 h,制备得到了1.70~1.80 g/cm3的C/C复合材料,沉积时间仅为常规CVI工艺的1/5~1/3。
3) 复合工艺路线的协同应用。单一的制备工艺往往存在缺点,因此采用复合工艺制备可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料成为一种发展方向。常见的组合包括CVI+RMI、CVI+PIP等,利用CVI制备界面层保护纤维,再利用RMI、PIP等方式实现快速致密化和复杂构件成型。这些复合工艺能够在保证纤维性能、提高致密化程度和降低制备成本之间取得较好的平衡,是推动超高温陶瓷基复合材料走向大规模工程应用的关键路径。Lu等[62]和Hu等[63]通过“3D打印+RMI”等复合工艺制备得到了沥青基短碳纤维Csf/ZrB2−SiC复合材料,利用固定取向沥青基短碳纤维的高热导特性,显著降低了复合材料烧蚀表面响应温度,在5 MW/m2烧蚀条件下表现出优异的抗烧蚀性能,线烧蚀率为−0.17 μm/s,质量烧蚀率为3.58 mg/s。Feng等[64]通过CVI+PIP的复合工艺制备得到了B改性的SiC/HfC−SiC复合材料,在氧乙炔焰2.38 MW/m2的烧蚀条件下,3次循环烧蚀后,B改性的复合材料表现出更好的抗重复烧蚀性能,源于B元素引入后生成的B2O3起到一定的保护作用。
超高温陶瓷基复合材料凭借其高熔点、优异的高温抗氧化烧蚀性能、良好的抗热震性能以及轻量化的特质,已成为可重复使用空天飞行器热防护系统的理想材料体系。本文梳理了空天飞行器热防护材料的分类及发展历程,以及可重复使用空天飞行器对热防护材料的迫切需求,重点围绕超高温陶瓷基复合材料在组分设计、纤维与界面调控、轻量化与结构功能一体化、先进制备工艺等方面的研究进展进行综述。
在材料组分设计方面,通过引入SiC第二相、多元掺杂、稀土元素改性以及高熵设计等策略,显著提升了复合材料在超高温和循环烧蚀条件下的抗氧化烧蚀性能。在纤维与界面调控方面,PAN基与沥青基纤维的发展为复合材料提供优异的力学与热管理基础,而多层、多种界面结构的设计则进一步提升了材料的抗氧化与增韧效果。在轻量化与结构功能一体化方面,通过预制体结构优化、梯度设计及热防护−承载一体化设计,实现材料性能与轻量化目标的协同提升。在制备工艺方面,PIP、CVI等传统工艺的优化及复合工艺开发,为高性能、复杂形状的可重复使用超高温陶瓷基复合材料的工程化制备提供可行路径。
尽管超高温陶瓷基复合材料已取得显著进展,但要真正实现其在可重复使用空天飞行器上的工程化应用,仍需攻克以下4方面核心挑战:(1) 长时循环力−热耦合作用下的性能退化机制尚不明确。在重复的极端热冲击、复杂机械载荷和应力的耦合作用下,材料表面氧化层的形成、相变、开裂与剥落等行为复杂,动态演化机制及失效机理仍需深入研究。需发展原位表征与多尺度模拟相结合的研究手段,系统阐明材料在重复使用过程中的性能退化机制与损伤累积规律。(2) 纤维/界面体系在重复氧化环境中的耐久性不足。碳纤维在高温有氧环境中的氧化问题仍是制约材料重复使用的关键瓶颈。即使在基体及氧化层的保护下,氧仍可能通过微裂纹渗入,导致纤维/界面发生渐进式氧化损伤。发展兼具高温稳定性及裂纹自愈合能力的新型抗氧化界面或涂层体系,是提升材料循环服役寿命的重要方向。(3) 面向可重复使用材料的性能预测与寿命评估方法缺失。可重复使用空天飞行器对材料的性能预测及寿命评估提出了新的要求。目前尚缺乏能够融合材料微观结构演化、宏观性能退化的多尺度寿命预测模型。需结合大数据与人工智能,构建从材料制备到服役退化的全链条性能预测框架,实现材料在极端服役环境下性能退化行为的准确预测与寿命评估。(4) 低成本、高效率制备工艺与工程化应用之间存在差距。现有高性能制备工艺成本高、周期长,制约可重复使用空天飞行器的规模化应用和经济性要求。发展快速致密化、可适应复杂构件成型的低成本制备技术,是推动该材料产业化应用的关键。
展望未来,超高温陶瓷基复合材料凭借其耐高温、抗烧蚀、轻量化和高可靠的显著优势,将会在可重复使用空天飞行器、高超声速巡航飞行器、空天发动机等尖端装备领域发挥不可替代的作用,为下一代航空航天技术的发展提供关键材料支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(52402135)
  • 中国科协第十届青年人才托举工程项目(YESS20240518)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划B档资助项目(GZB20240786)
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2026年第44卷第13期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00012
  • 接收时间:2025-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-07-27
  • 出版时间:2026-07-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-01
  • 修回日期:2026-02-05
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(52402135)
中国科协第十届青年人才托举工程项目(YESS20240518)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划B档资助项目(GZB20240786)
作者信息
    1中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所结构陶瓷与复合材料工程研究中心,上海 201899
    2中国科学院大学材料科学与光电技术学院,北京 100049

通讯作者:

陈博文(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料,电子信箱:;
董绍明(共同通信作者),研究员,中国工程院院士,研究方向为陶瓷基复合材料,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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