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膜蛋白嵌在细胞膜中，负责信号传递、离子通道、物质运输等关键过程，也是药物研发绕不开的一类重要靶点。难题在于，它们外表面有大片疏水区域，一旦离开脂质膜环境，就容易失稳、聚集。长期以来，研究人员通常要借助去垢剂把膜蛋白从细胞膜中“洗”出来，再设法维持其结构和功能。但去垢剂条件需要反复摸索，也可能干扰膜蛋白的天然状态，给结构解析、功能研究和疫苗抗原制备都增加了不确定性。

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（图片来源：《Chemical & Engineering News》）

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