Article(id=1288421753848304389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765382400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-11, revisedDate=1774454400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785113283835, onlineDateStr=2026-07-27, pubDate=1783872000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785113283835, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785113283835, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785113283835, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1288421735473058437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783872000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785113279455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785113348006, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1288422023114240128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1288422023118434433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=141, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1288421754087379718, articleId=1288421753848304389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=High−temperature water−oxygen corrosion and in−situ micromechanical properties of SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composites, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composites exhibit excellent high−temperature mechanical properties and thermal stability. It proposes an on−line testing technology for mechanical properties and an in−situ micro−observation technology under a controllable water vapor atmosphere based on high−frequency induction heating. A complex near−service water−oxygen corrosion environment for SiO2f/SiO2 composites was simulated, and water−oxygen corrosion tests were conducted on the SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composites. The fracture surfaces of the composites were characterized and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro−computed tomography (micro−CT). The results show that in a high−temperature water vapor environment, the SiO2 matrix of the composite was corroded and reacted with surface groups. Water vapor diffuses through the internal voids of the composite, generating elongated cracks along the fiber distribution, and the quartz fiber matrix was also corroded. After 20 hours of water−oxygen corrosion, the mechanical property retention rate was only 23%. Fracture morphology and failure mode analysis were performed under high−temperature conditions of 600℃ and 1000℃, yielding the fracture behaviors of the material in the high−temperature loading environment. Which provides essential support for the long−term storage, structural performance optimization, and failure mechanism investigation of SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composites.

, authors=Lijuan ZHANG1, Jianchao HAO1, Yuan CHENG1, Shuo YANG2, Penghui LIU2, Xinghong ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Lijuan ZHANG, Jianchao HAO, Yuan CHENG, Shuo YANG, Penghui LIU, Xinghong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinghong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1288421758856303405, articleId=1288421753848304389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料高温水氧腐蚀及原位微观性能, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料具备优异的高温力学性能及热稳定性,在航空航天热防护领域具有重要应用前景。然而,其在高温水氧耦合环境下易发生基体腐蚀与力学性能退化,且现有研究难以真实反映服役条件下热–力–环境耦合作用对材料失效行为的影响。基于此,提出了一种基于高频感应加热的可控水汽气氛力学性能在线测试技术和原位微观观察技术,通过模拟SiO2f/SiO2复合材料的一种复杂近服役状态的水氧腐蚀环境,对SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料进行了水氧腐蚀试验,使用扫描电子显微镜和显微计算机断层扫描仪(computed tomography,CT)对复合材料的断口进行表征分析。结果表明,在高温水蒸气环境下,复合材料的SiO2基体受到腐蚀并与表面基团发生反应,水蒸气通过复合材料内部空隙进行扩散,沿纤维分布产生狭长裂纹;石英纤维基体也受到腐蚀,在20 h的水氧腐蚀作用下,力学性能保留率仅为23%。在高温600℃、1000℃条件下进行断口形貌及失效模式分析,发现随温度升高,纤维和基体明显脆化,陶瓷基体发生坍塌,内部空隙增多,材料由纤维拔出和界面脱黏主导的耗能断裂逐渐转变为基体脆断和纤维脆断主导的脆性失效。这为SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料的长期贮存、结构性能优化及失效机理研究提供支撑。

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张丽娟,博士研究生,研究方向为热防护材料研发,电子信箱:

郝健超(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷复合材料,电子信箱:

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张幸红(通信作者),教授,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料研发,电子信箱:
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(a)0.99 cm/s (b)1.65 cm/s

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(a)、(c)100%水蒸气−20 h试样断口的YZ截面图和3D渲染图;

(b)、(d)100%水蒸气−10 min试样断口的YZ截面图和3D渲染图

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(a) 初始形貌;(b)~(d) 载荷逐渐增加时过程形貌;(e) 断裂形貌;

(f) 断裂位置局部形貌

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(a) 初始形貌;(b)~(d) 载荷逐渐增加时过程形貌;(e) 断裂形貌;

(f) 断裂位置局部形貌

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(a) 断口形貌;(b)、(c) 断裂位置局部放大形貌

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(a) 断口形貌;(b)、(c) 断裂位置局部放大形貌

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(a) 断口形貌;(b)、(c) 断裂位置局部放大形貌

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序号密度/
(g·cm−3
拉伸强度/
MPa
拉伸模量/
GPa
断裂应变/
%
11.6032.817.50.18
21.6233.518.20.22
31.6133.017.80.19
41.6333.418.10.21
51.5932.917.60.18
平均值1.6133.117.80.20
标准偏差0.0160.3110.3050.018
离散系数/%0.980.941.719.29
), ArticleFig(id=1288421767551095681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421753848304389, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料的室温力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号密度/
(g·cm−3
拉伸强度/
MPa
拉伸模量/
GPa
断裂应变/
%
11.6032.817.50.18
21.6233.518.20.22
31.6133.017.80.19
41.6333.418.10.21
51.5932.917.60.18
平均值1.6133.117.80.20
标准偏差0.0160.3110.3050.018
离散系数/%0.980.941.719.29
), ArticleFig(id=1288421767614010242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421753848304389, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气氛环境处理时间
/min
拉伸强度/
MPa
强度保留率/
%
空气环境033.10
30%水蒸气−70%空气1023.3070
60%水蒸气−40%空气1024.2073
100%水蒸气1021.4065
100%水蒸气3009.1928
100%水蒸气12007.7123
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针刺结构 SiO2f/SiO2复合材料的室温原始性能

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气氛环境处理时间
/min
拉伸强度/
MPa
强度保留率/
%
空气环境033.10
30%水蒸气−70%空气1023.3070
60%水蒸气−40%空气1024.2073
100%水蒸气1021.4065
100%水蒸气3009.1928
100%水蒸气12007.7123
), ArticleFig(id=1288421767765005188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421753848304389, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类拉伸模量/GPa泊松比拉伸强度/MPa
石英纤维700.171000
SiO2基体400.1730
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石英纤维和SiO2基体的材料参数

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分类拉伸模量/GPa泊松比拉伸强度/MPa
石英纤维700.171000
SiO2基体400.1730
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温度/℃断裂载荷/N
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600457
1000289
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SiO2f/SiO2复合材料不同温度下的拉伸断裂载荷

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1000289
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SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料高温水氧腐蚀及原位微观性能
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张丽娟 1 , 郝健超 1 , 程源 1 , 杨硕 2 , 刘鹏辉 2 , 张幸红 1, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(13): 141-150
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (13) : 141 -150
SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料高温水氧腐蚀及原位微观性能
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张丽娟1 , 郝健超1 , 程源1, 杨硕2, 刘鹏辉2, 张幸红1, *
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨工业大学复合材料与结构研究所,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所,北京 100074
通讯作者:
张幸红(通信作者),教授,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料研发,电子信箱:
作者简介:

张丽娟,博士研究生,研究方向为热防护材料研发,电子信箱:

郝健超(共同第一作者),博士研究生,研究方向为超高温陶瓷复合材料,电子信箱:

High−temperature water−oxygen corrosion and in−situ micromechanical properties of SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composites
Lijuan ZHANG1 , Jianchao HAO1 , Yuan CHENG1, Shuo YANG2, Penghui LIU2, Xinghong ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Center for Composite Materials and Structure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2Research Institute of Aerospace Special Materials and Processing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
出版时间: 2026-07-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00057
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SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料具备优异的高温力学性能及热稳定性,在航空航天热防护领域具有重要应用前景。然而,其在高温水氧耦合环境下易发生基体腐蚀与力学性能退化,且现有研究难以真实反映服役条件下热–力–环境耦合作用对材料失效行为的影响。基于此,提出了一种基于高频感应加热的可控水汽气氛力学性能在线测试技术和原位微观观察技术,通过模拟SiO2f/SiO2复合材料的一种复杂近服役状态的水氧腐蚀环境,对SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料进行了水氧腐蚀试验,使用扫描电子显微镜和显微计算机断层扫描仪(computed tomography,CT)对复合材料的断口进行表征分析。结果表明,在高温水蒸气环境下,复合材料的SiO2基体受到腐蚀并与表面基团发生反应,水蒸气通过复合材料内部空隙进行扩散,沿纤维分布产生狭长裂纹;石英纤维基体也受到腐蚀,在20 h的水氧腐蚀作用下,力学性能保留率仅为23%。在高温600℃、1000℃条件下进行断口形貌及失效模式分析,发现随温度升高,纤维和基体明显脆化,陶瓷基体发生坍塌,内部空隙增多,材料由纤维拔出和界面脱黏主导的耗能断裂逐渐转变为基体脆断和纤维脆断主导的脆性失效。这为SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料的长期贮存、结构性能优化及失效机理研究提供支撑。

陶瓷基复合材料  /  力学性能  /  水氧腐蚀  /  原位微观观察

SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composites exhibit excellent high−temperature mechanical properties and thermal stability. It proposes an on−line testing technology for mechanical properties and an in−situ micro−observation technology under a controllable water vapor atmosphere based on high−frequency induction heating. A complex near−service water−oxygen corrosion environment for SiO2f/SiO2 composites was simulated, and water−oxygen corrosion tests were conducted on the SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composites. The fracture surfaces of the composites were characterized and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro−computed tomography (micro−CT). The results show that in a high−temperature water vapor environment, the SiO2 matrix of the composite was corroded and reacted with surface groups. Water vapor diffuses through the internal voids of the composite, generating elongated cracks along the fiber distribution, and the quartz fiber matrix was also corroded. After 20 hours of water−oxygen corrosion, the mechanical property retention rate was only 23%. Fracture morphology and failure mode analysis were performed under high−temperature conditions of 600℃ and 1000℃, yielding the fracture behaviors of the material in the high−temperature loading environment. Which provides essential support for the long−term storage, structural performance optimization, and failure mechanism investigation of SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composites.

ceramic matrix composites  /  mechanical properties  /  water−oxygen corrosion  /  in−situ micro−observation
张丽娟, 郝健超, 程源, 杨硕, 刘鹏辉, 张幸红. SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料高温水氧腐蚀及原位微观性能. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (13) : 141 -150 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00057
Lijuan ZHANG, Jianchao HAO, Yuan CHENG, Shuo YANG, Penghui LIU, Xinghong ZHANG. High−temperature water−oxygen corrosion and in−situ micromechanical properties of SiO2f/SiO2 ceramic matrix composites[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (13) : 141 -150 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00057
陶瓷基复合材料(ceramic matrix composites,CMCs)具有低密度、高比模量、高比强度的特点以及优异的高温力学性能和高温热稳定性[13]。SiC/SiC陶瓷基复合材料、Al2O3/Al2O3陶瓷基复合材料、SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料等已广泛应用于航空航天领域。其中,SiC/SiC复合材料主要用于航空发动机燃烧室衬套、涡轮导向叶片及喷管等高温承力构件;Al2O3/Al2O3复合材料多应用于中高温隔热结构[47];而SiO2f/SiO2复合材料因其低介电常数、优异透波性能及良好的抗热震性能,广泛应用于飞行器天线罩、导弹整流罩及高超声速飞行器的透波结构部件,同时也可作为热防护系统中的功能隔热层或发动机高温传感器窗口等关键部位材料[810]。但在高温水氧环境(如航空发动机的燃气冲刷环境、飞行器进入大气层时的气动加热环境)中,水蒸气与氧气的耦合作用会显著加速陶瓷基复合材料的腐蚀,同时在水蒸气环境下,SiO2基体及其表面基团会进一步与水蒸气结合,生成气态Si(OH)4后脱水分解,持续破坏基体结构的完整性,从而加速基体裂纹扩展,造成力学性能退化。此外,SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料在航空航天中的关键应用是在天线罩部位,水氧环境同样影响材料功能性[1112]。目前。高温水氧环境下CMCs力学性能研究多采用静态水氧腐蚀试验与离线力学性能测试相结合的方法[1315],该方法无法真实反映材料加载状态与水氧环境的耦合损伤效应;同时,传统辐射加热方法的升温速率较低,难以模拟材料实际服役中的瞬态热冲击[1618]。SiO2f/SiO2复合材料具有优异的力学性能,但高温–水蒸气环境等极端环境下对SiO2的腐蚀效应及力学性能影响亟待研究。
SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料在服役过程中面临复杂的大气环境和严苛的气动热[19],其在高温加载环境下的微观结构特征及失效机理尚未有公开报道。原位观察技术在复合材料失效分析中的应用逐渐深入,近年来原位表征技术在CMCs中的应用聚焦于裂纹动态追踪与界面行为分析,如北京航空航天大学主导研究了CMCs(SiCf/SiC)的高温原位透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy,TEM)多模态表征体系,实现了界面脱黏与三维裂纹扩展的同步观测,为航空发动机热端部件失效机理提供关键理论支撑[20]。中国科学技术大学理化科学实验中心成功建立了纳米力学测试系统,集成了超高分辨场发射扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM5000X)平台,实现了微/纳米尺度下拉伸、压缩、断裂、疲劳与蠕变的动态实时观测,可精准捕捉陶瓷、金属合金及复合材料的裂纹萌生与扩展路径。张忠科等[21]利用带动态拉伸台的SEM对焊接接头的不同位置进行原位观察,并结合断口形貌分析了接头的断裂机理。Chen等[22]在SEM下观察了TiAl合金的裂纹萌生、扩展至断裂的过程并对材料的断裂失效机理进行了分析。Chateau等[23]通过X射线断层扫描法原位观测了SiCf/SiC复合材料的裂纹扩展情况。相对于金属材料,纤维增强复合材料因其结构的复杂性,在失效分析方向的研究尚未成熟,Shibayama等[24]通过透射电镜观察了SiCf/SiC复合材料的剪切破坏行为。刘易卓[25]在SEM下观察了碳纤维增强复合材料局部位置在不同载荷下的微观状态变化过程。因此,采用原位观察方法对SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料开展高温加载状态下的结构特征研究,揭示其在极端环境下的损伤演化规律、建立服役性能评价方法,对推动SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料在航空航天中的工程应用具有重要意义。
针对以上问题,本文提出了一种基于高频感应加热的高温可控水汽气氛力学性能在线测试技术及材料可控气氛水氧腐蚀性能研究。通过设计多物理场耦合加载腔体结构,集成高频感应加热系统及力学加载系统,开展SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料在1000℃水氧环境下的力学行为研究。基于SEM的原位观察技术,对SiO2f/SiO2复合材料在不同温度下的拉伸破坏行为进行了动态观察,结合断口形貌,研究了温度对断裂行为的影响规律及温度效应下材料断裂与失效机理。
通过自研硅溶胶和石英编织预制体制备SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料,其中自研硅溶胶密度为1.12~1.16 g/cm3,石英编织预制体来自南京新立织造有限公司。所用石英纤维直径为(10.0±0.5)μm,编织密度为5×5根/cm,纤维体积分数为45%±3%。
将处理好的石英针刺预制体与硅溶胶进行循环真空浸渍和压力浸渍,待其固化后在高温烘箱中进行烧结固化,之后进行表面致密化处理,多次循环工艺过程制备的SiO2f/SiO2陶瓷基复合材料的密度及拉伸数据如表1所示。
为模拟不同的环境试验参数,尤其是航空发动机应用背景下可能存在的水汽/氧气状态的比例影响,依据航空发动机燃气冲刷、飞行器气动加热等真实服役环境中水汽含量范围(0%~100%),结合现有文献[13,15]中高温水氧腐蚀试验的典型参数区间,设计了30%水蒸气−70%空气、60%水蒸气−40%空气和100%水蒸气3种环境参数,以及1.65 cm/s和0.99 cm/s 2种气体流速。2种气体流速基于试验设备可控气流强度范围,模拟不同飞行工况下气流冲刷强度对材料腐蚀的影响,通过预试验验证该流速区间可稳定控制气氛组成。采用PR203A(PANRAN,CHINA)湿度巡检仪对设备的水蒸气控制精度进行测试,测试方法为在室温下向环境腔内持续通入水蒸气与空气的混合气体,使用湿度巡检仪测试环境腔内部的相对湿度,并随时间记录,如图1所示。
开展不同温度载荷状态下微观形貌观察,调控载荷施加速率和形变速率,温度可控范围设定室温、600℃、1000℃;拉伸速率为5 N/s;最大施加载荷为5000 N,断口观察放大倍数为15~1000倍。
将复合材料平板加工为如图2所示试样,用于力–热–水–氧耦合试验。首先在环境腔内通入固定比例的水蒸气和空气的混合气体,气体达到稳定状态后将试样升温至1000℃,升温速度为200℃/min。在该环境下处理一定时间后,将试样拉伸至断裂。采用测试系统集成的KAPPA 100DS型万能力学试验机(Zwick/Roell,German)进行拉伸试验,加载速度1 mm/s。试验结束后,采用Sigma 300型场发射扫描电镜(ZEISS,German)和Phoenix NANOTOM型显微CT系统(GE,America)观察试样断口表面形貌和内部结构。
由于SEM观察视野范围较小,为快速实现裂纹定位与追踪,采用人工预置缺陷的方式使裂纹萌生于可预测区域,且考虑试样中有效结构单元的数量,人工预制缺陷模拟真实服役过程中材料表面可能产生的机械划痕、微小裂纹等典型损伤(尺寸与真实服役初期损伤量级一致);该设计通过应力集中效应使裂纹萌生于可预测区域,未改变材料本征断裂模式(如纤维拔出、界面脱黏等核心特征与无缺陷试样一致),仅提升裂纹追踪效率,未对材料本征断裂行为产生显著影响。按照图3进行试样尺寸和预制缺陷的加工。采用Sigma 300型场发射扫描电镜(ZEISS,German)和拉伸热台匹配开展原位微观观察。
实验所用二氧化硅基体颗粒为自制样品。采用日本电子JEM−2100PlusTEM进行微观形貌观察,观察不同温度处理后样品中颗粒的变化情况。
对室温状态的水氧环境参数进行监测,测试结果如图4所示。初始环境下,气体的相对湿度为40%~42%,通入混合气体后,反应腔中的相对湿度逐渐上升,在通入气体后20~30 min趋于平衡。气体流速为0.99 cm/s时,3种气氛环境的最终相对湿度分别为87%、98%和100%;气体流速为1.65 cm/s,3种气氛环境的最终相对湿度分别为91%、98%和100%,说明该水氧控制装置能实现混合气体成分的稳定控制;但30%水蒸气−70%空气环境参数达到平衡所需时间很长。
复合材料试样经高温水蒸气环境处理后进行拉伸性能测试,其应力—应变曲线如图5所示,试样经历了一个标准的线性变形段,达到最大载荷后发生断裂,说明试样破坏形式均为典型的脆性断裂。试样在经过不同气氛环境和处理时间后的拉伸强度如表2所示。对比材料的室温原始性能,拉伸强度保留率分别为70%、73%、65%、28%和23%。测试结果显示,在相同的处理环境下(以100%水蒸气环境为例),经过短时间(10 min)高温水蒸气环境处理,试样的力学性能损失较小;试样的拉伸强度随处理时间的延长呈下降趋势,在处理时间至300 min时,力学强度保留率为28%,持续处理1200 min后,力学性能仍持续退化,强度保留率仅有23%。当处理时间相同时,不同气氛环境下试样的拉伸性能变化较小,基本保持在同一水平。力学性能显著下降的原因主要是在高温水蒸气环境下,SiO2基体及其表面基团会进一步与水蒸气结合,生成气态Si(OH)4后脱水分解,持续破坏基体结构的完整性,从而造成基体裂纹扩展加速,力学性能退化。
图6所示为SiO2f/SiO2复合材料断口的显微CT图像。如图6(a)所示,100%水蒸气−20 h试样的断口中存在大量狭长的裂纹,说明环境处理过程中,SiO2基体出现明显的破坏作用,同时裂纹主要沿纤维预制体分布。如图6(b)所示,100%水蒸气−10 min试样内部的SiO2基体保持良好,在纤维预制体附近分布有一些细微的孔隙和裂纹。对比两试样断口的3D渲染图,可以发现100%水蒸气−20 h试样的断口表面比较平整,仅有少量短纤维。100%水蒸气−10 min试样的断口表面形貌复杂,存在大量的石英纤维束。图7图8所示为试样断口的SEM图像(图7),100%水蒸气−20 h试样的断口表面可以观察到狭长的裂纹,与CT图像的内部结构一致。纤维束断裂面平整,与基体平齐,呈现脆性断裂的特点,说明在拉伸破坏过程中,纤维与基体几乎同时破坏,未起到增韧作用。如图8所示,100%水蒸气−10 min试样的表面有较多的长纤维束,同时纤维束的表面有黏连的SiO2基体,说明在试样断裂过程中经历了纤维破坏与纤维拔出,石英纤维的强度和韧性保持良好。
通过观察断口的内部结构和表面形貌,可以判断在SiO2f/SiO2复合材料中实际存在高温水蒸气对SiO2基体的腐蚀过程。受工艺影响,SiO2f/SiO2复合材料中存在微小的初始孔隙和初始裂纹,高温水蒸气会通过这些孔隙和裂纹进入材料内部并扩散。相较于基体,纤维预制体与基体的结合位置缺陷数量多,高温水蒸气扩散速度快,导致基体消耗主要沿纤维预制体分布。石英纤维暴露在高温水蒸气中也具有一定的腐蚀效应,纤维韧性和承载能力下降。以上原因共同导致材料的力学性能下降。
对SiO2f/SiO2复合材料进行细观几何建模,完整的纤维编织结构包含复杂的纤维间交织与接触,直接进行高保真度建模会导致单元数量极大,计算成本过高。因此,在保证主要力学特征的前提下,对经纱采用“倾斜直线+圆弧”的波浪状简化,对纬纱采用直线简化,可显著降低网格规模,同时保留纤维走向与整体编织架构的关键信息。在拉伸载荷下,复合材料宏观刚度与强度主要受纤维轴向承载能力、纤维体积分数及基体传递荷载机制的影响。经纱作为主要承载组分,其轴向连续性与波浪形态已被保留;纬纱主要起横向约束作用,直线简化在宏观应变范围内对其约束功能的模拟影响有限。为了简化计算模型,提高计算效率,截取试样的中心部分进行建模。为了便于建模,对石英纤维编织结构进行简化:经纱由倾斜直线与圆弧构成,轴线呈规则波浪状,横截面为圆形,纱线轴线具有统一的截面形状且纤维排列均匀;纬纱截面形状为圆形,轴线为直线。最终模型见图9,石英纤维编织体和SiO2基体以Voxel格式进行网格划分,纤维与基体的网格被整合为同一几何实体,二者在拓扑结构上形成连续整体,纤维与基体的网格单元在界面处实现节点共享与几何耦合,不存在独立界面间隙。
SiO2基体为脆性材料,采用线弹性本构描述材料的变形,采用脆性损伤模型描述材料的失效行为,该模型基于最大主应力准则定义损伤的起始阈值。材料的参数如表3所示。参数体系主要包括如下力学参数。石英纤维力学参数:通过单向纤维复合材料拉伸实验并结合混合定律反推及单丝拉伸测试获得。SiO2基体力学参数:通过RTM单独成型与复合材料制备工艺相同的基体材料,制备纯基体试样,进行拉伸、压缩实验获得。边界条件设置如图10所示,模型底部限制Z向位移,模型顶部施加均布应力,应力幅值设置为65 MPa。采用ABAQUS动力显示分析方法进行计算,从仿真结果(图11)可知,在受力过程中,编织的纤维基体起到主要受力作用。
图12为采用全过程录屏中截取的部分断裂照片。根据图12(a),未施加载荷时,样条表面本身存在机械加工导致极少量断裂的纤维;当施加一定载荷后,该位置表面明显可见纤维断裂数量增多(图12(b));增加至更大载荷后(图12(c)),表面发生多处微裂纹,图像顶端发现新的纤维断裂,原纤维断裂处厚度方向隐约可见基体裂纹。由于纤维与基体间结合力较弱,裂纹沿界面向下发生偏转,基体发生开裂。继续增加载荷,样条右侧缺陷下方出现少量基体脱落,这是由于基体与纤维之间界面强度低,且基体韧性比纤维韧性差,断裂应变小。载荷继续增大,直至样条完全断裂(图12(e)、(f)),样条断口参差不齐,发生了大量的纤维断裂及拔出,90°纤维层与0°纤维层发生分离,呈现伪塑性断裂特征。对局部进行观察,可发现大量承受拉伸载荷的0°纤维发生断裂,0°纤维层下方与90°纤维层之间发生界面脱黏。
将原位拉伸热台设置为600℃,并保温10 min,以与室温条件下同样的拉伸速率施加载荷,观察样条的断裂过程,如图13所示。由于预置缺陷处发生应力集中,裂纹最先从左右两侧缺陷顶端处萌生(图13(b)),多条局部微裂纹共同扩展。随着载荷增加,样条表面的基体裂纹逐步延伸、扩展,并发生偏转,一是由于样条细观结构各处受力不均,二是由于界面强度强弱不一,所以裂纹扩展至界面弱的位置发生偏转。载荷继续增大,裂纹继续扩展,同时裂纹张开位移增大,这可能是内部纤维发生了断裂,消耗了大量断裂能,增加了材料的断裂韧性,最终两端裂纹扩展至贯通,造成材料的断裂。从图13(e)中可以看出,样条的宏观断口虽仍不大规则,纤维束层间可见不明显分层现象,但与室温拉伸后的样条断口相比,600℃拉伸断口较为平齐,纤维拔出较少,呈现相对脆性特征。图13(f)表明,最终的断裂形式仍是大量0°纤维发生断裂,90°纤维层之间发生界面脱黏。
对断裂后样条局部进行观察(图14),可见纤维束从基体中脱落,产生纤维脱黏现象,纤维表面黏附大量的基体碎渣,纤维的脱落导致材料整体强度的下降,基体也随之发生了开裂,产生横向裂纹。这表明,样条在600℃环境中,与室温环境相比,脆性特征增加,但也存在少量纤维脱黏、纤维拔出等现象,增加了材料的整体韧性。
对断裂后的界面上的SiO2基体进行透射电镜制样观察,图15展示了二氧化硅颗粒在室温状态和经过600℃处理后的粒径微观结构。在室温状态的照片中,二氧化硅纳米颗粒分布相对分散,颗粒之间的界限较为清晰,团聚现象不明显,粒径相对较为均匀一致。这表明在室温条件下,纳米颗粒具有较好的分散性,颗粒能够保持相对独立的个体状态,彼此之间的相互作用较弱。而经过600℃处理后的图像中可以看出,部分颗粒由于高温烧结的作用尺寸有所增大。在高温环境下,颗粒间团聚现象相较于室温状态更为明显。综上所述,600℃高温处理对二氧化硅纳米颗粒的微观结构产生了显著影响,导致粒径增大和团聚现象加剧。
进一步观察1000℃ SiO2f/SiO2复合材料在SEM下的断裂过程。温度的升高导致SiO2f/SiO2复合材料的脆性特征更加明显,受SEM扫描速度的限制,样条断裂的瞬间无法捕捉。如图16(b)所示,相比600℃,1000℃环境下样条断裂后宏观断口更为整齐,未发生不同方向纤维分层现象。图16(c)、(d)处长度较短,纤维及基体断口都较为平整,呈现出脆性的显著特征。随着热处理温度的增加,样条断裂的脆性特征逐渐显著,这可能是因为热处理使得纤维与基体的结合力增加,界面强度的提升减少了裂纹偏转,使得基体裂纹扩展至界面后直接穿过纤维,形成更为平整的断口。
将原位拉伸断裂后的样条取出,然后在SEM中观察其截面的断口形貌。图17所示为SiO2f/SiO2复合材料室温拉伸断裂后的断口形貌照片,与原位观察结果一致,样条断口参差不齐,不同纤维层之间存在着不同程度的纤维拔出现象。放大后对局部微观形貌进行观察,图17(b)可观察到纤维束断裂,纤维断口十分整齐,呈现脆性断裂特征,同时看到较长的纤维束从基体拔出;图17(c)可观察到90°纤维从基体中脱落,发生了界面脱黏及纤维束内基体开裂现象。尽管纤维断口呈现脆性断裂,但是大量的纤维拔出、界面脱黏等现象,吸收了大量能量,对复合材料进行了增韧,最终表现出伪塑性断裂模式。图18所示为600℃复合材料拉伸断裂后的断口形貌照片。和室温相比,断口更为整齐,经放大后观察,虽有少量的纤维拔出,但拔出长度较短,纤维脱黏现象也较少,呈现脆性断裂的趋势。图19所示为1000℃环境下拉伸断裂后样条断口形貌照片,宏观上看,断口较为整齐,无分层现象。微观尺度观察断口,可以观察到1000℃条件下,纤维拔出的长度和数量均低于600℃的结果,90°纤维束内发生开裂,纤维表面均有大量残留基体,表明纤维与基体的结合更为紧密,以上现象充分证实1000℃下样条发生了脆性断裂。
通过上述分析发现,室温条件下拉伸断裂,SiO2f/SiO2复合材料作为一种本征脆性的陶瓷材料,由于存在大量纤维拔出、界面脱黏、裂纹偏转等现象,产生了参差不齐的断口形貌,使复合材料表现出一定的伪塑性断裂模式。随着热环境温度的升高,纤维拔出数量和长度减小,界面脱黏、裂纹偏转特征也大大减少,形成了较为平齐的断口形貌,使复合材料的破坏模式趋于脆性断裂。进一步地,对复合材料的断裂载荷进行统计,如表4所示。当室温拉伸时,样条可承受载荷较低,当在600℃环境中保温10 min后,断裂载荷大大提高。结合原位观察与材料特性可知,600℃高温状态下,基体内部微孔由于烧结粒径长大被填充,转变为更为致密的基体,增大与纤维的接触面积,导致与纤维的结合力增加。良好的界面强度使复合材料向脆性断裂模式转变,实现了载荷更好的传递效果,也导致力学性能大幅度提高。但是在1000℃环境中SiO2f/SiO2复合材料的断裂载荷减小,根据相关文献[2628],二氧化硅在较高温度下,处于热力学不稳定状态,纤维发生脆化,基体坍塌,以上结果中的裂纹及界面变化与水氧腐蚀过程力学性能变化一致。1000℃时水氧腐蚀环境下力学性能下降,源于SiO2与水蒸气的反应,同时受高温作用,颗粒团聚长大,内部孔隙增加,与微观下原位力学加载作用下观察到的纤维脆化、基体的团聚与基体坍塌现象一致。
1) 高温水蒸气环境对SiO2f/SiO2复合材料表现出显著的“时间累积型腐蚀”特征。短时间内材料仍能保持较高强度与典型纤维增韧特征,随着时间的推移,水蒸气沿材料内部孔隙及纤维/基体界面持续渗透,引发SiO2基体挥发损耗与纤维腐蚀脆化,导致界面退化、裂纹快速扩展及承载能力持续衰减,最终强度保留率仅23%。说明水蒸气环境下界面稳定性是决定SiO2f/SiO2复合材料长期服役可靠性的关键因素。
2) SiO2f/SiO2复合材料的断裂行为对温度具有显著敏感性,随着温度的升高,其断裂行为由“非脆性断裂”逐渐向“脆性断裂”转变。室温下,大量纤维拔出、界面脱黏及裂纹偏转能够有效耗散断裂能;而在600~1000℃条件下,SiO2基体颗粒烧结团聚使材料界面结合增强,裂纹偏转能力下降,纤维与基体趋于协同脆断,断口逐渐平整化。由此可见,随着温度的升高,材料韧化机制被显著削弱。
3) 水氧腐蚀与高温环境对SiO2f/SiO2复合材料产生协同损伤效应,二者共同作用下,复合材料发生基体损耗、纤维脆化及界面状态演化,削弱了裂纹偏转与纤维增韧作用,并最终引起力学性能退化。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52472091)
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2026年第44卷第13期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00057
  • 接收时间:2025-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-07-27
  • 出版时间:2026-07-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-11
  • 修回日期:2026-03-26
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52472091)
国家自然科学基金专项项目(52541021)
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    1哈尔滨工业大学复合材料与结构研究所,哈尔滨 150001
    2航天特种材料及工艺技术研究所,北京 100074

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张幸红(通信作者),教授,研究方向为超高温陶瓷基复合材料研发,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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