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Article(id=1288421737129816207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00109, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766332800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-22, revisedDate=1771776000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785113279849, onlineDateStr=2026-07-27, pubDate=1783872000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785113279849, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785113279849, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785113279849, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1288421735473058437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783872000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785113279455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785113348006, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1288422023114240128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1288422023118434433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=131, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1288421737381474448, articleId=1288421737129816207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Thermal ablation behavior and mechanisms of C/C composite coating systems under kiloseconds exposure above 2000℃, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Stable thermal protection for thousands of seconds in an aerobic environment exceeding 2000°C represents a critical requirement for ultra−high temperature ceramic (UHTC) coatings designed to protect C/C composites. For the ZrC−TaC−SiC coating system applied to C/C composites, two strategies were employed to achieve long−term thermal protection: single−layer coating technique and substrate modification and coating technique. The single coating technique involves directly fabricating a coating system on the C/C composite surface, consisting of a SiC transition layer and a ZrC−TaC−SiC outer coating. Substrate modification and coating technique refers to preparing a ZrC−TaC−SiC coating on the surface of ZrC−modified C/C composites. Results show that the single coating system failed after 720 s of ablation due to the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the outer ZrC−TaC−SiC coating and the SiC transition layer, as well as the formation of pores and cracks caused by the release of gaseous byproducts from SiC oxidation. In contrast, the synergistic protection strategy combining C/C composite substrate modification with a multiphase ZrC−TaC−SiC UHTC coating promoted the formation of a dense oxide film on the coating surface after 1080 s of ablation. The linear ablation rate was on the order of 10−4 mm/s, enabling oxidation and ablation resistance for over 1000 s in a high−temperature airflow environment above 2000°C. This demonstrates outstanding ultra−high−temperature thermal protection performance and lays a technical foundation for practical applications under extreme operating conditions.

, authors=Keke WU, Zhixiang ZHANG, Lingxiang GUO, Xuemeng ZHANG, Yujia ZHANG, Jia SUN*, authorsList=Keke WU, Zhixiang ZHANG, Lingxiang GUO, Xuemeng ZHANG, Yujia ZHANG, Jia SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jia SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1288421740204241053, articleId=1288421737129816207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=面向2000℃以上C/C复合材料涂层体系的千秒级耐烧蚀行为及机理, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在超过2000℃的高温有氧环境下实现千秒量级的稳定热防护，是超高温陶瓷（ultra−high temperature ceramics，UHTC）涂层防护C/C复合材料必须满足的基本要求。针对C/C复合材料ZrC−TaC−SiC涂层体系，采用“单一涂层技术”和“基体改性+涂层复合技术”2种策略，以实现C/C复合材料的长时热防护。单一涂层技术是C/C复合材料表面直接制备SiC过渡层和ZrC−TaC−SiC外涂层组成的涂层体系，基体改性+涂层复合技术是指ZrC改性C/C复合材料后表面制备ZrC−TaC−SiC涂层。结果表明，单一涂层体系由于ZrC−TaC−SiC外涂层与SiC过渡层之间的热膨胀系数不匹配，以及SiC氧化产生的气体副产物逸出形成孔隙和裂纹，导致其在720 s烧蚀后即发生失效；而采用C/C复合材料基体改性结合ZrC−TaC−SiC多相UHTC涂层的协同防护策略，在经历1080 s烧蚀后涂层表面形成了致密的氧化膜，线烧蚀率处于10−4 mm/s量级，实现了C/C复合材料在2000℃以上高温气流冲刷环境下的千秒级抗氧化烧蚀，展现出卓越的超高温热防护性能，为极端工况下的应用奠定了技术基础。

, authors=吴珂珂, 张志翔, 郭凌翔, 张雪萌, 张宇嘉, 孙佳*, authorsList=吴珂珂, 张志翔, 郭凌翔, 张雪萌, 张宇嘉, 孙佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙佳, authorNote=

吴珂珂，博士研究生，研究方向为超高温陶瓷改性碳碳复合材料，电子信箱：

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙佳（通信作者），研究员，研究方向为碳基复合材料超高温热防护，电子信箱：
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吴珂珂，博士研究生，研究方向为超高温陶瓷改性碳碳复合材料，电子信箱：

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吴珂珂，博士研究生，研究方向为超高温陶瓷改性碳碳复合材料，电子信箱：

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（a）~（d）Z80T5S15−1；（e）~（j）Z80T5S15−2

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（a）、（b）Z80T5S15−1；（c）~（h）Z80T5S15−2

, figureFileSmall=W39dXrJvnNOqrmFxeQ8rlg==, figureFileBig=vnTJvqdVK1RgeGKhrHsvXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1288421745052856524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421737129816207, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
氧气流量/（L·s−1）0.244
氧气压力/MPa0.4
乙炔流量/（L·s−1）0.167
乙炔压力/MPa0.095
热流密度/（MW·m−2）2.38
烧蚀距离/mm10
), ArticleFig(id=1288421745119965389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421737129816207, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氧乙炔烧蚀试验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
氧气流量/（L·s−1）0.244
氧气压力/MPa0.4
乙炔流量/（L·s−1）0.167
乙炔压力/MPa0.095
热流密度/（MW·m−2）2.38
烧蚀距离/mm10
), ArticleFig(id=1288421745212240078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421737129816207, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
涂层成分表面温度
/℃		时间/
s		线烧蚀率/
（μm·s−1）		参考
文献
（Hf,Zr,Ti）B2−SiC22501080−0.09[26]
（Hf−Zr−Ta−Nb）C2000300−0.01[27]
Cf增韧ZrC−SiC2560120−0.64[28]
（Hf1/4Zr1/4Ta1/4Ti1/4）C2082180−1.13[29]
HfC−ZrC−TaC2148120−0.594[30]
（Hf1/3Zr1/3Ti1/3）C22412100.19[31]
ZrC−SiC−TaC22171800.051[32]
ZrC−SiC/TaC21281800.03[21]
HfC−ZrC−TiC21251200.71[33]
ZrC−SiC−TaC24631080−0.15本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1288421745300320464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421737129816207, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内外C/C复合材料涂层体系超高温长时烧蚀性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
涂层成分表面温度
/℃		时间/
s		线烧蚀率/
（μm·s−1）		参考
文献
（Hf,Zr,Ti）B2−SiC22501080−0.09[26]
（Hf−Zr−Ta−Nb）C2000300−0.01[27]
Cf增韧ZrC−SiC2560120−0.64[28]
（Hf1/4Zr1/4Ta1/4Ti1/4）C2082180−1.13[29]
HfC−ZrC−TaC2148120−0.594[30]
（Hf1/3Zr1/3Ti1/3）C22412100.19[31]
ZrC−SiC−TaC22171800.051[32]
ZrC−SiC/TaC21281800.03[21]
HfC−ZrC−TiC21251200.71[33]
ZrC−SiC−TaC24631080−0.15本研究
), ArticleFig(id=1288421745392595153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421737129816207, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点编号ZrTaCOZr/Ta
132.31.4—66.323.1
2——100.0——
331.51.6—66.919.7
436.61.3—62.128.2
5——100.0——
635.42.3—62.315.4
731.70.5—67.863.4
833.91.2—64.928.2
), ArticleFig(id=1288421745455509714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421737129816207, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

图5中对应EDS点扫描分析结果（原子数分数）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点编号ZrTaCOZr/Ta
132.31.4—66.323.1
2——100.0——
331.51.6—66.919.7
436.61.3—62.128.2
5——100.0——
635.42.3—62.315.4
731.70.5—67.863.4
833.91.2—64.928.2
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面向2000℃以上C/C复合材料涂层体系的千秒级耐烧蚀行为及机理
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吴珂珂 , 张志翔 , 郭凌翔 , 张雪萌 , 张宇嘉 , 孙佳 *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(13): 131-140
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (13) : 131 -140
面向2000℃以上C/C复合材料涂层体系的千秒级耐烧蚀行为及机理
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吴珂珂，博士研究生，研究方向为超高温陶瓷改性碳碳复合材料，电子信箱：

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吴珂珂 , 张志翔, 郭凌翔, 张雪萌, 张宇嘉, 孙佳*
作者信息
  • 西北工业大学超高温结构复合材料重点实验室，西安 710072
通讯作者:
孙佳（通信作者），研究员，研究方向为碳基复合材料超高温热防护，电子信箱：
作者简介:

吴珂珂，博士研究生，研究方向为超高温陶瓷改性碳碳复合材料，电子信箱：

Thermal ablation behavior and mechanisms of C/C composite coating systems under kiloseconds exposure above 2000℃
Keke WU , Zhixiang ZHANG, Lingxiang GUO, Xuemeng ZHANG, Yujia ZHANG, Jia SUN*
Affiliations
  • Science and Technology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
出版时间: 2026-07-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00109
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摘要
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在超过2000℃的高温有氧环境下实现千秒量级的稳定热防护，是超高温陶瓷（ultra−high temperature ceramics，UHTC）涂层防护C/C复合材料必须满足的基本要求。针对C/C复合材料ZrC−TaC−SiC涂层体系，采用“单一涂层技术”和“基体改性+涂层复合技术”2种策略，以实现C/C复合材料的长时热防护。单一涂层技术是C/C复合材料表面直接制备SiC过渡层和ZrC−TaC−SiC外涂层组成的涂层体系，基体改性+涂层复合技术是指ZrC改性C/C复合材料后表面制备ZrC−TaC−SiC涂层。结果表明，单一涂层体系由于ZrC−TaC−SiC外涂层与SiC过渡层之间的热膨胀系数不匹配，以及SiC氧化产生的气体副产物逸出形成孔隙和裂纹，导致其在720 s烧蚀后即发生失效；而采用C/C复合材料基体改性结合ZrC−TaC−SiC多相UHTC涂层的协同防护策略，在经历1080 s烧蚀后涂层表面形成了致密的氧化膜，线烧蚀率处于10−4 mm/s量级，实现了C/C复合材料在2000℃以上高温气流冲刷环境下的千秒级抗氧化烧蚀，展现出卓越的超高温热防护性能，为极端工况下的应用奠定了技术基础。

超高温陶瓷  /  碳/碳复合材料  /  长时烧蚀  /  低线烧蚀率

Stable thermal protection for thousands of seconds in an aerobic environment exceeding 2000°C represents a critical requirement for ultra−high temperature ceramic (UHTC) coatings designed to protect C/C composites. For the ZrC−TaC−SiC coating system applied to C/C composites, two strategies were employed to achieve long−term thermal protection: single−layer coating technique and substrate modification and coating technique. The single coating technique involves directly fabricating a coating system on the C/C composite surface, consisting of a SiC transition layer and a ZrC−TaC−SiC outer coating. Substrate modification and coating technique refers to preparing a ZrC−TaC−SiC coating on the surface of ZrC−modified C/C composites. Results show that the single coating system failed after 720 s of ablation due to the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the outer ZrC−TaC−SiC coating and the SiC transition layer, as well as the formation of pores and cracks caused by the release of gaseous byproducts from SiC oxidation. In contrast, the synergistic protection strategy combining C/C composite substrate modification with a multiphase ZrC−TaC−SiC UHTC coating promoted the formation of a dense oxide film on the coating surface after 1080 s of ablation. The linear ablation rate was on the order of 10−4 mm/s, enabling oxidation and ablation resistance for over 1000 s in a high−temperature airflow environment above 2000°C. This demonstrates outstanding ultra−high−temperature thermal protection performance and lays a technical foundation for practical applications under extreme operating conditions.

ultra−high temperature ceramics  /  C/C composites  /  long−duration ablation  /  low linear ablation rate
吴珂珂, 张志翔, 郭凌翔, 张雪萌, 张宇嘉, 孙佳. 面向2000℃以上C/C复合材料涂层体系的千秒级耐烧蚀行为及机理. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (13) : 131 -140 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00109
Keke WU, Zhixiang ZHANG, Lingxiang GUO, Xuemeng ZHANG, Yujia ZHANG, Jia SUN. Thermal ablation behavior and mechanisms of C/C composite coating systems under kiloseconds exposure above 2000℃[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (13) : 131 -140 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00109
正文
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发展新型轻质高性能热结构材料是航空航天领域的重大战略需求[1−3]。C/C复合材料凭借其低密度、高比强度、高温力学强度不降反升等特点，被认为是耐2000℃以上极端环境应用的关键热结构材料[4−6]。然而，C/C复合材料在高温含氧条件下易发生氧化，在高温含氧燃气、高马赫气流中易发生氧化烧蚀，严重制约了其在航空航天领域的服役可靠性[7−8]。当前，在C/C复合材料表面制备超高温陶瓷（ultra−high temperature ceramics，UHTC）涂层，已成为提升其高温性能、延长其使用寿命的重要研究方向[9−12]。
作为UHTC涂层的典型体系，传统C/C复合材料ZrC−SiC涂层难以在高温环境下提供长期有效保护[13]。研究表明，高温烧蚀过程中ZrC氧化生成的ZrO2呈疏松不连续分布，降低了涂层的抗烧蚀性能[14]。虽然引入SiC第二相生成熔融SiO2一定程度上缓解了这一问题[15]，但SiO2在高温下易挥发，且ZrO2与SiO2难以形成致密保护层。尤其在低氧分压条件下，贫硅区域易形成多孔结构，限制了涂层的使用温度与服役时间[16]。碳化钽（TaC）不仅具有极高的熔点（3880℃），其氧化产物如Ta2O5（熔点约1800℃）[17–18]和Zr6Ta2O17（熔点约1900℃）[19]也具备高熔点的特性，这为超高温烧蚀环境中ZrC−SiC体系氧化产物的烧结致密化提供了可行性。研究表明，C/C复合材料（Zr，Ta）B2−SiC涂层[20]在2300℃、120 s的烧蚀测试中，表现出优异的抗氧化烧蚀性能，这归因于表面形成了难挥发的Zr−Ta−O连续氧化物层。在进一步研究中，采用聚合物转化陶瓷工艺与等离子喷涂技术[21]，制备了SiC/TaC纳米复合陶瓷改性ZrC涂层，发现烧蚀过程中形成的Zr6Ta2O17和Ta2O5熔融氧化物填充了涂层孔隙，促进了陶瓷相的烧结致密化，形成致密氧化层，有效阻挡了氧的侵入，使涂层在2.38 MW/m2的热流环境下表现出优异的抗烧蚀性能。然而，当前研究局限在ZrC−TaC−SiC多相涂层对C/C复合材料的超高温短时防护研究[22−23]，无法满足高马赫、长航时、强机动的“新热障”发展需求，亟需开展C/C复合材料UHTC涂层体系的千秒量级耐氧化烧蚀性能研究，阐明和揭示材料体系的抗氧化烧蚀行为及机理。
本研究旨在提升C/C复合材料在2000℃以上的长时抗烧蚀性能。针对在C/C基体上制备的ZrC−TaC−SiC涂层体系，分别采用了2种策略：一种是通过包埋法在涂层与基体间制备SiC过渡层，另一种是利用反应熔渗法对C/C基体进行改性后制备涂层。系统评估2种策略下复合材料在超高温环境下的长时抗氧化烧蚀行为，并深入分析体系的失效机理。该工作为拓展C/C复合材料在超高温环境下的长寿命服役能力提供新的技术途径。
1 实验过程
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1.1 UHTC涂层制备
试样采用2.5D针刺结构的高密度（1.70 g/cm3）与低密度（1.20 g/cm3）C/C复合材料，加工为Φ28 mm×5 mm的圆柱形试样。首先使用去离子水对试样进行超声清洗，随后在80℃烘箱中干燥12 h。对于高密度试样，采用包埋渗法在其表面制备了SiC过渡层。而低密度C/C复合材料则通过反应熔渗工艺，使用ZrSi2粉末对其进行改性处理，制得C/C−ZrC−SiC复合材料（标记为CZS）。
本研究所用涂层为ZrC−TaC−SiC涂层，经前期智能筛选[22–23]，选定涂层成分（质量分数）为80% ZrC、5% TaC和15% SiC（标记为Z80T5S15）。喷涂所用的ZrC、TaC和SiC粉末来自秦皇岛某公司。其中ZrC粉末粒径为10~12 μm，TaC和SiC粉末粒径为1~3 μm。为保证喷涂粉末的流动性，采用喷雾干燥机进行了造粒处理。采用超音速大气等离子喷涂（supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying，SAPS）技术制备UHTC涂层。将造粒后的粉末装入旋转送粉器，通过送粉器将粉末输送至喷枪，随后将其喷涂于包埋渗SiC涂层或改性基体表面，形成ZrC−TaC−SiC涂层。根据喷涂前工艺的不同，将包埋渗法和反应熔渗法处理的样品分别标记为Z80T5S15−1和Z80T5S15−2。
1.2 烧蚀试验
采用热流密度约为2.38 MW/m2的氧乙炔火焰进行烧蚀测试，具体试验参数见表1。测试时，将试样垂直置于氧乙炔火焰下方，保持试样表面距喷枪枪口10 mm。烧蚀结束后，测量样品的质量损失与厚度变化，根据式（1）和式（2）计算其质量烧蚀率与线烧蚀率。样品烧蚀中心附近的表面温度通过红外测温仪进行测量。
$ R\mathrm{_m}=\frac{m_0-m_1}{t} $
$ R\mathrm{_l}=\frac{l_0-l_1}{t} $
式中，Rm、Rl分别为质量烧蚀率与线烧蚀率，m0、m1分别为样品烧蚀前与烧蚀后的质量，l0、l1分别为烧蚀前样品的初始高度与烧蚀后烧蚀表面中心区域的烧蚀高度，t为烧蚀时间。
1.3 表征方法
采用X射线衍射仪（XRD，X'Pert PRO）分析样品的相组成。利用配备能谱仪（EDS）的扫描电子显微镜（SEM，JSM6460）观察样品的表面与截面形貌，重点关注粉末颗粒形貌、喷涂涂层致密度以及烧蚀后涂层的结构变化。通过Nanovea HS1000非接触式3D轮廓仪测量烧蚀后涂层的表面粗糙度与形貌，以评估其烧蚀后的表面形貌变化。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 涂层物相与形貌分析
Z80T5S15涂层的XRD图谱与Z80T5S15−1和Z80T5S15−2的截面形貌及其EDS分析结果如图1所示。图1（a）结果表明，除了喷涂粉末中原有的ZrC、TaC和SiC相外，还检测到t−ZrO2和m−ZrO2氧化物的存在。这是由于喷涂过程在大气环境中进行，粉末在高温下不可避免地与氧气反应生成氧化物[24]。四方相结构（t−ZrO2）的保留主要归因于喷涂过程中快速冷却时ZrO2的相变不完全，从而保留了该结构特征。图1（b）展示了Z80T5S15−1试样的截面形貌及EDS面扫描结果。喷涂涂层与包埋SiC过渡层的结合处形成了典型的镶嵌结构，结合紧密，且喷涂涂层内部未观察到大尺寸孔隙和宏观裂纹等明显缺陷。图1（c）展示了Z80T5S15−2试样的截面形貌及EDS面扫描结果。可以观察到，通过反应熔渗处理，改性后的基体内部不仅填充了陶瓷相，同时在基体表面形成了一层ZrC−SiC涂层。喷涂的ZrC−TaC−SiC涂层厚度约为200 μm，且喷涂涂层与基体表面的ZrC−SiC层结合非常紧密，未见明显缺陷，这表明两者之间具有良好的相容性。
2.2 涂层烧蚀行为
Z80T5S15−1与Z80T5S15−2的氧乙炔烧蚀结果及其在烧蚀过程中的表面温度如图2所示。图2（a）展示了Z80T5S15−1与Z80T5S15−2在经历不同时间氧乙炔烧蚀后的结果。对于Z80T5S15−1，线烧蚀率均为正值，表明涂层在烧蚀过程中持续减薄。经过360 s烧蚀后，线烧蚀率仅为0.54 μm/s，显示出涂层厚度变化相对较小。在质量烧蚀率方面，经过360 s烧蚀后，涂层的质量烧蚀率为0.04 mg/s，这表明涂层的整体质量在减少。此现象可能主要源于烧蚀过程中气体副产物的蒸发及机械剥蚀导致的质量损失，从而引起涂层整体质量的下降[24−25]。然而，经过720 s烧蚀后，尽管涂层中心区域已完全失效，但其质量烧蚀率转为负值，表明样品的总质量有所增加。这可能归因于过渡区域和边缘区域发生了进一步的氧化，且氧化产物质量增加的部分超过了中心区域涂层剥落及C/C基体氧化导致的质量损失，最终导致样品整体质量增加。对于Z80T5S15−2，质量烧蚀率与线烧蚀率均为负值，表明涂层在烧蚀过程中质量和厚度均有所增加。在经历1080 s烧蚀后，涂层表现出最低的质量烧蚀率（−0.01 mg/s）和线烧蚀率（−0.15 μm/s），这证明涂层整体仍保持良好的防护性能。还可观察到，质量烧蚀率与线烧蚀率随着烧蚀时间延长呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在烧蚀初期，涂层的氧化速率较高，且氧化层尚未完全致密化，导致其质量与厚度的增加较为显著。随着烧蚀时间延长，氧化层逐渐致密，抑制了氧的进一步扩散，内层氧化速度减缓，使得质量烧蚀率与线烧蚀率均逐渐下降。尽管在1080 s烧蚀后观察到涂层边缘发生局部剥离，但涂层的整体增重表明氧化反应仍在持续进行，涂层尚未完全失效。国内外C/C复合材料涂层体系超高温长时烧蚀性能如表2所示，本工作Z80T5S15−2样品有效保护时间超过1080 s，突显了其优异的长时间抗烧蚀能力。
Z80T5S15−1在经历360 s与720 s烧蚀时间的表面烧蚀温度曲线如图2（b）所示。在360 s烧蚀过程中，涂层的最高表面温度达到2357℃。初始阶段，在前2个60 s烧蚀循环期间，表面温度保持相对较低水平，未超过2300℃。从第3个烧蚀循环开始，温度显著上升并趋于稳定，最终平衡在2340℃左右。在第5个烧蚀循环期间，温度达到峰值2357℃。这表明在经历约120 s烧蚀后，涂层表面形成了稳定的氧化膜，展现出良好的热防护性能。在720 s烧蚀过程中，涂层的表面温度在第10个烧蚀循环期间突然下降。该现象由涂层失效导致，火焰得以直接接触C/C基体。C/C基体的热导率显著高于涂层材料，热量通过基体快速传导，致使表面温度迅速降低。此后，在后续烧蚀循环中，表面温度稳定在2200℃左右，显著低于涂层完好时的温度。这表明涂层一旦完全失效，C/C基体将直接暴露于火焰中并发生烧蚀。热量传导与氧化行为的变化共同导致了表面温度的降低。
Z80T5S15−2样品在长时间烧蚀条件下表面温度的变化曲线如图2（d）所示。从图中可以观察到，在第1个60 s的烧蚀循环期间，样品表面温度迅速升高至2276℃。该现象表明在烧蚀初期，涂层表面温度急剧上升。在随后的2个烧蚀循环中，表面温度持续上升，每个循环升高约50℃。此阶段的升温可能与涂层氧化反应加剧及热量积累有关。至第5个烧蚀循环时，温度达到峰值2463℃。在第5个烧蚀循环之后，烧蚀温度开始趋于稳定。这表明随着烧蚀时间延长，氧化层逐渐形成并致密化，有效阻隔了外部热量进一步传递，同时限制了氧的扩散，使得烧蚀反应速率减缓，烧蚀温度稳定在一定范围内。相比Z80T5S15−1的烧蚀温度，Z80T5S15−2的峰值烧蚀温度高出近100℃。该差异可归因于以下因素：首先，在Z80T5S15−2中ZrC−SiC层替代了SiC过渡层，ZrC[20 W/（m·℃）][34]与TaC[22 W/（m·℃）][35]的热导率均低于SiC[39 W/（m·℃）][36]过渡层，使得涂层的整体热导率降低[37]，热量传递效率的下降导致表面温度升高；其次，Z80T5S15−2采用了陶瓷相材料，其热导率低于C/C基体[72 W/（m·℃）][25,34]，因此改性基体的热导率低于纯C/C基体；烧蚀过程中产生的热量无法快速散发，进一步促使表面温度上升。这些因素共同导致Z80T5S15−2比Z80T5S15−1具有更高的峰值表面温度，证明Z80T5S15−2在高温烧蚀环境下能提供更有效的保护。根据烧蚀温度曲线，涂层与基体的协同保护机制在高达2500℃的温度下仍能有效发挥作用，展现了其优异的耐热性及承受极端烧蚀条件的能力。
Z80T5S15−1与Z80T5S15−2经历长时间烧蚀后的宏观及表面三维形貌如图3所示。从图3（a）中可以观察到，Z80T5S15−1经过360 s烧蚀后，样品表面覆盖着一层白色的氧化物层。烧蚀中心区域由于承受更高的烧蚀温度和火焰冲刷，侵蚀更为严重，形成了明显的凹陷，且氧化层中存在大量气体副产物逸出形成的小孔。相比之下，过渡区域的氧化层连续且无明显孔隙，保持着良好的保护性能。Z80T5S15−1经过720 s烧蚀后，中心区域已暴露出C/C基体，过渡区域的氧化层也不再完整，表面出现大量孔洞（图3（b））。同时，烧蚀凹坑进一步向过渡区域扩展，表明Z80T5S15−1在720 s烧蚀测试中已完全失效。图3（b）和（d）分别展示了Z80T5S15−1在经历360 s和720 s烧蚀后的表面三维形貌。从图3（b）可以观察到，在360 s烧蚀后，涂层表面仍保持相对平整，表面粗糙度为51.756 μm。剖面图显示，烧蚀区域中心的涂层厚度已减少，厚度减薄约160 μm。尽管如此，涂层并未完全失效，这表明其在360 s的烧蚀过程中仍能提供一定防护效果。在图3（d）中，经过720 s烧蚀后，涂层中心形成了明显的烧蚀坑。剖面数据显示，烧蚀坑深度约为2.3 mm，显著超过涂层的初始厚度。这表明涂层在720 s烧蚀过程中已完全失效，导致C/C基体暴露并直接承受烧蚀作用。
图3（e）、（g）和（i）分别展示了Z80T5S15−2试样在经历360 s、720 s和1080 s烧蚀后的宏观形貌。在360 s和720 s烧蚀后，涂层表面仍保持良好的完整性。然而，随着烧蚀时间延长，涂层表面出现明显裂纹与剥落，表明其保护能力逐渐丧失。在长时间（1080 s）烧蚀后，涂层中心区域在非冷却条件下形成了致密的氧化层（图2（c））。但在冷却过程中产生裂纹，说明涂层在长时间烧蚀过程中承受了显著的热应力。图3（f）、（h）和（j）分别展示了Z80T5S15−2试样在经历360 s、720 s和1080 s烧蚀后的宏观形貌。经过360 s烧蚀后，涂层表面整体仍较为平整，中心区域烧蚀深度保持在约100 μm。然而，由于与冷却水接触，边缘区域出现轻微隆起和剥落。随着烧蚀时间延长至720 s，涂层表面明显变得更为粗糙。边缘及过渡区域的隆起增多，表面粗糙度从121.925 μm显著增加至194.276 μm。经过1080 s烧蚀后，过渡区域的表面变得非常平滑，边缘与中心烧蚀区域的深度差逐渐减小。截面轮廓显示中心烧蚀区域出现明显凸起，这可能是冷却过程中应力逐渐集中并释放，导致表面氧化物层开裂所致。随着烧蚀时间延长，氧化层的表面形貌从粗糙向平滑转变，这一趋势与观测到的表面粗糙度变化规律一致。
2.3 长时耐烧蚀机理
长时烧蚀后Z80T5S15−1与Z80T5S15−2表面形貌以及Z80T5S15−1 360 s烧蚀后的物相分析如图（4）所示。图4（a）和（b）分别展示了Z80T5S15−2在360 s和720 s烧蚀后中心区域的表面微观结构。可以观察到，经过360 s烧蚀后，中心烧蚀区域形成了大量直径约30~50 μm的气孔，并且表面裂纹沿着气孔方向扩展。这表明在烧蚀过程中，涂层内部的气态副产物向外逸出，导致局部气孔的形成。同时，由于应力集中，裂纹沿着气孔扩展，进一步加剧了涂层的破坏。经720 s烧蚀后，中心区域的涂层已完全消失，仅留下裸露的碳纤维。在720 s烧蚀后，Z80T5S15−1已完全失效，无法再提供有效保护。图4（c）展示了Z80T5S15−1经过360 s烧蚀后的XRD图谱。从图谱中可以看出，烧蚀后涂层中存在的主要物相是单斜氧化锆（m−ZrO2）和氧化物复合相（Zr6Ta2O17）。Zr6Ta2O17相的衍射峰强度明显减弱，表明该物相在高温长时间烧蚀过程中发生了挥发。
Z80T5S15−2在不同烧蚀时间后中心区域的表面形貌变化如图4（d）~（i）所示。经过360 s烧蚀后，表面仅出现轻微剥落，整体仍较为平整。烧蚀720 s后，剥落现象显著加剧，表面形成明显起伏。至1080 s烧蚀时，虽然中心区域出现裂纹源，但剥落现象几乎消失，表面形成了平坦致密的氧化层。放大图像（图4（e）、（g）和（i））显示，晶粒在高温烧蚀作用下逐渐发生紧密烧结，且烧结程度随烧蚀时间延长而愈加明显。经过长时间烧蚀后，Z80T5S15−2的中心区域未出现不连续的氧化层，而是形成了致密烧结的氧化层，仅伴有少量应力集中引发的裂纹缺陷。这表明该涂层能有效保护基体材料并阻隔氧的渗透，展现出优异的长时间抗烧蚀性能。随着烧蚀时间延长，涂层表面的烧结程度不断加深，剥落现象显著减少，表面质量持续改善，进一步验证了Z80T5S15−2在高温氧乙炔火焰烧蚀条件下卓越的防护性能。
Z80T5S15−1与Z80T5S15−2长时间烧蚀后中心区域的截面形貌如图5所示。图5（a）显示，经过360 s烧蚀后，中心区域的涂层已不连续，出现部分剥离并形成气孔，这与前文观察到的表面微观结构（图4）一致。在区域1，涂层剥离可归因于喷涂涂层与SiC过渡层之间的热膨胀系数不匹配[38]。在区域2下方，SiC涂层发生显著氧化并形成气孔，这表明涂层中的气孔很可能是由SiC氧化过程中副产物气体逸出造成的。图5（b）展示了涂层在720 s烧蚀后的截面形貌。结果显示，样品中心区域仅剩下C/C基体，涂层已完全失效。
根据烧蚀结果与微观结构分析，Z80T5S15−1在720 s烧蚀过程中失效、难以实现长时间保护的主要原因可归纳为2个方面。（1） 热膨胀系数不匹配导致涂层分层：ZrC−TaC−SiC涂层的热膨胀系数与SiC过渡层的热膨胀系数存在显著差异。烧蚀过程中，热应力导致ZrC−TaC−SiC外涂层与SiC过渡层之间发生分层，造成外层涂层剥离，如图5中区域1所示。（2） SiC涂层氧化与副产物气体逸出：SiC涂层在烧蚀过程中发生氧化反应。一方面，这会在其与喷涂涂层的界面处形成大量孔隙，逐渐发展成横向裂纹，最终导致分层，使涂层无法有效阻挡氧的渗入；另一方面，高温烧蚀过程中产生的副产物气体（如CO、SiO等）向外逸出，破坏了外层保护涂层的结构完整性，如图5中区域2所示。
Z80T5S15−2在不同烧蚀时间后中心区域的截面形貌如图5（c）~（h）所示。表3提供了图5中EDS点分析的结果。图5（c）和（d）展示了烧蚀360 s后中心区域的截面微观形貌。在中心区域，涂层保持完整，但在涂层与基体界面处出现了孔洞，且这些孔洞下方分布有碳纤维。由于涂层尚未失效，孔洞的形成很可能源于烧蚀过程中渗透不均匀所致[39]。对区域3进行放大观察可见，表层附近的氧化层晶粒（点1）主要由ZrO2组成，Zr/Ta原子数比值为23.1，晶粒尺寸较大。随着自表面向下观察，灰色相（点2，孔隙）与白色相（点3，主要为ZrO2）交错分布，且此处的Zr/Ta原子数比值（19.7）低于表层。图5（e）、（f）展示了烧蚀720 s后中心区域的截面微观形貌。烧蚀时间延长至720 s后，中心区域出现横向裂纹，这可能是烧蚀后冷却过程中产生的剪切应力所致。对区域4的放大观察显示，原有的孔隙逐渐消失，表面转变为烧结致密的氧化层。EDS分析表明，在氧化层中部的横向裂纹处（点6），裂纹下方的Ta含量高于裂纹上方（点4），这证明了烧结过程中Ta分布的差异性。图5（g）和（h）展示了烧蚀1080 s后中心区域的微观形貌。经过1080 s烧蚀后，中心区域涂层出现明显剥落，且在涂层−基体界面处观察到横向裂纹[40]。剥落的主要原因是冷却过程中产生的应力集中。对区域5进行放大观察可见，剥落层主要由疏松的ZrO2（点7）构成，Ta含量极低，Zr/Ta原子数比值为63.4；而其下方完整的烧结氧化层Ta含量较高（点8），Zr/Ta原子数比值为28.2。进一步分析表明，虽然涂层表面的氧化物骨架在氧乙炔火焰的机械冲刷作用下分散，而其下方的烧结层仍保持完整，有效阻挡了氧的侵入。Z80T5S15−2在超高温长时间烧蚀环境下展现出优异的防护能力，适用于C/C复合材料的千秒级热防护需求。
3 结论
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1） 制备有SiC过渡层的ZrC−TaC−SiC涂层难以实现长时防护的原因主要有2个方面：一方面，由于涂层热膨胀系数和SiC过渡层不匹配，经过烧蚀氧化后，涂层发生脱落或在界面处形成分层现象；另一方面，由于SiC过渡层的氧化，生成的气体向外排出，使涂层内部出现孔隙。
2） 采用反应熔渗与等离子喷涂相结合的方法制备了具有“基体改性+涂层”复合结构的Z80T5S15涂层体系。该方法减少了涂层与基体之间的热失配，降低了界面处SiC的含量，从而减弱了SiC氧化的影响。经过1080 s烧蚀后，其线烧蚀率仅为−0.15 μm/s，表面形成了致密烧结的氧化层，成功实现了C/C复合材料在2000℃以上1080 s的长时间烧蚀防护。

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参考文献 引证文献
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2026年第44卷第13期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00109
  • 接收时间：2025-12-22
  • 首发时间：2026-07-27
  • 出版时间：2026-07-13
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  • 收稿日期：2025-12-22
  • 修回日期：2026-02-23
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    西北工业大学超高温结构复合材料重点实验室，西安 710072

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孙佳（通信作者），研究员，研究方向为碳基复合材料超高温热防护，电子信箱：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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