Article(id=1288421736664240773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=1781625600000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1785113279739, onlineDateStr=2026-07-27, pubDate=1783872000000, pubDateStr=2026-07-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1785113279739, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1785113279739, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1785113279739, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1288421735473058437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='13', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783872000000', pubDateStr='2026-07-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1785113279455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1785113348006, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1288422023114240128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1288422023118434433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1288421735473058437, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=157, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1288421737121419910, articleId=1288421736664240773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research on the disease and insect resistance of maize and its application in the industry, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ensuring stable and high yields of maize holds immense significance for global food security. However, the frequent occurrence of diseases and insects severely restricts the enhancement of maize yield, and poses a significant challenge to sustainable agricultural development. Resistance breeding for diseases and insects, as the core direction of maize breeding, is not only directly related to the improvement of yield and quality but also serves as a key driver for the transformation and upgrading of the maize industry. This paper separately reviews the latest research in maize disease−resistance and insect−resistance genes. It systematically sorts out 33 cloned or identified disease−resistance genes together with their functional mechanisms, the interaction mechanisms between maize and microorganisms, the application and transformation of Bt (the mainstream insect−resistance gene) in maize, as well as its relevant environmental safety assessments. Particular emphasis is placed on the hotspots of gene mining in recent years: broad−spectrum and multi−disease resistance genes, as well as endogenous insect−resistance genes. On this basis, this paper discusses the necessity of disease− and insect− resistant breeding research for China's three major maize industries: grain maize, silage maize and fresh maize. It further proposes that targeted breeding improvement strategies including resistance resource excavation, molecular marker utilization, gene verification and taste evaluation should be formulated according to the differentiated development demands of each industry and regional characteristics of disease and pest occurrence. Accelerating the development and transformation of research achievements can enhance the risk resilience and market competitiveness of new varieties. This will provide a solid guarantee for the sustainable development of the maize industry.

, authors=Qianya XU1, 2, Tao ZHONG3, Mang ZHU4, Binrong PAN1, 2, *, authorsList=Qianya XU, Tao ZHONG, Mang ZHU, Binrong PAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Binrong PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1288421737998029447, articleId=1288421736664240773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=玉米抗病虫研究及其在产业中的应用, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

玉米的稳产高产对保障全球粮食安全具有重要意义,但病害与虫害的频发严重制约其产量的提升,对农业可持续发展构成严峻挑战。抗病虫育种作为玉米育种的核心方向,不仅直接关系到产量和品质的提升,更是推动玉米产业转型升级的关键驱动力。综述了玉米抗病基因与抗虫基因的最新研究进展,如全面梳理了迄今为止已克隆鉴定的33个抗病基因及其作用机制、玉米与微生物的互作机制、主流抗虫基因Bt在玉米中的应用转化情况及环境安全性评价。重点提出近年来的基因挖掘热点方向:广谱抗病性和多重抗病性基因、内源抗虫基因。在此基础上,探讨玉米抗病育种与抗虫育种研究在中国籽粒玉米、青贮玉米及鲜食玉米三大产业中的必要性,并指出需根据不同产业的差异化发展需求以及区域性病虫害的发生特点,制定针对性的抗性资源挖掘、分子标记利用、基因验证、口感测评等育种改良策略,加快成果开发与转化,以增强新品种的抗风险能力与市场竞争力,为玉米产业的可持续发展提供坚实保障。

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徐倩雅,助理研究员,研究方向为玉米抗病遗传育种,电子信箱:

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潘彬荣(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为鲜食玉米育种,电子信箱:
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Molecular Breeding, 2024, 44(4): 25., articleTitle=Gene pyramiding of ZmGLK36 and ZmGDIα−hel for rough dwarf disease resistance in maize, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1288421751453356800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421736664240773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=56, issue=10, pageStart=1838, pageEnd=1847, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=68, authorNames=王江浩, 王立伟, 张动敏, journalName=中国农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王江浩, 王立伟, 张动敏, . 基于分子标记技术玉米抗粗缩病种质资源的筛选与应用[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(10): 1838-1847., articleTitle=基于分子标记技术玉米抗粗缩病种质资源的筛选与应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1288421751516271361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421736664240773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=20, issue=5, pageStart=803, pageEnd=805, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=69, authorNames=Liu C L, Kong M, Yang F, journalName=Plant Biotechnology Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu C L, Kong M, Yang F, et al. 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authorNames=宋国良, 张明, 吴培清, journalName=上海农业科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋国良, 张明, 吴培清, . 奉贤区鲜食玉米病虫害发生情况分析及其综合防治技术[J]. 上海农业科技, 2023(3): 131−134,137., articleTitle=奉贤区鲜食玉米病虫害发生情况分析及其综合防治技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1288421753365959428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421736664240773, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=47, issue=5, pageStart=856, pageEnd=864, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=72, authorNames=王凤格, 田红丽, 赵久然, journalName=中国农业科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王凤格, 田红丽, 赵久然, . 中国328个玉米品种(组合)SSR标记遗传多样性分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(5): 856-864., articleTitle=中国328个玉米品种(组合)SSR标记遗传多样性分析, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1288421742154584758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421736664240773, awardId=2021C02064–4, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省农业新品种选育重大科技专项(2021C02064–4), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1288421742251053751, 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玉米病害已克隆鉴定的抗病基因相关标记开发应用情况
注:相关标记开发应用情况一栏所列为与该病害相关的标记所申请的专利公开号,“//”前为已克隆鉴定的抗病基因对应的标记,“//”后所列标记对应的抗病基因/位点未被克隆鉴定。
茎腐病[7,1017,2728]Rcg1,ZmCCTZmAuxRP1,ZmBGLU17,ZmWAX2,ZmLecRK1,ZmWAK17,ZmWRKY83,ZmPrx5,ZmNANMTZmPROPEP11
CN108893550A(ZmCCT),CN109486988A(ZmCCT),CN115992289A(ZmCCT),CN116287414A(ZmCCT),CN116377114A(ZmAuxRP1),CN109680094A(ZmPrx5)//CN108004236A(ZmGHD7−2),CN109652585A(ZmAPX),CN120665941A(ZmCRK10),CN109234431A(QTL9.04),CN119932217A(qGSR10.06),CN102395678A,CN107502661A,CN119932216A,CN119932215A,CN118406792A
灰斑病[2122,2931]ZmWAKL/qRgls1,ZmCPK39/qRgls2,ZmWAK02,ZmCCoAOMT2,ZmMM1CN109609676A(qRgls1),CN109536633A(qRgls2)//CN119591686A(ZmCIP6),CN118755873A
南方锈病[2326,31]RppCRppKRppMZmMM1,ZmREM1.3CN118703678A(RppC),CN120624697A(RppK),CN119864077A(RppK),CN118480627A(RppK),CN112351679A(RppK),CN118745482A(RppM),CN113121664A(ZmMM1)//CN106282394A(Rpp25),CN110592259A(RPPS313),CN111902547A(NLR01),CN119591686A(ZmCIP6),CN114277173A(qSCR6.01),CN105861647A,CN113897352A,CN115335506A,CN113631722A,CN116162726A,CN114774573A,CN118995994A
丝黑穗病[8]ZmWAKCN109652578A (ZmWAK)//CN104498590A(ZmNL),CN120041599A(ZmMYB42)
大斑病[27,2934]ZmWAK−Rlk1/Ht2/Ht3/Htn1,Ht1,ZmMM1,ZmCCoAOMT2,ZmNANMTZmCPK39CN117693289A(ZmWAK−Rlk1),CN116249445A(Ht2/Ht3),CN116083615A(Ht3),CN111153974A(ZmMM1)//CN105624154A(Ht409),CN112662807A(ZmGNAT19),CN112708693A(ZmCaMBP1),CN119591686A(ZmCIP6),CN120290566A(ZmTPS6),CN115058534A(qZCLB5),CN102958349A,CN103160503A,CN115552038A,CN119753208A
小斑病[14,2730,35]ZmCCoAOMT2,ZmLecRK1,ChSK1,ZmNANMTZmPROPEP11,ZmCPK39//CN120290566A(ZmTPS6),CN119753220A
穗腐病[1112,1920]ZmAuxRP1,ZmWAX2,ZmLOX3,ZmFER1CN113980919A(ZmLOX3)//CN119061194A(ZmER1),CN120776055A(qER3),CN116411111A(qRger10),CN116411110A(qRger7.2),CN118853927A,CN116334285A,CN120519628A,CN119899913A
纹枯病[9,14]ZmFBL41,ZmLecRK1CN106399508A,CN116732231A
粗缩病[3637]ZmGDIα−helZmGLK36/qMRDDCN108441571A(ZmGDIα−hel),CN110628941A(qMRDD2),CN111073996A(qMRDD2)//CN112126711A(qMRDD4),CN101138313A,CN107338293A
甘蔗花叶病[3839]ZmTrxhZmABP1
圆斑病[5]Hm1
普通锈病[6]Rp1−D
), ArticleFig(id=1288421741701599921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421736664240773, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

已克隆鉴定的抗病基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
玉米病害已克隆鉴定的抗病基因相关标记开发应用情况
注:相关标记开发应用情况一栏所列为与该病害相关的标记所申请的专利公开号,“//”前为已克隆鉴定的抗病基因对应的标记,“//”后所列标记对应的抗病基因/位点未被克隆鉴定。
茎腐病[7,1017,2728]Rcg1,ZmCCTZmAuxRP1,ZmBGLU17,ZmWAX2,ZmLecRK1,ZmWAK17,ZmWRKY83,ZmPrx5,ZmNANMTZmPROPEP11
CN108893550A(ZmCCT),CN109486988A(ZmCCT),CN115992289A(ZmCCT),CN116287414A(ZmCCT),CN116377114A(ZmAuxRP1),CN109680094A(ZmPrx5)//CN108004236A(ZmGHD7−2),CN109652585A(ZmAPX),CN120665941A(ZmCRK10),CN109234431A(QTL9.04),CN119932217A(qGSR10.06),CN102395678A,CN107502661A,CN119932216A,CN119932215A,CN118406792A
灰斑病[2122,2931]ZmWAKL/qRgls1,ZmCPK39/qRgls2,ZmWAK02,ZmCCoAOMT2,ZmMM1CN109609676A(qRgls1),CN109536633A(qRgls2)//CN119591686A(ZmCIP6),CN118755873A
南方锈病[2326,31]RppCRppKRppMZmMM1,ZmREM1.3CN118703678A(RppC),CN120624697A(RppK),CN119864077A(RppK),CN118480627A(RppK),CN112351679A(RppK),CN118745482A(RppM),CN113121664A(ZmMM1)//CN106282394A(Rpp25),CN110592259A(RPPS313),CN111902547A(NLR01),CN119591686A(ZmCIP6),CN114277173A(qSCR6.01),CN105861647A,CN113897352A,CN115335506A,CN113631722A,CN116162726A,CN114774573A,CN118995994A
丝黑穗病[8]ZmWAKCN109652578A (ZmWAK)//CN104498590A(ZmNL),CN120041599A(ZmMYB42)
大斑病[27,2934]ZmWAK−Rlk1/Ht2/Ht3/Htn1,Ht1,ZmMM1,ZmCCoAOMT2,ZmNANMTZmCPK39CN117693289A(ZmWAK−Rlk1),CN116249445A(Ht2/Ht3),CN116083615A(Ht3),CN111153974A(ZmMM1)//CN105624154A(Ht409),CN112662807A(ZmGNAT19),CN112708693A(ZmCaMBP1),CN119591686A(ZmCIP6),CN120290566A(ZmTPS6),CN115058534A(qZCLB5),CN102958349A,CN103160503A,CN115552038A,CN119753208A
小斑病[14,2730,35]ZmCCoAOMT2,ZmLecRK1,ChSK1,ZmNANMTZmPROPEP11,ZmCPK39//CN120290566A(ZmTPS6),CN119753220A
穗腐病[1112,1920]ZmAuxRP1,ZmWAX2,ZmLOX3,ZmFER1CN113980919A(ZmLOX3)//CN119061194A(ZmER1),CN120776055A(qER3),CN116411111A(qRger10),CN116411110A(qRger7.2),CN118853927A,CN116334285A,CN120519628A,CN119899913A
纹枯病[9,14]ZmFBL41,ZmLecRK1CN106399508A,CN116732231A
粗缩病[3637]ZmGDIα−helZmGLK36/qMRDDCN108441571A(ZmGDIα−hel),CN110628941A(qMRDD2),CN111073996A(qMRDD2)//CN112126711A(qMRDD4),CN101138313A,CN107338293A
甘蔗花叶病[3839]ZmTrxhZmABP1
圆斑病[5]Hm1
普通锈病[6]Rp1−D
), ArticleFig(id=1288421741777097394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421736664240773, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
获取安全证书时间转化体性状转化基因/编辑基因转化体名称
2019年12月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry1AbepspsDBN9936
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2020年6月11日耐除草剂epspspatDBN9858
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2022年4月22日耐除草剂CdP450、cp4epspsnCX−1
2022年4月22日抗虫耐除草剂cry1AbpatmepspsBt11×GA21
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2023年1月5日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Abcry1Fcp4epspsBFL4−2
2023年1月5日耐除草剂maroACCCC−2
2024年1月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Abcry2AbCdP450、cp4epsps浙大瑞丰8×nCX−1
2024年1月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Ab/cry2Ajg10evo−epspsCdP450、cp4epsps瑞丰125×nCX−1
2024年1月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry2Abcry1Facry1AepspsLP026−2
2024年1月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Abam79epspsWYN041
2024年1月2日耐除草剂epspspatLW2−1
2024年1月2日耐除草剂am79epspsWYN17132
2024年5月7日产量性状改良Br2(基因编辑)179AC19−13−13
2024年5月7日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Abcry3Bb、cp4epspsBBL2−2
2024年12月25日产量性状改良ZmNL4(基因编辑)KN−NL4−2
2024年12月25日抗虫耐除草剂mcry1Abmcry2Ab、maroACCND207×CC−2
2024年12月25日抗虫耐除草剂vip3Aa−k1cry1AbpatQY2569−42
2024年12月25日抗虫耐除草剂cry1A.105、cry2Ab2、vip3Aa19、cp4epspsKJ1003
2024年12月25日耐除草剂barepspsZZM032
2024年12月25日抗虫eCry1Gb.1Ig−03MZIR260
), ArticleFig(id=1288421741869372083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421736664240773, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国获得安全证书的玉米转基因转化体

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
获取安全证书时间转化体性状转化基因/编辑基因转化体名称
2019年12月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry1AbepspsDBN9936
2019年12月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Ab/cry2Ajg10evo−epsps瑞丰125
2020年6月11日耐除草剂epspspatDBN9858
2020年12月29日抗虫耐除草剂vip3Aa19、patDBN9501
2021年2月10日抗虫cry1Ab/cry2Aj瑞丰125
2021年12月17日抗虫mcry1Abmcry2AbND207
2021年12月17日抗虫cry1Abcry2Ab浙大瑞丰8
2021年12月17日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Abepspsvip3Aa19、patDBN3601T
2022年4月22日耐除草剂CdP450、cp4epspsnCX−1
2022年4月22日抗虫耐除草剂cry1AbpatmepspsBt11×GA21
2022年4月22日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Abpatvip3Aa20、mepspsBt11×MIR162×GA21
2022年4月22日耐除草剂mepspsGA21
2023年1月5日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Abcry1Fcp4epspsBFL4−2
2023年1月5日耐除草剂maroACCCC−2
2024年1月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Abcry2AbCdP450、cp4epsps浙大瑞丰8×nCX−1
2024年1月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Ab/cry2Ajg10evo−epspsCdP450、cp4epsps瑞丰125×nCX−1
2024年1月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry2Abcry1Facry1AepspsLP026−2
2024年1月2日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Abam79epspsWYN041
2024年1月2日耐除草剂epspspatLW2−1
2024年1月2日耐除草剂am79epspsWYN17132
2024年5月7日产量性状改良Br2(基因编辑)179AC19−13−13
2024年5月7日抗虫耐除草剂cry1Abcry3Bb、cp4epspsBBL2−2
2024年12月25日产量性状改良ZmNL4(基因编辑)KN−NL4−2
2024年12月25日抗虫耐除草剂mcry1Abmcry2Ab、maroACCND207×CC−2
2024年12月25日抗虫耐除草剂vip3Aa−k1cry1AbpatQY2569−42
2024年12月25日抗虫耐除草剂cry1A.105、cry2Ab2、vip3Aa19、cp4epspsKJ1003
2024年12月25日耐除草剂barepspsZZM032
2024年12月25日抗虫eCry1Gb.1Ig−03MZIR260
), ArticleFig(id=1288421741940675252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421736664240773, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
已克隆鉴定的抗虫基因对应玉米虫害涉及生理过程
ZmMPK6[53]斜纹夜蛾、黏虫、玉米螟苯并噁嗪类物质代谢
ZmPP2C45[54]草地贪夜蛾、棉铃虫苯并噁嗪类物质代谢
ZmMYC2s[55]黏虫、草地贪夜蛾苯并噁嗪类、挥发性萜类物质代谢
ZmBGLU17[13]玉米螟木质素、苯并噁嗪类物质代谢
ZmLOX5[56]草地贪夜蛾茉莉酸代谢
ZmLOX10[57]甜菜夜蛾茉莉酸代谢
LG1[58]蚜虫苯并噁嗪类物质代谢
), ArticleFig(id=1288421742016172725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1288421736664240773, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

已克隆鉴定的抗虫基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
已克隆鉴定的抗虫基因对应玉米虫害涉及生理过程
ZmMPK6[53]斜纹夜蛾、黏虫、玉米螟苯并噁嗪类物质代谢
ZmPP2C45[54]草地贪夜蛾、棉铃虫苯并噁嗪类物质代谢
ZmMYC2s[55]黏虫、草地贪夜蛾苯并噁嗪类、挥发性萜类物质代谢
ZmBGLU17[13]玉米螟木质素、苯并噁嗪类物质代谢
ZmLOX5[56]草地贪夜蛾茉莉酸代谢
ZmLOX10[57]甜菜夜蛾茉莉酸代谢
LG1[58]蚜虫苯并噁嗪类物质代谢
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玉米抗病虫研究及其在产业中的应用
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徐倩雅 1, 2 , 钟涛 3 , 朱芒 4 , 潘彬荣 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(13): 157-169
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (13) : 157 -169
玉米抗病虫研究及其在产业中的应用
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徐倩雅1, 2 , 钟涛3, 朱芒4, 潘彬荣1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙南作物育种重点实验室,温州 325006
  • 2温州市农业科学研究院,温州 325006
  • 3美国北卡州立大学植物病理系,罗利 27695
  • 4中国农业大学农学院,北京 100193
通讯作者:
潘彬荣(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为鲜食玉米育种,电子信箱:
作者简介:

徐倩雅,助理研究员,研究方向为玉米抗病遗传育种,电子信箱:

Research on the disease and insect resistance of maize and its application in the industry
Qianya XU1, 2 , Tao ZHONG3, Mang ZHU4, Binrong PAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1South Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding, Wenzhou 325006, China
  • 2Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325006, China
  • 3Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA
  • 4College of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2026-07-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00063
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玉米的稳产高产对保障全球粮食安全具有重要意义,但病害与虫害的频发严重制约其产量的提升,对农业可持续发展构成严峻挑战。抗病虫育种作为玉米育种的核心方向,不仅直接关系到产量和品质的提升,更是推动玉米产业转型升级的关键驱动力。综述了玉米抗病基因与抗虫基因的最新研究进展,如全面梳理了迄今为止已克隆鉴定的33个抗病基因及其作用机制、玉米与微生物的互作机制、主流抗虫基因Bt在玉米中的应用转化情况及环境安全性评价。重点提出近年来的基因挖掘热点方向:广谱抗病性和多重抗病性基因、内源抗虫基因。在此基础上,探讨玉米抗病育种与抗虫育种研究在中国籽粒玉米、青贮玉米及鲜食玉米三大产业中的必要性,并指出需根据不同产业的差异化发展需求以及区域性病虫害的发生特点,制定针对性的抗性资源挖掘、分子标记利用、基因验证、口感测评等育种改良策略,加快成果开发与转化,以增强新品种的抗风险能力与市场竞争力,为玉米产业的可持续发展提供坚实保障。

抗病育种  /  抗虫育种  /  玉米产业

Ensuring stable and high yields of maize holds immense significance for global food security. However, the frequent occurrence of diseases and insects severely restricts the enhancement of maize yield, and poses a significant challenge to sustainable agricultural development. Resistance breeding for diseases and insects, as the core direction of maize breeding, is not only directly related to the improvement of yield and quality but also serves as a key driver for the transformation and upgrading of the maize industry. This paper separately reviews the latest research in maize disease−resistance and insect−resistance genes. It systematically sorts out 33 cloned or identified disease−resistance genes together with their functional mechanisms, the interaction mechanisms between maize and microorganisms, the application and transformation of Bt (the mainstream insect−resistance gene) in maize, as well as its relevant environmental safety assessments. Particular emphasis is placed on the hotspots of gene mining in recent years: broad−spectrum and multi−disease resistance genes, as well as endogenous insect−resistance genes. On this basis, this paper discusses the necessity of disease− and insect− resistant breeding research for China's three major maize industries: grain maize, silage maize and fresh maize. It further proposes that targeted breeding improvement strategies including resistance resource excavation, molecular marker utilization, gene verification and taste evaluation should be formulated according to the differentiated development demands of each industry and regional characteristics of disease and pest occurrence. Accelerating the development and transformation of research achievements can enhance the risk resilience and market competitiveness of new varieties. This will provide a solid guarantee for the sustainable development of the maize industry.

disease−resistant breeding  /  insect−resistant breeding  /  maize industry
徐倩雅, 钟涛, 朱芒, 潘彬荣. 玉米抗病虫研究及其在产业中的应用. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (13) : 157 -169 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00063
Qianya XU, Tao ZHONG, Mang ZHU, Binrong PAN. Research on the disease and insect resistance of maize and its application in the industry[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (13) : 157 -169 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00063
植物因缺乏自主移动能力,在其生长发育过程中不可避免地面临生物与非生物胁迫的双重挑战。其中,生物胁迫主要包括病原微生物的感染和害虫的侵扰。据估计,全球范围内病虫害导致的作物减产高达17.2%~30.0%,严重威胁粮食安全与食品安全。作为三大主粮之一,玉米受病虫害影响尤为严重,产量损失可达19.5%~41.1%[1]。为应对这一挑战,众多团队围绕玉米抗病虫遗传基础及作用机制进行了深入研究,并取得了一系列重要突破。目前,部分研究成果已实现产业化应用,另有若干成果处于试验示范阶段。
玉米病害类型复杂多样,且其发生具有明显的地域及气候偏好性。中国已报道的主要玉米病害包括:茎腐病(stalk rot)、穗腐病(ear rot)、丝黑穗病(head smut)、瘤黑粉病(common smut)、灰斑病(grey leaf spot,GLS)、大斑病(northern corn leaf blight,NCLB)、小斑病(southern corn leaf blight,SCLB)、白斑病(white spot)、弯孢叶斑病(curvularia leaf spot,CLS)、南方锈病(southern corn rust,SCR)、普通锈病(common corn rust)、纹枯病(banded leaf and sheath blight,BLSB)、粗缩病(maize rough dwarf disease,MRDD)、矮花叶病(maize dwarf mosaic disease,MDMD)等。值得注意的是,不同的致病微生物可能引发相似的病害症状。例如玉米茎腐病,又称青枯病,目前报道的致病菌已达30余种,主要可分为镰孢菌、腐霉菌、赤霉菌、炭疽菌和细菌5个大类,致病机理复杂多样。玉米茎腐病一般年份发病率约10%~20%,且中国从南到北各个省份均有发生记录。2004年在河南省大流行,平均发病率达26%以上,部分严重地块达到100%[2]。穗腐病导致玉米籽粒或穗轴腐烂,直接影响收获籽粒的产量与品质。据研究,从吐丝期开始到吐丝后21 d(乳熟期)是穗腐发病的高峰期,即使在发病初期、没有明显腐烂表型的玉米籽粒中,也会存在致病菌代谢产生的多种毒素,如玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEA)、呕吐毒素(vomitoxin,DON)、伏马毒素(fumonisin,FB)等,这对于收获期较早的鲜食玉米和青贮玉米同样构成潜在的安全隐患。近年来,南方锈病的流行趋势尤为值得关注。该病原本主要发生在中国南方地区,但随着极端天气频发,尤其在台风等气象因素的推动下,发病范围逐渐向黄淮海玉米产区扩展,并多次暴发成灾。据2015年统计数据,南方锈病在全国发病面积达到523.9万hm2,其中黄淮海地区占比高达87.5%[3];2021年山东省发病面积激增至168万hm2,局部区域病株率达到100%;河南省2023年发病面积达到105.86万hm2,是往年平均发病面积的1.7倍[4]
为从根本上减轻病害造成的重大损失,探索有效的防控策略,近年来诸多研究工作均围绕“抗病育种”这一核心方向展开。
抗病育种的核心是了解植物的抗病性,其关键在于挖掘抗病基因或位点。研究者利用各种正向或反向遗传学方法系统挖掘抗病基因,并采用转基因技术或突变体材料进行基因功能验证。通过深入研究基因介导的免疫信号传导通路或分子调控网络,阐明关键抗病基因的作用机制,以期解答“为何植物具有抗病性”的科学问题。
玉米中首个抗病基因Hm1利用转座子标签标记法克隆获得,其通过降解病原菌的毒素实现对圆斑病的抗性[5]。利用该方法还克隆了玉米抗普通锈病基因Rp1−D和抗茎腐病基因Rcg1,二者均编码典型的NB−LRR(nucleotide−binding domain and leucine−rich repeat receptor,NLR)蛋白[67]。目前,转座子标签标记法已逐渐被图位克隆、全基因组关联分析(genome−wide association study,GWAS)以及多组学联合分析等更高效的基因挖掘手段所取代。通过图位克隆方法,研究者克隆了玉米首个数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus,QTL)的关键功能基因ZmWAK,该基因调控了玉米对丝黑穗病的抗性[8]。利用GWAS分析,研究者首次鉴定到调控玉米纹枯病抗性的关键功能基因ZmFBL41[9]
茎腐病是各大玉米产区普遍发生的一类重要病害,其抗性呈现多位点或基因控制的特征,属于典型的数量抗性。研究人员利用不同的遗传定位群体,鉴定到多个抗病QTL位点,但目前仅有3个位点的关键抗病基因被克隆(Rcg1、ZmCCTZmAuxRP1)。其中Rcg1赋予玉米对炭疽茎腐病的抗性[7],而ZmCCTZmAuxRP1介导了玉米赤霉茎腐病抗性[1011]ZmAuxRP1编码生长素调节蛋白,还能够同时介导玉米对穗腐病的正向抗性。GWAS分析发现,ZmBGLU17和ZmLecRK1、ZmWAX2分别与腐霉茎腐病抗性和镰孢茎腐病抗性显著相关[1214]。此外,通过反向遗传学以及多组学联合分析也鉴定到多个与茎腐病抗性密切相关的基因,如ZmWRKY83、ZmWAK17、ZmPrx5等[1517]。穗腐病同样也是各玉米产区普遍发生的病害,尤其近年来有逐渐加重趋势。针对其抗性基因的挖掘工作在2001年即有报道,但由于穗腐病的致病菌种类多样,其抗性由微效多基因调控,且基因效应受环境因素、遗传背景等影响较大。迄今为止通过QTL定位和GWAS分析获得的335个QTL和3662个QTN(quantitative trait nucleotide)中[18],仅克隆到一个抗穗腐病基因ZmWAX2,其蛋白与蜡质合成相关,能够提高由拟轮枝镰孢菌引起的穗腐病与茎腐病的抗性[12]。此外,抗茎腐病基因ZmAuxRP1,经鉴定对穗腐病亦具有抗性[11]。通过反向遗传学还发现,ZmLOX3、ZmFER1的突变体材料对拟轮枝镰孢菌穗腐病的抗性显著增强[1920]。玉米灰斑病是一种全球分布的真菌性病害,也是中国西南和东北玉米产区的主要叶部病害。通过GWAS分析和QTL定位等方法鉴定出数百个与其抗性关联的位点,但真正被克隆验证的极少。其中,通过图位克隆获得主效QTL−qRgls1的基因为ZmWAKL,转基因试验证明其正向调控抗病性。深入研究表明,其编码蛋白ZmWAKL在细胞膜上与激酶ZmWIK结合,当感知病原菌入侵时,将磷酸化信号传递至细胞质类受体激酶ZmBLK1、进而激活位于质膜上的ZmRBOH4,最终促使活性氧暴发(ROS burst),从而增强对病原菌的抗性[21]。玉米灰斑病的另一个主效QTL−qRglsSB,同样编码一个细胞壁相关激酶ZmWAK02。通过突变体、过表达以及功能互补等实验证明其抗病功能。进一步研究发现,将该基因导入杂交种后,对其他重要农艺性状无不良影响,而在发病条件下显著提高对灰斑病的抗性,并使产量增加3.9%~8.0%,极具育种应用潜力[22]。近年来,南方锈病逐步北上,已发展成为黄淮海玉米产区的主要病害,成为育种攻关的重点目标。国内外科研团队利用多种定位群体,鉴定到至少9个质量性状抗性位点(RppKRppCRppMRppQRppP25、RppDRppCML470、RppSRppS313)和多个数量性状抗性位点,其中大部分均位于10号染色体的短臂上。通过图位克隆,已有3个抗性位点(RppCRppKRppM)被成功克隆,研究发现它们均编码NLR类免疫蛋白受体[2325]。这是一类典型的抗病基因(R基因),其编码的蛋白能够识别病原菌效应分子(effector),触发植物的ETI(effector−triggered immunity)免疫反应。此外,通过生物信息学的手段还反向挖掘到了一个Remorin蛋白(ZmREM1.3),其过表达转基因材料表现出对南方锈病较强的抗性,后续分析显示该蛋白可能通过调控水杨酸/茉莉酸途径来实现正向抗病性[26]
抗病基因的挖掘是一个长期且艰辛的探索过程。通常需经历初定位、精确定位、抗病功能验证,直至抗病机制解析等多个阶段。由于整个研究周期耗时漫长,迄今为止已克隆鉴定到的玉米抗病基因仅33个(表1),其类型包含免疫信号感知类识别受体、信号转导及调控相关基因、植物激素及代谢产物相关基因等,也有部分基因涉及囊泡运输、解毒作用、分子伴侣等功能。这也反映出玉米抗病机制的高度复杂性。目前,还有大量的抗病位点未被克隆,部分克隆的抗病基因作用机理尚不清楚,亟需进一步深入研究。
病原微生物是引发植物病害的关键因素,其类群涵盖真菌、细菌及病毒等。这些病原微生物与玉米间的相互作用机制一直是研究难点。
在植物病理学的基因对基因假说中,提出了“无毒基因”的概念,指出当病原物的无毒基因(Avr)单独存在时,植物感病;当与抗病基因(R)同时存在的时候,植物表现为抗病。按照其定义,抗病蛋白识别靶向的病原物效应因子也可归入“无毒基因”的范畴。玉米中鉴定到的无毒基因仅2个:多堆柄锈菌(Puccinia polysora Underw.)的AvrRppCAvrRppK。多堆柄锈菌是玉米南方锈病的致病菌。通过效应因子筛选,研究人员发现玉米主效抗病蛋白RppC特异性识别并结合病原菌的效应因子AvrRppC,进而激活免疫反应。但由于病原菌不同生理小种的AvrRppC氨基酸序列变异,导致部分生理小种可以逃避RppC的识别,因此RppC仅对部分生理小种有效[24]。另一个南方锈病抗病蛋白RppK识别的是效应因子AvrRppK。该效应因子可以抑制几丁质引发的免疫反应,但被RppK识别后反而激活了RppK所介导的免疫通路。由于AvrRppK在所有的多堆柄锈菌生理小种中高度保守,使得RppK具有广谱抗性[25]
病毒的基因组有限,翻译产生的每个蛋白都对侵染过程具有关键作用,因此经常成为植物免疫系统攻击的靶标。在中国,玉米粗缩病主要由水稻黑条矮缩病毒引起。研究发现,在侵染玉米时,病毒蛋白P7−1会招募宿主蛋白ZmGDIα和ZmGA2ox7.3,进而扰乱植物激素平衡,导致粗缩表型。而ZmGDIα第10内含子的一个helitron转座子插入可产生新的抗病等位基因ZmGDIα−hel,其编码蛋白与病毒P7−1蛋白的结合能力显著减弱,从而抑制了粗缩表型的发生[37]。由此可见,病原微生物与植物之间是长期博弈、协同进化的关系,植物利用抗病蛋白靶向微生物的效应因子使其成为“无毒基因”,微生物则可通过变异产生新生理小种来逃避植物的免疫识别,而植物可能又会产生新等位基因来增强自身抵御能力。
值得一提的是,部分微生物也可协助抵御致病微生物的侵染。如哈茨木霉菌,虽是玉米穗腐病的致病菌之一,但其作为广泛应用的微生物杀菌剂,对各类土传病菌、气传病菌均有抑制作用,适用范围覆盖几乎全部经济作物。据研究,外源接种哈茨木霉菌,玉米根际的促生酸杆菌数量增加了18.4%,茎腐病致病菌禾谷镰孢菌数量降低了66%,且其代谢产物可以与禾谷镰孢菌的致病性相关转录辅助因子蛋白FgSWi6相互作用并抑制其功能[40]。进一步的研究揭示,其纤维素酶Thph1和Thph2能够激活玉米根部与茉莉酸等植物激素相关的基因表达,从而抑制禾谷镰孢菌的致病活性位点(FgSwi6)以及与真菌毒素相关的蛋白(FgAtf1)[41]。此外,菌根等有益共生菌在定殖植物根部时,植物会建立起“预警状态”(基因表达变化相对温和),使植物在面对病原物入侵时能够更快和/或更强地激活其防御机制,从而提升抗性水平[42]。因此,此类起协助作用的微生物既可以通过分泌代谢物直接抑制致病微生物的生长或侵染,也可以通过诱导玉米本身的防御机制或激素变化来增强玉米的抗性。但需要注意的是,如哈茨木霉菌这类具有双重功效的微生物,在作为生防菌使用时需注意其施用剂量、时期与部位,避免造成不必要的损失。
广谱抗性(broad−spectrum resistance,BSR)是指针对一种病原体的不同生理小种具有抗性,而多重抗性(multiple disease resistance,MDR)则针对不同病原体均可表现出抗性。以南方锈病抗性基因为例,RppK属于广谱抗病基因,而RppC则属于小种专化型抗病基因[2425]。长期大面积地使用单一专化型基因会对病原物产生高强度的持续筛选,导致其群体结构发生变化产生新的优势小种,进而导致抗性的丧失。加之田间环境复杂,往往存在多种病原物或多个生理小种混合侵染的情况。因此,广谱抗性和多重抗性基因具有重要的育种应用价值,也愈发受到关注与重视。除RppK外,研究者们还发现了一个广谱抗病基因Rp1−D21(Rp1−D的突变体),该基因参与调控普通锈病的抗性反应,编码的也是一个NLR受体蛋白,可以自激活产生超敏反应(hypersensitive response,HR),对多个玉米锈病小种均具有非特异性抗性[43]
迄今为止,已报道了6个介导多重抗性的基因:ZmCCoAOMT2,ZmMM1,LLS1,ZmNANMTZmPROPEP11和ZmCPK39。其中,ZmCCoAOMT2与ZmCPK39均能介导对大斑病、小斑病和灰斑病的抗性[2930]ZmMM1对大斑病、灰斑病、南方锈病[31]ZmNANMT对小斑病、大斑病、茎腐病[27]ZmPROPEP1对小斑病、茎腐病具有抗性[28],而LLS1的功能缺失突变体表现出类病斑,能够抵御多种坏死与活体营养型病原物的侵染[44]。综合其作用机制可以发现,HR反应、活性氧暴发、防御基因表达、次生代谢产物与植物激素水平变化等非特异性基础免疫反应,是广谱抗病与多重抗性基因较为普遍的调控策略。这种非特异性的防御机制为未来抗病育种提供了重要方向。
玉米生产过程中,虫害的影响亦不可小觑。中国常见的玉米害虫包括蚜虫、玉米螟、黏虫、草地贪夜蛾、红蜘蛛等。草地贪夜蛾是一种繁殖力极强的全球迁徙性农业害虫,自2019年1月首次在中国发现,一年不到的时间传播至26个省(区、市),累计发生面积108万hm2,在多个地区造成严重危害,2020年被中国列入《一类农作物害虫名录》。据贵州省安顺市贵州镇宁县农业服务中心统计,2021—2023年,该地白马湖街道草地贪夜蛾发生面积达103.3万hm2,占玉米种植面积的31%[45]。玉米螟又名“钻心虫”,主要以幼虫钻蛀方式危害心叶、茎秆、雄穗、雌穗等多个部位,是造成玉米减产的第一大害虫,而且其取食籽粒后造成的伤口,易导致病原菌的入侵,诱发玉米穗腐病。贵州省安顺市的统计数据显示,该市2021—2023年玉米螟累计发生面积为0.524万~0.741万hm2次,占当年玉米主要病虫害累计发生面积的34.65%~41.67%[46]。蚜虫的个头虽小,但繁殖力极强,一年可繁殖20~30代,且喜欢群居并在叶片上排泄蜜露,易引起霉菌寄生,阻碍玉米光合作用,影响干物质积累。近年来在部分地区已由次要害虫转变为主要害虫。据广西壮族自治区统计,2013—2023年间玉米蚜虫的发生面积常年在15万hm2次以上,与玉米螟的常年发生面积基本持平,近5年甚至超过玉米螟[47]
在实际生产中,大多数农户都选择在发现虫害时大量喷施农药,以减少损失进一步扩大。为控制病虫害,中国每年农药防治面积达5.6112亿hm2,为全国耕地面积的4.16倍,相当于每块耕地喷施农药4次以上[48],估计在防治虫害的过程中该数据还会更高。这种防治方式不仅带来巨大的环境压力和健康风险,也增加了生产成本。相比之下,培育和推广抗虫品种是最经济、环保且可持续的解决方案。
抗虫品种的遗传基础源于抗虫基因。关于抗虫基因的研究可追溯至20世纪,科学家利用源自苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensisBt)的杀虫蛋白基因开展抗虫研究,包括Cry蛋白、Cyt蛋白、Vip蛋白等多种类型。目前,Bt抗虫基因已广泛应用于转基因抗虫育种,截至2019年,美国转Bt抗虫基因作物的种植面积占作物种植总面积的83%,显示出极高的产业化水平。美国自1996年起便批准了抗虫转基因玉米的商业化种植,随后,多种类型的转Bt抗虫基因玉米、多个抗虫基因叠加以及与耐除草剂基因叠加的转基因玉米品种相继获得审批。相比之下,中国在抗虫转基因玉米的研发起步较晚,直到2008年转基因生物新品种培育科技重大专项工作启动后,相关研究才逐步进入正轨。自2019年起,国内多家种业企业及科研机构所开发的抗虫、耐除草剂、抗虫与耐除草剂复合型转基因玉米转化体相继获得国家安全生产证书(表2)。2023年12月25日,农业农村部发布通告,国内首批37个转基因玉米品种获得生产经营许可证,标志着中国转基因饲用、食用农作物正式进入商业化阶段。在此之前,中国仅有抗虫转基因棉花和抗病毒木瓜实现了产业化。
尽管Bt基因作为主流抗虫基因,研究已逾百年,但作为源自微生物的外源基因,其环境安全性问题持续引发关注,因此诸多研究致力于探讨转Bt抗虫基因玉米对非靶标生物及生态环境的潜在影响。相关研究的结果显示,与其亲本相比,携带Bt抗虫基因和耐除草剂基因的转基因玉米对根际细菌群落结构及功能无显著影响[49],转Bt抗虫基因的玉米与对照在田间节肢动物的群落组成与结构上也没有显著差异[50]。其他作物中的数据也表明,Bt基因的表达对土壤微生物群落、内生丛枝菌根真菌等均无明显影响[5152]。这些研究结果为转基因作物的环境安全性评估提供了重要科学依据。
在抗虫基因研究中,除了广泛应用的Bt蛋白,研究人员还在积极挖掘玉米内源的抗虫基因资源。这类内源基因在转基因安全方面更具优势,应用前景更为广阔。目前已发现的抗虫基因主要涉及植物激素、次生代谢产物等,尤其是茉莉酸、苯并噁嗪物质(表3)。如ZmMPK6就是通过苯并噁嗪类物质合成关键基因BX1的转录调控来抑制抗虫代谢物DIMBOA和DIMBOA−Glc的合成,zmmpk6突变体饲喂的斜纹夜蛾、黏虫和玉米螟的重量均显著小于对照[53]ZmPP2C45则同时影响了BX1和BX5的转录水平,从而降低HDMBOA−Glc等代谢物的积累。取食zmpp2c45敲除株系的草地贪夜蛾、棉铃虫幼虫鲜重分别降低27%、34%[54]。而转录因子蛋白ZmMYC2s能直接结合在苯并噁嗪与挥发性萜类物质合成基因的启动子上,发挥正向抗虫作用,具体表现为zmmyc2s突变体对黏虫和草地贪夜蛾的抗性显著减弱[55]。抗茎腐病基因ZmBGLU17作为液泡和质外体双重定位的糖苷水解酶,参与木质素、DIMBOA的生物合成,鉴定发现其过表达材料对玉米螟同样具有一定抗性[13]。此外,启动茉莉酸合成的脂氧合酶(LOX)家族蛋白对玉米的抗虫性也有较大的贡献。其中ZmLOX5基因被发现具有正向调控抗虫的功能,其突变体zmlox5中氧化脂质和防御代谢产物的累积量显著降低,导致取食昆虫的生长更为旺盛,而添加了ZmLOX5代谢产物的人工饲料则显著抑制草地贪夜蛾幼虫的生长[56]ZmLOX10的抗虫性对不同种类的昆虫效果不同,其突变体zmlox10有利于甜菜夜蛾的生长,却对寄生蜂幼虫缺乏吸引力[57]
蚜虫作为刺吸式昆虫,Bt抗虫蛋白对其毒力作用效果存在争议。大部分试验结果表明,表达Bt蛋白的转基因玉米对蚜虫的抗性无显著改善,甚至更易感蚜虫[59]。因此,挖掘蚜虫抗性资源尤为重要。目前发现的抗蚜虫候选基因均与苯并噁嗪类、茉莉酸、类黄酮等次生代谢产物相关[60]。此外,叶夹角调节因子LG1的功能缺失突变体rta1也表现出显著的蚜虫抗性。深入研究表明,LG1不仅能直接调节叶舌和叶耳的发育来影响玉米株型结构,也能通过影响苯并噁嗪类抗虫化合物的合成来应对生物胁迫[58]。同为刺吸式昆虫的红蜘蛛,繁殖能力极强,且聚集在叶片背面,农药难以触及,因此在农业生产中建议“以防为主,以治为辅”。目前玉米中未见报道抗红蜘蛛的基因,但在番茄中有可借鉴的发现。据研究,番茄液泡氨基酸转运蛋白SlAVT6A可通过促进萜类合成相关氨基酸积累并增加叶片腺毛密度,从而增强对红蜘蛛的抗性,另一转运蛋白SlAVT6B的作用则相反,而这一过程受到茉莉酸的调控[61]。通过同源比对,在玉米中搜寻并鉴定这类抗虫基因的同源基因,可能会是科研人员未来的研究方向之一。
除了这些已经定位到或预测出的抗虫基因,还有一系列与抗虫性或被取食程度相关的QTL尚在挖掘或精细定位过程中[6263]。这些研究结果表明,玉米内源的抗虫基因资源是存在的,但其在实际生产中的应用仍需要更为系统和深入的研究。
2024年中国粮食产量创历史新高,首次突破1.4万亿斤大关,其中玉米产量占比超过40%,是名副其实的第一大作物。中国玉米产业包括籽粒玉米、鲜食玉米和青贮玉米。籽粒玉米即通常说的普通玉米,通常作为粮食、饲料、工业原料。鲜食玉米通常收获鲜穗直接食用,或进行二次深加工。青贮玉米则是收获果穗在内的整个地上部青绿植株,经粉碎、发酵后调制成饲料。鲜食玉米与青贮玉米作为特用玉米的2种类型,其产业体系与种植规模相较于籽粒玉米而言,明显处于次要地位。此外,还存在一类爆裂玉米,其产业占比更小。根据国家统计局规定,鲜食玉米与青贮玉米被明确归类为经济作物,不包括在粮食作物的统计范畴之内。然而,近年来,随着城乡居民消费水平的提升及饮食观念的转变,对肉类、蛋类及乳制品的需求显著增加,进而导致了饲料供应的短缺。在此背景下,青贮玉米作为一种高品质的饲草资源,因其无可替代的优势而备受瞩目。自2015年起,中国在“镰刀弯”地区(北方农牧交错区)试点推行“粮改饲”政策,即减少籽粒玉米种植,增加青贮玉米、苜蓿等饲料作物的种植。青贮玉米的种植面积在2022年达到281.3万hm2,约占玉米总种植面积的6.5%[64]。2023年中央一号文件也明确提出要大力发展青贮饲料,其中就包括青贮玉米。因此青贮玉米产业的市场前景十分广阔。而鲜食玉米因其独特的风味口感、丰富的营养价值、便利的食用方式,已成为家庭餐桌上的优选食品。同时由于其种植周期短,经济效益显著,深受农户欢迎,成为中国农民增产增收、农业提质增效的重要选择,为乡村产业振兴注入强劲动力。2023年中国鲜食玉米种植面积突破166.7万hm2,年市场消费量达750亿穗,已成为全球鲜食玉米第一大生产国与消费国。从其迅猛的发展态势看,鲜食玉米产业同样具有广阔的市场前景。
在玉米产业评价体系中,“产量”始终是最核心的指标,但其具体内涵因品种而异:对于籽粒玉米,“产量”指的是可收获的籽粒数量;对于鲜食玉米,“产量”体现为鲜穗的数量及其商品价值;至于青贮玉米,“产量”则涉及整个植株的生物量。病虫害一旦暴发会严重制约各类玉米的产量表现,成为限制玉米产业规模化发展的关键瓶颈。例如,真菌性病害不仅会降低青贮玉米的生物产量,还会在发酵时降低发酵菌的丰度,破坏青贮发酵微环境,导致饲料品质下降[6465]。而在某些病虫害高发地区,鲜食玉米可能比籽粒玉米表现出更强的易感性[66]。学界普遍认为,与发达国家相比,中国玉米产业发展的主要短板之一在于病虫害防治技术的粗放性[67]。大量使用农药以控制病虫害的蔓延,不仅会导致环境污染和农药残留等生态问题,同时也会增加农业生产成本。从农业产业发展的趋势分析,绿色可持续生产模式将成为未来发展的必然选择。因此,发展抗病虫育种技术既是产业升级的必然选择,也是实现绿色生产的经济有效途径。
以分子标记为辅助,将抗病基因或位点导入核心系或杂交种中是现代抗病育种最常用的手段。玉米丝黑穗病抗性基因ZmWAK导入多个高产自交系中,能够提高11.1%~32.1%的抗性,以此为基础组配的抗病杂交种已有多个通过国家审定,“玉米抗丝黑穗病分子育种技术研究与应用”获得了吉林省科技进步二等奖。利用南方锈病抗病基因RppK改良的品种,在产量上能够提高11.9%~17.1%[24]。灰斑病抗病基因ZmWAK02的导入,使杂交种显著提高抗病能力的同时增产3.9%~8%[22]。郑58、昌7−2、B73、Mo17及其衍生杂交种郑单958和B73×Mo17在渗入抗玉米粗缩病基因ZmGLK36和ZmGDIα−hel后,显著提高了对粗缩病的抗性,而生育期性状、产量性状和品质性状与其亲本均无显著差异[68]。玉米茎腐病主效抗病基因ZmCCT的H5单倍型,兼具抗病性增强与光周期敏感性降低的优点,被广泛应用于中国抗茎腐病育种中。利用已知的分子标记还可对种质资源或早代育种材料进行筛选鉴定,为快速定向选育抗性品种提供依据。例如利用与抗粗缩病位点Rmrdd6、qMrdd2(ZmGLK36)和qMrdd8(ZmGDIα−hel)紧密连锁的功能性SSR(simple sequence repeats)标记,在育种群体中筛选抗病家系,再与其他优良自交系测交组配,可筛选出抗病且杂种优势强的组合[69]。部分已被克隆的感病感虫基因还可作为基因编辑的靶点,通过定点敲除或氨基酸突变,以提高植株的抗病虫性。通过CRISPR/CAS9技术对ZmGDIα第1外显子进行编辑获得的完全突变体,其抗粗缩病能力较天然抗病等位基因ZmGDIα−hel更强[70]ZmCPK39−KO×Yu87−1杂交种与对照相比,抗灰斑病能力与产量性状均有显著提高[29]zmpp2c45敲除株系可以抑制草地贪夜蛾与棉铃虫幼虫的生长[54]。通过现代育种技术,从基因水平快速改良主栽品种的抗病虫性,既能保障产量的稳定,又符合现代农业的生态环保要求,对推动玉米产业高质量发展具有双重意义。
籽粒玉米收获的是脱水后的籽粒,其生育期从苗期到完熟期(乳线完全消失)一般在100~120 d。由于时间跨度较长,受到病虫害侵染的风险显著增加,具体发生概率及程度取决于种植区域当地与当年的气候条件。当前对玉米的研究,大部分以籽粒玉米为研究对象,其研究成果对其他玉米类型具有重要的参考价值。因此,籽粒玉米的理论研究成果转化具有其必要性。目前已克隆的部分抗病基因未进行实际生产试验,未为相应的分子标记申请专利(表1),在育种应用上可能会受到限制。在遗传改良领域,将基础研究的理论结果应用于育种实践是提升品种抗性的关键路径。尤其是在抗病虫育种方面,能够缩短传统育种所需的年限,提高选育品种的抗风险能力与市场竞争力。在3种玉米产业中,籽粒玉米的种植面积最大,育种及科研团队最多,具有深厚的研究基础,是其他玉米产业发展的风向标。
青贮玉米收获的是带有绿叶的新鲜整株,最佳收获时期通常介于乳熟末期至蜡熟前期。研究发现,在3/4乳线期收获的青贮玉米在饲料的营养价值、发酵品质方面效果最优[71]。专用型青贮玉米要求生物产量高、籽粒产量较高、秸秆品质优良、适口性好,因此其植株普遍叶片繁茂,平均高度在2.5~3.5 m之间,每公顷可产出67.5~94.5 t新鲜秸秆。在病虫害方面,青贮玉米面临的虫害威胁与籽粒玉米相似,病害则以叶部病害为主,以及根腐病、茎腐病、穗腐病、瘤黑粉病等[64]。值得注意的是,由于青贮玉米收获后还需要进行长时间的青贮发酵,病虫残留的毒素和代谢产物对家畜造成的影响也是需要关注的问题。中国对青贮玉米的育种研究始于20世纪60年代,但专门针对青贮玉米病虫害的研究相对匮乏,建议从两方面着手改进:一方面应加强以青贮玉米为直接研究对象的基础研究,重点开展病虫害抗性资源挖掘和新品种的选育;另一方面可借鉴籽粒玉米育种的成功案例与经验,利用已开发成熟的分子标记或抗性基因,对现有青贮玉米种质加以改良。
在3种玉米类型中,鲜食玉米的收获时间最早,一般在授粉后22~25 d的乳熟末期进行采收。由于目前鲜食玉米主要以鲜穗形式直接销售,较次的产品才会进行二次深加工,因此对鲜穗的外观品质、完整性、商品性的要求较高。这一特性使得虫害成为鲜食玉米产业最突出的问题,而由于采收较早,部分病害尚未进入高发阶段,但在苗期、花期、采收前期出现的病害仍会造成一定的损失。鲜食玉米病虫害的发生情况与当地的病虫害类型和气候条件息息相关。例如“中国玉米之乡”吉林省公主岭市,在进行鲜食玉米病虫害普查时发现,当地危害最重的是玉米螟、地老虎和双斑萤叶甲,灰斑病虽在最后一次调查时比较严重,但此时玉米已经收获,未对品质造成影响[66]。云南省由于气候条件特殊,易发大斑病、小斑病、纹枯病和锈病,主要虫害包括草地贪夜蛾、玉米螟、蚜虫。上海市2010—2021年连续12年的监测显示,玉米螟、大螟和二化螟为重大发生害虫,而大斑病、小斑病、丝黑穗病仅零星地块发生,粗缩病的发生概率为1.5%~6.5%[72]。基于这些特点,鲜食玉米育种应采取差异化策略:可考虑引入多重抗性基因或依据地区特征的病虫害状况,有针对性地强化对特定病虫害的抗性,而非盲目地聚合抗性基因。通过遗传距离分析和主坐标分析,发现鲜食玉米与籽粒玉米之间存在显著的遗传分化[73]。因此,若要将籽粒玉米的抗性基因应用到鲜食玉米中,可能还需要进行同源基因的对比分析。此外,鲜食玉米的热带种质资源中蕴含丰富的抗性基因,值得进一步研究和开发。
在全球粮食安全面临严峻挑战的背景下,玉米作为中国第一大粮食作物,其产业的健康发展关乎国计民生。当前,玉米病虫害严重影响玉米的产量与品质,制约着玉米产业的健康发展。抗病虫育种作为一种从源头防控病虫害的有效手段,对玉米产业发展具有不可替代的必要性与重要性。通过抗病虫育种,培育出具有优良抗病虫特性的玉米品种,能够显著提高玉米对病虫害的抵抗力,减少因病虫害导致的产量损失,从而保障玉米的稳定供应,为国家粮食安全筑牢根基。
针对籽粒玉米、青贮玉米、鲜食玉米不同的产业需求,开展针对性的抗病虫育种工作,能够有效推动玉米产业的可持续发展,促进农业增效和农民增收。在籽粒玉米中,应鉴定抗病基因或位点的实际生产价值,探索生产应用潜力,加快理论研究的成果开发和应用,助力并加速育种工作的开展。此外可通过借鉴其他物种中的研究,进一步挖掘玉米内源抗虫基因。在青贮玉米中,应重视虫害与叶部病害,以及病虫害残留毒素与代谢产物的问题,利用籽粒玉米中开发的分子标记改良种质,并加强青贮玉米地方资源中的抗性种质的挖掘和利用。在鲜食玉米中,由于遗传背景与口感需求的差异,不能直接利用籽粒玉米的标记进行大规模回交转育,需先进行同源基因比对与生产试验,验证抗性位点的可用性,并测评对口感品质的影响。同时需根据当地的病虫害发生情况,制定相应的抗性育种策略,或者引入多重抗性基因。在未来的玉米产业发展中,抗病虫育种必然是其中的重要一环,应进一步加大抗病虫育种的科研投入与支持力度,加强产学研合作,加快抗病虫玉米品种的选育和推广,为玉米产业的可持续发展提供有力支撑,为转型升级提供关键驱动力。
  • 浙江省农业新品种选育重大科技专项(2021C02064–4)
  • 温州市农业新品种选育协作组项目(ZX2024001–3)
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2026年第44卷第13期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00063
  • 接收时间:2025-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-07-27
  • 出版时间:2026-07-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-25
  • 修回日期:2026-06-17
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浙江省农业新品种选育重大科技专项(2021C02064–4)
温州市农业新品种选育协作组项目(ZX2024001–3)
作者信息
    1浙南作物育种重点实验室,温州 325006
    2温州市农业科学研究院,温州 325006
    3美国北卡州立大学植物病理系,罗利 27695
    4中国农业大学农学院,北京 100193

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潘彬荣(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为鲜食玉米育种,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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