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科学家一直在试图弄清楚捕蝇草如何迅速闭上“嘴巴”、逮住猎物。法国艾克斯-马赛大学的物理学家Yoel Forterre与合作者发现,当昆虫爬入捕蝇草的“血盆大口”后,构成植物“嘴巴”的铰链状叶片外表面的细胞会变软,这使得叶片得以改变形状并合拢。2026年6月11日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。

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(图片来源:《Science》)

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    科学家一直在试图弄清楚捕蝇草如何迅速闭上“嘴巴”、逮住猎物。法国艾克斯-马赛大学的物理学家Yoel Forterre与合作者发现,当昆虫爬入捕蝇草的“血盆大口”后,构成植物“嘴巴”的铰链状叶片外表面的细胞会变软,这使得叶片得以改变形状并合拢。2026年6月11日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。

    . 捕蝇草如何一口锁住猎物. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (12) : 8 -8 .
    . Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (12) : 8 -8 .
    科学家一直在试图弄清楚捕蝇草如何迅速闭上“嘴巴”、逮住猎物。法国艾克斯-马赛大学的物理学家Yoel Forterre与合作者发现,当昆虫爬入捕蝇草的“血盆大口”后,构成植物“嘴巴”的铰链状叶片外表面的细胞会变软,这使得叶片得以改变形状并合拢。2026年6月11日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。
    1875年,著名生物学家查尔斯·达尔文表示,捕蝇草是世界上“最奇妙”的植物之一。研究人员一直试图解开捕蝇草“快速”背后的奥秘,如一些研究发现,当昆虫刺激到捕蝇草口部的“毛发”时,一股电脉冲便会传遍叶片,触发叶子囚禁并消化猎物。
    2005年,Yoel Forterre和同事报告称,当构成植物口部的铰链状叶片处于“张开”状态时,它的2个叶瓣会向外弯曲,并处于一种紧张的状态。研究发现,当昆虫落入口中时,这种张力会突然释放,在短短1/10 s内,使得瓣片翻转并向内弯曲,从而关闭“陷阱”。
    如今,Forterre又解开了另一个谜团。长期以来,研究人员一直在争论捕蝇草叶片内的张力究竟是如何释放的。一种理论认为,水分从叶片内表面迅速转移到外表皮的细胞中,导致细胞膨胀,从而驱动叶片闭合。另一种理论则认为,外表皮细胞的刚性细胞壁会突然软化,从而释放张力。
    通过一系列实验,Forterre和同事证明了后一种理论是正确的。其中一项实验探测了捕蝇草口部外表皮细胞的硬度。结果显示,在“陷阱”被触发后,这些细胞确实发生了软化。另一组测量和计算则表明,水分需要30到150 s才能穿过叶片到达外表皮细胞——这一速度太慢了,根本无法解释“陷阱”的瞬间闭合现象。
    尽管Forterre对成功揭示这一机制感到欣慰,但他表示,研究并未结束。研究团队至今仍不清楚究竟是什么软化了这种植物的细胞壁。不过,通过与植物专家的交流,Forterre已提出一些想法——植物细胞壁由柔软的凝胶状基质和坚硬的纤维网组成,当昆虫落入后,捕蝇草会释放出一种混合酶,削弱纤维与基质之间的连接,从而造成细胞壁软化。
    德国达姆施塔特工业大学植物园园长、生物力学研究员Simon Poppinga表示,该发现不仅有助于科学家更好了解植物的基本生理过程,还能启发他们设计出精密的柔性机器人——当构成这些机器人的某种材料的刚度发生改变时,它们便能迅速启动。
    (综合:《Science》、澎湃新闻)

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    2种不同金属材料的力学参数

    Family
    属数
    Number of
    genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of
    total species (%)

    Genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of total
    species (%)
    鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
    小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
    多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
    红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
    小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
    光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
    红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
    栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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