Article(id=1276203057390161982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1773504000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-15, revisedDate=1779033600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782200119587, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1781280000000, pubDateStr=2026-06-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782200119587, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782200119587, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200119587, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276202956391313894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782200095507, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200147766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276203176344810276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276203176344810277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=110, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276203057801203776, articleId=1276203057390161982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=A comparative study of robotic versus open liver resection for patients with HBV−related hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cirrhosis is highly prevalent among patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)−related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In HCC patients with cirrhosis, hepatic resection is technically more challenging and is associated with a higher risk of postoperative complications. Moreover, surgical trauma and postoperative complications may further adversely affect long−term prognosis. Compared with open liver resection (OLR), robotic liver resection (RLR) has theoretical minimally invasive advantages; however, systematic evidence remains lacking as to whether RLR can improve short−term postoperative outcomes as well as long−term prognosis in patients with cirrhosis. This study aimed to compare the short−term postoperative outcomes and recurrence and survival outcomes between RLR and OLR in patients with HBV−related HCC and cirrhosis. Patients with HBV−related HCC and cirrhosis who underwent their first R0 liver resection at our center between 2019 and 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. All patients underwent either RLR or OLR. Patients were grouped according to surgical approach, and propensity score matching (PSM) was performed. Short−term postoperative outcomes were compared between the two groups. Kaplan−Meier analysis and the Log−rank test were used to compare recurrence−free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) between the RLR and OLR groups. A total of 198 patients were included in this study, including 74 patients in the OLR group and 124 patients in the RLR group. After 1:2 PSM between the OLR and RLR groups, 50 patients in the OLR group and 82 patients in the RLR group were included in the matched cohort. Before PSM, compared with the OLR group, the RLR group had shorter operative time and postoperative length of stay, less intraoperative blood loss, a lower intraoperative transfusion rate, and lower incidences of overall postoperative complications, postoperative ascites, and Clavien−Dindo grade I–II complications (all P<0.05). After PSM, the RLR group still showed less intraoperative blood loss (100 mL vs. 200 mL, P = 0.001), a shorter postoperative length of stay (5.0 days vs. 9.5 days, P<0.001), and a lower incidence of postoperative ascites (4.88% vs. 18.00%, P = 0.031). Regarding long−term prognosis, no significant differences in RFS (P = 0.706) or OS (P = 0.624) were observed between the RLR and OLR groups after PSM. In patients with HBV−related HCC and cirrhosis, RLR was associated with less intraoperative blood loss, a shorter postoperative length of stay, and a lower incidence of postoperative ascites compared with OLR, while no significant differences were observed between the two approaches in postoperative recurrence or survival outcomes.

, correspAuthors=Rong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu CAO, Tianchen ZHANG, Zhenqi LI, Chen FENG, Guanyu WANG, Rong LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276203058451320900, articleId=1276203057390161982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=机器人与开腹肝切除术治疗合并肝硬化的HBV相关肝细胞癌患者的对比研究, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肝硬化在乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)相关肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者中广泛存在,合并肝硬化的HCC患者具有较高手术难度及并发症发生风险,且手术创伤和并发症可能进一步影响长期预后。机器人肝切除术(robotic liver resection,RLR)相较于开腹肝切除术(open liver resection,OLR)具有理论上的微创优势,但合并肝硬化患者的术后短期结局及长期预后能否通过RLR得到改善尚缺乏系统性证据。本研究回顾性纳入2019—2021年首次接受肝切除术并达到R0切除的合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者,手术方式为RLR或OLR。以手术方式为分组,采用倾向性评分匹配法(propensity score matching,PSM)进行匹配,比较组间术后短期结局差异。通过Kaplan−Meier法和Log−rank检验,比较RLR与OLR术后无复发生存期(recurrence−free survival,RFS)和总生存期(overall survival,OS)的差异。本研究共纳入198例患者,其中OLR组74例,RLR组124例,采用PSM将OLR组与RLR组按1∶2比例进行匹配后分别有50例OLR和82例RLR患者被纳入匹配后队列。PSM前,与OLR组相比,RLR组手术时间及术后住院时间较短,术中失血量较少,术中输血率较低,且术后总体并发症、术后腹水及Clavien−Dindo分级Ⅰ–Ⅱ级并发症发生率均较低(均P<0.05)。PSM后,RLR组仍表现出较少的术中失血量(100 mL vs. 200 mL,P = 0.001)、较短的术后住院时间(5.0 d vs. 9.5 d,P<0.001)及较低的术后腹水发生率(4.88% vs. 18.00%,P = 0.031)。长期预后方面,PSM后RLR组与OLR组术后RFS(P = 0.706)、OS(P = 0.624)均未见显著差异。合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者中,与OLR相比,RLR术中失血量更少、术后住院时间较短、术后腹水发生率较低,两者术后复发及生存结局未见显著差异。

, correspAuthors=刘荣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘荣(通信作者),主任医师、教授,研究方向为肝胆胰肿瘤外科微创化、肝胆胰肿瘤的基础研究、人工智能在肝胆胰肿瘤治疗中的应用,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=XRGAz9OftAvtbdDEV6vqeA==, magXml=+rFWu7j/rOnzgG6ebr64rw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=dm37apWfRg6BOS3whuDvDQ==, pdfFileSize=1027090, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6gmXumuTvDkV4XzKLN18ZQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=AjyVRj1PLSXviaLVHVBSkQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

曹雨,硕士研究生,研究方向为肝胆胰外科临床,电子信箱:

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曹雨,硕士研究生,研究方向为肝胆胰外科临床,电子信箱:

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曹雨,硕士研究生,研究方向为肝胆胰外科临床,电子信箱:

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变量PSM前PSM后
RLR组人数(占比/%)OLR组人数(占比/%)PRLR组人数(占比/%)OLR组人数(占比/%)P
n = 124)n = 74)n = 82)n = 50)
年龄(平均数±标准差)51.48 ± 10.5852.96 ± 11.170.35452.00 ± 10.0751.30 ± 9.730.695
性别99 (79.84)60 (81.08)0.83267 (81.71)40 (80.00)0.808
25 (20.16)14 (18.92)15 (18.29)10 (20.00)
ASA分级≤2104 (83.87)55 (74.32)0.10267 (81.71)38 (76.00)0.430
>220 (16.13)19 (25.68)15 (18.29)12 (24.00)
HBeAg阴性79 (63.71)43 (58.11)0.43351 (62.20)30 (60.00)0.802
阳性45 (36.29)31 (41.89)31 (37.80)20 (40.00)
HBeAb阴性31 (25.00)28 (37.84)0.05626 (31.71)16 (32.00)0.972
阳性93 (75.00)46 (62.16)56 (68.29)34 (68.00)
HBV DNA滴度/
(IU/mL)
≤200073 (58.87)40 (54.05)0.50846 (56.10)26 (52.00)0.646
>200051 (41.13)34 (45.95)36 (43.90)24 (48.00)
AVT30 (24.19)12 (16.22)0.18417 (20.73)11 (22.00)0.863
糖尿病13 (10.48)11 (14.86)0.3618 (9.76)6 (12.00)0.685
AFP/(ng/mL)≤40087 (70.16)51 (68.92)0.85455 (67.07)34 (68.00)0.912
>40037 (29.84)23 (31.08)27 (32.93)16 (32.00)
ALT/(U/L)≤4452 (41.94)43 (58.11)0.02840 (48.78)24 (48.00)0.931
>4472 (58.06)31 (41.89)42 (51.22)26 (52.00)
ALB/(g/L)<352 (1.61)5 (6.76)0.1342 (2.44)2 (4.00)1.000
≥35122 (98.39)69 (93.24)80 (97.56)48 (96.00)
TBIL/(μmol/L)≤1784 (67.74)42 (56.76)0.12049 (59.76)32 (64.00)0.627
>1740 (32.26)32 (43.24)33 (40.24)18 (36.00)
ALBI分级1级58 (46.77)33 (44.59)0.76635 (42.68)24 (48.00)0.551
2/3级66 (53.23)41 (55.41)47 (57.32)26 (52.00)
PT/s≤1387 (70.16)54 (72.97)0.67260 (73.17)39 (78.00)0.534
>1337 (29.84)20 (27.03)22 (26.83)11 (22.00)
PLT计数/(109/L)<10027 (21.77)24 (32.43)0.09721 (25.61)14 (28.00)0.763
≥10097 (78.23)50 (67.57)61 (74.39)36 (72.00)
肿瘤最大径/cm≤5100 (80.65)59 (79.73)0.87564 (78.05)42 (84.00)0.404
>524 (19.35)15 (20.27)18 (21.95)8 (16.00)
肿瘤数量单发119 (95.97)71 (95.95)1.00078 (95.12)48 (96.00)1.000
多发5 (4.03)3 (4.05)4 (4.88)2 (4.00)
肿瘤包膜情况无包膜8 (6.45)8 (10.81)0.2767 (8.54)4 (8.00)1.000
有包膜116 (93.55)66 (89.19)75 (91.46)46 (92.00)
MVIMVI阴性76 (61.29)32 (43.24)0.01445 (54.88)27 (54.00)0.922
MVI阳性48 (38.71)42 (56.76)37 (45.12)23 (46.00)
ES分级Ⅰ/Ⅱ43 (34.68)16 (21.62)0.05223 (28.05)14 (28.00)0.995
Ⅲ/Ⅳ81 (65.32)58 (78.38)59 (71.95)36 (72.00)
解剖性肝切除69 (55.65)46 (62.16)0.36946 (56.10)32 (64.00)0.370
大范围肝切除18 (14.52)23 (31.08)0.00517 (20.73)11 (22.00)0.863
), ArticleFig(id=1276203069910159486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1276203057390161982, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RLR组和OLR组在PSM前、后的临床病理特征及手术相关变量比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量PSM前PSM后
RLR组人数(占比/%)OLR组人数(占比/%)PRLR组人数(占比/%)OLR组人数(占比/%)P
n = 124)n = 74)n = 82)n = 50)
年龄(平均数±标准差)51.48 ± 10.5852.96 ± 11.170.35452.00 ± 10.0751.30 ± 9.730.695
性别99 (79.84)60 (81.08)0.83267 (81.71)40 (80.00)0.808
25 (20.16)14 (18.92)15 (18.29)10 (20.00)
ASA分级≤2104 (83.87)55 (74.32)0.10267 (81.71)38 (76.00)0.430
>220 (16.13)19 (25.68)15 (18.29)12 (24.00)
HBeAg阴性79 (63.71)43 (58.11)0.43351 (62.20)30 (60.00)0.802
阳性45 (36.29)31 (41.89)31 (37.80)20 (40.00)
HBeAb阴性31 (25.00)28 (37.84)0.05626 (31.71)16 (32.00)0.972
阳性93 (75.00)46 (62.16)56 (68.29)34 (68.00)
HBV DNA滴度/
(IU/mL)
≤200073 (58.87)40 (54.05)0.50846 (56.10)26 (52.00)0.646
>200051 (41.13)34 (45.95)36 (43.90)24 (48.00)
AVT30 (24.19)12 (16.22)0.18417 (20.73)11 (22.00)0.863
糖尿病13 (10.48)11 (14.86)0.3618 (9.76)6 (12.00)0.685
AFP/(ng/mL)≤40087 (70.16)51 (68.92)0.85455 (67.07)34 (68.00)0.912
>40037 (29.84)23 (31.08)27 (32.93)16 (32.00)
ALT/(U/L)≤4452 (41.94)43 (58.11)0.02840 (48.78)24 (48.00)0.931
>4472 (58.06)31 (41.89)42 (51.22)26 (52.00)
ALB/(g/L)<352 (1.61)5 (6.76)0.1342 (2.44)2 (4.00)1.000
≥35122 (98.39)69 (93.24)80 (97.56)48 (96.00)
TBIL/(μmol/L)≤1784 (67.74)42 (56.76)0.12049 (59.76)32 (64.00)0.627
>1740 (32.26)32 (43.24)33 (40.24)18 (36.00)
ALBI分级1级58 (46.77)33 (44.59)0.76635 (42.68)24 (48.00)0.551
2/3级66 (53.23)41 (55.41)47 (57.32)26 (52.00)
PT/s≤1387 (70.16)54 (72.97)0.67260 (73.17)39 (78.00)0.534
>1337 (29.84)20 (27.03)22 (26.83)11 (22.00)
PLT计数/(109/L)<10027 (21.77)24 (32.43)0.09721 (25.61)14 (28.00)0.763
≥10097 (78.23)50 (67.57)61 (74.39)36 (72.00)
肿瘤最大径/cm≤5100 (80.65)59 (79.73)0.87564 (78.05)42 (84.00)0.404
>524 (19.35)15 (20.27)18 (21.95)8 (16.00)
肿瘤数量单发119 (95.97)71 (95.95)1.00078 (95.12)48 (96.00)1.000
多发5 (4.03)3 (4.05)4 (4.88)2 (4.00)
肿瘤包膜情况无包膜8 (6.45)8 (10.81)0.2767 (8.54)4 (8.00)1.000
有包膜116 (93.55)66 (89.19)75 (91.46)46 (92.00)
MVIMVI阴性76 (61.29)32 (43.24)0.01445 (54.88)27 (54.00)0.922
MVI阳性48 (38.71)42 (56.76)37 (45.12)23 (46.00)
ES分级Ⅰ/Ⅱ43 (34.68)16 (21.62)0.05223 (28.05)14 (28.00)0.995
Ⅲ/Ⅳ81 (65.32)58 (78.38)59 (71.95)36 (72.00)
解剖性肝切除69 (55.65)46 (62.16)0.36946 (56.10)32 (64.00)0.370
大范围肝切除18 (14.52)23 (31.08)0.00517 (20.73)11 (22.00)0.863
), ArticleFig(id=1276203070027599999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1276203057390161982, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量RLR组(n = 124)OLR组(n = 74)P
注:数据以n(%)或中位数(四分位数间距)表示;分类变量采用Pearson χ2检验或Fisher精确检验,当理论频数不满足χ2检验适用条件时采用Fisher精确检验。下同。
手术时间/min165.00 (120.00, 221.25)190.00 (148.75, 250.00)0.026
术中失血量/mL100.00 (50.00, 200.00)200.00 (100.00, 337.50)<0.001
术中输血115 (92.74)61 (82.43)0.026
9 (7.26)13 (17.57)
Pringle法肝门阻断23 (18.55)18 (24.32)0.332
101 (81.45)56 (75.68)
总阻断时间/min17.00 (10.00, 29.00)15.00 (8.00, 23.00)0.221
术后住院时间/d5.00 (4.00, 7.00)9.00 (8.00, 13.00)<0.001
术后并发症112(90.32)59 (79.73)0.036
12 (9.68)15 (20.27)
术后腹水7(5.65)12 (16.22)0.015
PHLF123 (99.19)70 (94.59)0.051
PHLF A0 (0)3 (4.05)
PHLF B/C1 (0.81)1 (1.35)
术后胆漏2 (1.61)4 (5.41)0.281
肺部或腹部感染7 (5.65)5 (6.76)0.993
其他并发症3 (2.42)2 (2.70)1.000
Clavien−Dindo分级Ⅰ−Ⅱ9 (7.26)12 (16.22)0.048
Clavien−Dindo分级>Ⅱ3 (2.42)3 (4.05)0.825
术后90 d内死亡1 (0.81)2 (2.70)0.649
), ArticleFig(id=1276203070111486080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1276203057390161982, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RLR组和OLR组在PSM前的术后短期结局对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量RLR组(n = 124)OLR组(n = 74)P
注:数据以n(%)或中位数(四分位数间距)表示;分类变量采用Pearson χ2检验或Fisher精确检验,当理论频数不满足χ2检验适用条件时采用Fisher精确检验。下同。
手术时间/min165.00 (120.00, 221.25)190.00 (148.75, 250.00)0.026
术中失血量/mL100.00 (50.00, 200.00)200.00 (100.00, 337.50)<0.001
术中输血115 (92.74)61 (82.43)0.026
9 (7.26)13 (17.57)
Pringle法肝门阻断23 (18.55)18 (24.32)0.332
101 (81.45)56 (75.68)
总阻断时间/min17.00 (10.00, 29.00)15.00 (8.00, 23.00)0.221
术后住院时间/d5.00 (4.00, 7.00)9.00 (8.00, 13.00)<0.001
术后并发症112(90.32)59 (79.73)0.036
12 (9.68)15 (20.27)
术后腹水7(5.65)12 (16.22)0.015
PHLF123 (99.19)70 (94.59)0.051
PHLF A0 (0)3 (4.05)
PHLF B/C1 (0.81)1 (1.35)
术后胆漏2 (1.61)4 (5.41)0.281
肺部或腹部感染7 (5.65)5 (6.76)0.993
其他并发症3 (2.42)2 (2.70)1.000
Clavien−Dindo分级Ⅰ−Ⅱ9 (7.26)12 (16.22)0.048
Clavien−Dindo分级>Ⅱ3 (2.42)3 (4.05)0.825
术后90 d内死亡1 (0.81)2 (2.70)0.649
), ArticleFig(id=1276203070186983553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1276203057390161982, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量RLR组(n = 82)OLR组(n = 50)P
手术时间/min168.50 (120.00, 228.75)191.00 (124.00, 266.75)0.142
术中失血量/mL100.00 (50.00, 200.00)200.00 (100.00, 300.00)0.001
术中输血73 (89.02)43 (86.00)0.606
9 (10.98)7 (14.00)
Pringle法肝门阻断14 (17.07)13 (26.00)0.217
68 (82.93)37 (74.00)
总阻断时间/min17.00 (10.00, 30.00)18.00 (8.00, 26.75)0.539
术后住院时间/d5.00 (3.25, 6.00)9.50 (8.00, 13.00)<0.001
术后并发症74 (90.24)39 (78.00)0.052
8 (9.76)11 (22.00)
术后腹水4 (4.88)9 (18.00)0.031
PHLF81 (98.78)47 (94.00)0.264
PHLF A0 (0)2 (4.00)
PHLF B/C1 (1.22)1 (2.00)
术后胆漏2 (2.44)3 (6.00)0.569
肺部或腹部感染3 (3.66)4 (8.00)0.497
其他并发症2 (2.44)2 (4.00)1.000
Clavien−Dindo分级Ⅰ−Ⅱ6 (7.32)9 (18.00)0.061
Clavien−Dindo分级>Ⅱ2 (2.44)2 (4.00)1.000
术后90 d内死亡1 (1.22)1 (2.00)1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1276203070270869634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1276203057390161982, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

RLR组和OLR组在PSM后的术后短期结局对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量RLR组(n = 82)OLR组(n = 50)P
手术时间/min168.50 (120.00, 228.75)191.00 (124.00, 266.75)0.142
术中失血量/mL100.00 (50.00, 200.00)200.00 (100.00, 300.00)0.001
术中输血73 (89.02)43 (86.00)0.606
9 (10.98)7 (14.00)
Pringle法肝门阻断14 (17.07)13 (26.00)0.217
68 (82.93)37 (74.00)
总阻断时间/min17.00 (10.00, 30.00)18.00 (8.00, 26.75)0.539
术后住院时间/d5.00 (3.25, 6.00)9.50 (8.00, 13.00)<0.001
术后并发症74 (90.24)39 (78.00)0.052
8 (9.76)11 (22.00)
术后腹水4 (4.88)9 (18.00)0.031
PHLF81 (98.78)47 (94.00)0.264
PHLF A0 (0)2 (4.00)
PHLF B/C1 (1.22)1 (2.00)
术后胆漏2 (2.44)3 (6.00)0.569
肺部或腹部感染3 (3.66)4 (8.00)0.497
其他并发症2 (2.44)2 (4.00)1.000
Clavien−Dindo分级Ⅰ−Ⅱ6 (7.32)9 (18.00)0.061
Clavien−Dindo分级>Ⅱ2 (2.44)2 (4.00)1.000
术后90 d内死亡1 (1.22)1 (2.00)1.000
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机器人与开腹肝切除术治疗合并肝硬化的HBV相关肝细胞癌患者的对比研究
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曹雨 1, 2 , 张天辰 3 , 李振琪 1, 2 , 冯晨 1, 2 , 王冠宇 1 , 刘荣 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(11): 110-121
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科技导报 | 研究论文 2026, 44(11): 110-121
机器人与开腹肝切除术治疗合并肝硬化的HBV相关肝细胞癌患者的对比研究
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曹雨1, 2 , 张天辰3, 李振琪1, 2, 冯晨1, 2, 王冠宇1, 刘荣1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心肝胆胰外科医学部,北京 100853
  • 2中国人民解放军医学院,北京 100853
  • 3兰州大学第一医院,兰州 730099
  • 曹雨,硕士研究生,研究方向为肝胆胰外科临床,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

刘荣(通信作者),主任医师、教授,研究方向为肝胆胰肿瘤外科微创化、肝胆胰肿瘤的基础研究、人工智能在肝胆胰肿瘤治疗中的应用,电子信箱:
A comparative study of robotic versus open liver resection for patients with HBV−related hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis
Yu CAO1, 2 , Tianchen ZHANG3, Zhenqi LI1, 2, Chen FENG1, 2, Guanyu WANG1, Rong LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Senior Department of Hepato−Pancreato−Biliary Surgery, Beijing 100853, China
  • 2Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing 100853, China
  • 3Lanzhou University, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou 730099, China
出版时间: 2026-06-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00046
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肝硬化在乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)相关肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者中广泛存在,合并肝硬化的HCC患者具有较高手术难度及并发症发生风险,且手术创伤和并发症可能进一步影响长期预后。机器人肝切除术(robotic liver resection,RLR)相较于开腹肝切除术(open liver resection,OLR)具有理论上的微创优势,但合并肝硬化患者的术后短期结局及长期预后能否通过RLR得到改善尚缺乏系统性证据。本研究回顾性纳入2019—2021年首次接受肝切除术并达到R0切除的合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者,手术方式为RLR或OLR。以手术方式为分组,采用倾向性评分匹配法(propensity score matching,PSM)进行匹配,比较组间术后短期结局差异。通过Kaplan−Meier法和Log−rank检验,比较RLR与OLR术后无复发生存期(recurrence−free survival,RFS)和总生存期(overall survival,OS)的差异。本研究共纳入198例患者,其中OLR组74例,RLR组124例,采用PSM将OLR组与RLR组按1∶2比例进行匹配后分别有50例OLR和82例RLR患者被纳入匹配后队列。PSM前,与OLR组相比,RLR组手术时间及术后住院时间较短,术中失血量较少,术中输血率较低,且术后总体并发症、术后腹水及Clavien−Dindo分级Ⅰ–Ⅱ级并发症发生率均较低(均P<0.05)。PSM后,RLR组仍表现出较少的术中失血量(100 mL vs. 200 mL,P = 0.001)、较短的术后住院时间(5.0 d vs. 9.5 d,P<0.001)及较低的术后腹水发生率(4.88% vs. 18.00%,P = 0.031)。长期预后方面,PSM后RLR组与OLR组术后RFS(P = 0.706)、OS(P = 0.624)均未见显著差异。合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者中,与OLR相比,RLR术中失血量更少、术后住院时间较短、术后腹水发生率较低,两者术后复发及生存结局未见显著差异。

肝细胞癌  /  肝硬化  /  机器人肝切除  /  倾向性评分匹配

Cirrhosis is highly prevalent among patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)−related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In HCC patients with cirrhosis, hepatic resection is technically more challenging and is associated with a higher risk of postoperative complications. Moreover, surgical trauma and postoperative complications may further adversely affect long−term prognosis. Compared with open liver resection (OLR), robotic liver resection (RLR) has theoretical minimally invasive advantages; however, systematic evidence remains lacking as to whether RLR can improve short−term postoperative outcomes as well as long−term prognosis in patients with cirrhosis. This study aimed to compare the short−term postoperative outcomes and recurrence and survival outcomes between RLR and OLR in patients with HBV−related HCC and cirrhosis. Patients with HBV−related HCC and cirrhosis who underwent their first R0 liver resection at our center between 2019 and 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. All patients underwent either RLR or OLR. Patients were grouped according to surgical approach, and propensity score matching (PSM) was performed. Short−term postoperative outcomes were compared between the two groups. Kaplan−Meier analysis and the Log−rank test were used to compare recurrence−free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) between the RLR and OLR groups. A total of 198 patients were included in this study, including 74 patients in the OLR group and 124 patients in the RLR group. After 1:2 PSM between the OLR and RLR groups, 50 patients in the OLR group and 82 patients in the RLR group were included in the matched cohort. Before PSM, compared with the OLR group, the RLR group had shorter operative time and postoperative length of stay, less intraoperative blood loss, a lower intraoperative transfusion rate, and lower incidences of overall postoperative complications, postoperative ascites, and Clavien−Dindo grade I–II complications (all P<0.05). After PSM, the RLR group still showed less intraoperative blood loss (100 mL vs. 200 mL, P = 0.001), a shorter postoperative length of stay (5.0 days vs. 9.5 days, P<0.001), and a lower incidence of postoperative ascites (4.88% vs. 18.00%, P = 0.031). Regarding long−term prognosis, no significant differences in RFS (P = 0.706) or OS (P = 0.624) were observed between the RLR and OLR groups after PSM. In patients with HBV−related HCC and cirrhosis, RLR was associated with less intraoperative blood loss, a shorter postoperative length of stay, and a lower incidence of postoperative ascites compared with OLR, while no significant differences were observed between the two approaches in postoperative recurrence or survival outcomes.

hepatocellular carcinoma  /  cirrhosis  /  robotic liver resection  /  propensity score matching
曹雨, 张天辰, 李振琪, 冯晨, 王冠宇, 刘荣. 机器人与开腹肝切除术治疗合并肝硬化的HBV相关肝细胞癌患者的对比研究. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (11) : 110 -121 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00046
Yu CAO, Tianchen ZHANG, Zhenqi LI, Chen FENG, Guanyu WANG, Rong LIU. A comparative study of robotic versus open liver resection for patients with HBV−related hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (11) : 110 -121 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00046
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)约占全部肝癌的75%~86%,是主要的病理类型[1],乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染是世界范围内HCC的主要病因[2]。肝硬化是以肝脏炎症、坏死、严重纤维化和再生结节形成为典型特征的慢性肝病的终末期改变[3]。既往研究报道在HBV相关HCC患者中,约63%~67%的患者合并肝硬化[45]。合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者作为中国肝癌的主要群体,具有重要研究意义。
肝切除术(liver resection,LR)为肝癌治疗的主要方式,是肝癌潜在根治性治疗策略的重要组成部分[68]。开腹手术是肝切除的金标准,合并肝硬化并非LR的绝对禁忌症,但由于肝硬化患者常伴随肝脏结构和功能改变,这些病理生理改变可能增加开腹肝切除术(OLR)的手术难度,并影响术后短期结局:既往所纳入全部患者均为OLR的研究结果显示,合并肝硬化是术后腹水、肝功能衰竭和死亡的危险因素[910]。同时,手术方式和并发症可能进一步影响患者长期预后:手术创伤可诱导炎症反应及免疫状态改变,并可能与肿瘤患者术后生存不良相关[11]。炎症和免疫状态异常亦可能参与LR术后复发过程[12]。此外,术后并发症常伴随炎症因子上调及免疫功能紊乱,从而为肿瘤生长提供有利条件[1316];亦有临床研究提示LR术后并发症与HCC长期预后不良相关[1720]。对于合并肝硬化的HCC患者这一高危人群,探索能使其术后短期结局和长期预后得到改善的手术方式具有重要研究意义。
自2003年Giulianotti和团队报道机器人肝切除术(RLR)开始,机器人手术在肝癌切除术中已得到广泛应用[21]。机器人手术系统拥有3D放大视野,以及能够精确、灵活地进行操作的机械臂,能滤除术者的手部震颤,具备更好的术中稳定性。目前证据提示RLR在多种情况下较OLR在术后短期结局方面具有优势,并与较低术后并发症发生率相关[2224]。此外,OLR需要创造较大切口,增加患者术中机械性损伤风险,而仅需微创切口的RLR较开腹手术可能具有减轻术后炎症反应和免疫扰动的理论微创优势。基于上述特点及潜在优势,对于合并肝硬化的HCC患者,LR的术后短期结局和长期预后有望通过RLR进一步得到改善。然而目前在该高危人群中,仍缺乏系统性证据明确RLR相较于OLR在术后短期结局及长期预后方面的差异。
本研究旨在合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者中,探究RLR与OLR的术后短期结局及复发和生存结局差异。
本研究回顾性收集2019—2021年于中国人民解放军总医院首次接受肝切除术并达到R0切除的合并肝硬化的初发HCC患者,所有患者均采用机器人或开腹手术方式。本研究的开展遵照赫尔辛基宣言(2013年修订),并通过中国人民解放军总医院伦理委员会的审核(S2023−528−01)。由于患者身份信息是匿名的,伦理委员会免除了签署知情同意的要求。
纳入标准:(1) 由组织病理学确诊的初发HCC患者;(2) 术前血清学提示HBV表面抗原阳性(HBV surface antigen,HBsAg);(3) 行LR,且达到R0切除;(4) 术后病理确认合并肝硬化;(5) 手术采用机器人或开腹的手术方式,由已经越过相应学习曲线的高年资医师完成;(6) 肝功能良好,为Child–Pugh A级,或经筛选的B级(评分≤7分);(7) 术前未接受新辅助治疗。
排除标准:(1) 临床或病理资料不完整;(2) 合并远处肝外转移或合并需要进行血管重建手术的大血管侵犯;(3) 既往有其他恶性肿瘤病史;(4) 既往肝脏手术史;(5) 联合肝脏分隔和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术(associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy,ALPPS);(6) 术中同期行胆肠吻合、部分结肠切除、胃切除或造瘘手术;(7) 术中同期行肝癌射频消融;(8) 组织病理学证实肿瘤为肝细胞癌合并肝内胆管癌;(9) 合并丙型肝炎病毒感染、长期大量饮酒史、控制较差的糖尿病、自身免疫性或胆汁淤积性肝病等;(10) 术后3个月内失访,且未发生肿瘤复发或死亡事件。最终,共有198例合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者纳入本研究,以采用机器人(RLR组,124例)或开腹(OLR组,74组)的手术方式被分为2组。采用倾向性评分匹配法(propensity score matching, PSM)将OLR组与RLR组按1∶2比例进行匹配后分别有50例OLR和82例RLR患者被纳入匹配后队列。
对于纳入研究的患者,常规术前实验室检验包括血常规、生化、凝血、肿瘤标志物及传染病指标;常规术前影像学检查包括腹部超声、增强计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)或核磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI),以及胸部X线或CT检查。肝硬化的判断以病理检查为标准,依据METAVIR分级将肝纤维化分为5级,F4为肝硬化,F0~F3归类为无肝硬化。本研究中所涉及的其余组织病理特征包括切缘情况、肿瘤最大直径、肿瘤数量、肿瘤包膜情况、肿瘤分化程度、门静脉侵犯情况、大血管侵犯、微血管侵犯(microvascular invasion,MVI)等,均由2名相互独立的资深病理学医师在不知晓患者临床及实验室检查结果的情况下,通过术后病理检查确定。
本研究短期结局指标包括手术相关资料以及术后并发症情况,前者如手术时间、术中失血量、术中输血、Pringle法肝门阻断、肝门阻断时间、术后住院时间(postoperative length of stay,LOS);后者包括总体并发症、术后腹水、胆漏、肝切除术后肝衰竭(post hepatectomy liver failure,PHLF)、术后90 d内死亡。手术时间指患者从创造手术切口至手术切口完成缝合的全过程所用时间,机器人手术中还包括机器人上机与脱离的时间。LOS指从手术当日起,至患者出院的天数。术后腹水定义为手术后腹腔液体异常积聚,表现为在术后3 d或更长时间里,肝切除区域放置的引流管每日引流量大于500 mL。
本研究中PHLF依据国际肝脏外科研究小组(international study group on liver surgery,ISGLS)的标准分为A、B、C 3级。术后胆漏及肺部或腹腔感染主要通过引流液生化检验和痰液或引流液微生物培养确定。本研究中,术后90 d内死亡标准为患者在LR术后90 d内或术后在院期间内任何时间发生死亡。患者术后并发症依据Clavien−Dindo分级系统进行分级,本研究中Ⅰ、Ⅱ级为次要并发症,高于Ⅱ级为严重/主要并发症。
LR的前提为患者整体状况良好,本研究中患者在术前均通过影像学等常规术前准备结果,对肿瘤大小、位置等可切除性方面,及患者术后残余肝体积和功能储备等非肿瘤因素方面进行了综合评估。具体LR的术式由主刀术者依据患者的一般状况及体能状态、肿瘤的分期与解剖学位置,以及未来残余肝体积(future liver remnant,FLR)的评估结果进行个体化选择。解剖性肝切除(anatomical resection,AR)为基于肝脏Couinaud解剖学分段切除包含肿瘤的一个或多个相邻肝段,并同时切除相应的肿瘤供血门静脉分支及对应肝动脉的LR。其他不按照肝脏分段解剖所进行的LR为非解剖性肝切除(non−anatomical resection,NAR)。LR切除3个及3个以上的肝段定义为大范围肝切除,而切除少于3个肝段的定义为小范围肝切除。如解剖条件及肝脏血流情况允许,手术中优先采用选择性门静脉及肝动脉阻断,以减少术中失血并保护残余肝功能。当选择性血流阻断难以实施时,则采用间歇性Pringle法肝门阻断,阻断与放松时间分别设定为10和5 min。
手术方式的选择由患者在被充分告知机器人与开腹手术各自的优势及局限性后,根据自身情况进行自愿选择。RLR组和OLR组患者采用相同的术前评估流程和手术策略制定原则。2组患者均接受本中心同一围手术期管理流程,包括术后监测、腹腔引流管理、并发症判定、拔管标准及出院评估等。本研究中,RLR均由在研究期间前已独立完成至少45例RLR并越过相应学习曲线的术者完成[2526],OLR均由具有丰富开腹肝切除经验、可独立完成复杂肝切除术的高年资医师完成。对于OLR,患者采用平卧位,根据肿瘤部位选择右侧肋缘下反L形切口或正中切口,肝实质离断采用超声刀、单极电刀进行,或凯利钳离断肝实质并通过结扎、氩气刀或双极电凝进行止血。对于RLR,患者体位及不同术式的Trocar位置选择与既往报道相同[2729]。肝实质离断主要由超声刀进行,并使用双极电凝止血。肝左、右静脉等大血管的离断由镜下切割闭合器完成,较小静脉分支则在结扎或Hem−o−lock钳夹后离断。术后标本由助手Trocar孔的延长切口通过取物袋取出。患者均于术区放置腹腔引流管。
本研究患者术后均由同一流程进行随访,并对肿瘤复发进行监测。随访项目包括血常规、甲胎蛋白(α−Fetoprotein,AFP)等肿瘤标志物、肝肾生化等实验室检验及腹部超声、增强CT或MRI等影像学检查。术后前2年每2~3个月进行1次;术后2年以上如仍无复发,则延长至每6个月1次[30]。在随访过程中,如发现血清AFP水平较既往明显升高和(或)影像学检查下在残余肝脏、肝外组织或其他脏器中可见新发占位,即高度怀疑肿瘤复发,并进一步依据动态增强CT或MRI显示的HCC典型影像学特征进行诊断。一旦明确复发,将根据复发病灶的数量、分布范围及部位特征,同时结合患者当前的肝功能储备情况和全身状况,制定个体化的后续治疗策略。可选择的治疗方式包括再次LR、射频消融治疗、经动脉化疗栓塞(transarterial chemoembolization,TACE),或根据病情需要联合多种抗肿瘤药物进行综合治疗。
本研究长期预后包括无复发生存期(recurrence−free survival,RFS)、总生存期(overall survival,OS)。RFS被定义为自手术完成之日起至首次确诊肿瘤复发的时间,或截至末次随访时仍未发现复发的时间。OS则定义为自手术日期起至患者死亡的时间,或随访截止时患者仍存活的时间。本研究末次随访时间为2026年1月。
分类变量以例数(n)及百分比(%)表示,分类变量组间比较采用Pearson χ检验,当理论频数不满足χ检验适用条件时,采用Fisher精确检验。正态分布的连续变量以均值(标准差)表示,组间比较采用t检验进行分析。依据临床公认的界值以及既往医学研究报道的阈值,对部分连续变量(如AFP水平及肿瘤直径)设定截断值,并将其转化为分类变量进行分析。非正态分布的连续变量用中位数(四分位数间距)表示,差异分析采取Mann–Whitney U检验。
本研究采用PSM将OLR组和RLR组按1∶2比例匹配,以提高2组术后结局比较的可比性。匹配采用最近邻匹配法,抽样不放回,卡钳值设定为0.1,进行匹配的变量为2组间存在差异的基线特征,以及根据既往文献报道可能影响术后结局的相关因素。具体包括年龄、性别、美国麻醉医师协会(american society of anesthesiologists,ASA)分级、HBV e抗原、HBV e抗体、HBV DNA水平、术前抗病毒治疗、糖尿病、AFP、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、白蛋白、总胆红素、凝血酶原时间、血小板计数、肿瘤最大径、肿瘤数量、肿瘤包膜情况、MVI、Edmondson−Steiner分级、所采用的手术技术(AR或NAR)、以及所采用的肝切除范围(大范围或小范围肝切除)。患者生存资料采用Kaplan–Meier(KM)法进行估计,并通过Log−rank检验比较组间差异;通过单因素Cox比例风险回归模型,以手术方式作为唯一解释变量,计算RLR相较于OLR在RFS和OS方面的风险比(hazard ratio,HR)及95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)。所有统计学分析均使用SPSS软件(版本27)及R语言程序(版本 3.6.3)完成。
本研究最终纳入合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者共198例,行RLR患者124例(62.6%),行OLR患者74例(37.4%)。倾向性评分匹配前RLR组和OLR组患者术前临床指标、肿瘤病理特征及手术相关基线特征如表1所示。PSM前,RLR组与OLR组的丙氨酸氨基转移酶>44 U/L、MVI阳性、大范围肝切除术比例存在统计学显著的差异。将OLR组和RLR组按照1∶2比例进行PSM后,由于部分病例未能成功匹配,最终共有82例RLR患者及50例OLR患者被纳入匹配后队列中,PSM后RLR组与OLR组患者的主要临床病理特征及手术相关变量均未见统计学显著差异。
PSM前,RLR组与OLR组之间Pringle法肝门阻断使用率、总肝门阻断时间的差异无统计学意义,组间PHLF、术后胆漏、肺部或腹部感染、其他并发症、Clavien−Dindo分级>Ⅱ级并发症、术后90 d内死亡的发生率未见显著差异。然而RLR组的手术时间(165 min vs. 190 min,P=0.026)、术中失血量(100 mL vs. 200 mL,P<0.001)、术中输血(7.26% vs. 17.57%,P=0.026)、LOS(5 d vs. 9 d,P<0.001)均显著低于OLR组患者。与OLR组相比,RLR组术后总体并发症(9.68% vs. 20.27%,P=0.036)、术后腹水(5.65% vs. 16.22%,P=0.015)、Clavien−Dindo分级Ⅰ−Ⅱ并发症(7.26% vs. 16.22%,P=0.048)发生率显著较低(表2)。
PSM后RLR组与OLR组间手术时间、术中输血、Pringle法使用率、总肝门阻断时间未见显著差异,术后总体并发症、PHLF、术后胆漏、肺部或腹部感染、其他并发症、Clavien−Dindo分级Ⅰ−Ⅱ、Clavien−Dindo分级>Ⅱ级并发症及术后90 d内死亡的发生率未见统计学显著差异。然而与OLR组相比,RLR组仍具有显著更低的术中失血量(100 mL vs. 200 mL,P=0.001)、LOS(5.0 d vs. 9.5 d,P<0.001),以及更低的术后腹水(4.88% vs. 18.00%,P = 0.031)发生率(表3)。
在本研究进行PSM前的原始队列中,中位随访时间为62.17个月,KM生存曲线显示RLR组与OLR组随访期间RFS和OS曲线走向整体一致,Log−rank检验未见显著差异(图1)。RLR组术后中位RFS为22.17个月,与OLR组的19.23个月之间未见显著差异(P=0.357)。RLR组的术后1年、3年和5年RFS率分别为63.8%、38.7%和30.4%,OLR组在对应时间点的RFS率分别为61.9%、35.9%和23.7%,2组之间差异未见统计学意义(P=0.357)。此外,RLR组与OLR组之间的术后中位OS及1年、3年和5年OS率同样均未见显著差异(中位OS:59.23个月vs. 47.00个月;1年OS率:85.3% vs. 86.9%;3年OS率:61.5% vs. 59.6%;5年OS率:49.1% vs. 41.0%;P=0.277)。
在PSM后的队列中,中位随访时间为63.03个月。采用KM法估计生存曲线,结果显示RLR组与OLR组术后RFS和OS差异均无统计学意义(图1)。RLR组术后中位RFS为24.30个月,与OLR组所对应的19.23个月之间未见显著差异(P=0.706)。RLR组与OLR组术后1年、3年、5年RFS率之间同样未见显著差异(1年RFS率:70.1% vs. 66.7%;3年RFS率:40.6% vs. 38.7%;5年RFS率:29.7% vs. 27.4%;P=0.706)。在术后生存方面,RLR组术后中位OS率为55.90个月,OLR组术后中位OS率为51.10个月,组间未见显著差异(P=0.624)。RLR组术后对应的1年、3年和5年的OS率分别为89.4%、64.1%和44.9%,与OLR组对应的89.6%、64.2%和46.7%未见显著差异(P=0.624)。
本研究在合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者中,比较RLR与OLR患者的术后短期结局及长期预后的差异。本研究结果显示,在PSM前队列中,与OLR组相比,RLR组手术时间及LOS显著缩短,术中失血量及术中输血比例显著降低,且术后总体并发症、术后腹水、Clavien−Dindo分级Ⅰ−Ⅱ级并发症发生率均显著较低。PSM后队列中,与OLR组相比,RLR组患者术中失血量仍显著减少,LOS显著缩短,术后腹水发生率亦显著降低。在术后复发、生存结局方面,匹配前、后队列中,RLR组与OLR组术后RFS、OS均未见显著差异。
在肝癌治疗中,开腹手术是LR的标准手术方式。然而,合并肝硬化的HCC患者常伴随肝脏的结构和功能改变,并可能进一步影响患者对手术创伤的耐受程度[1,31]。既往所纳入全部患者均为OLR的研究结果显示,合并肝硬化是术后腹水、肝功能衰竭和死亡的危险因素[910,32]。机器人手术具有理论上的微创优势,然而目前尚无研究在合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者中,系统评估RLR相较于OLR对术后短期结局的影响。
本研究对LR术后短期结局的分析结果表明,与OLR组相比,RLR组在PSM前、后均具有显著更低的术中失血量及更短的LOS,且RLR组患者术后腹水发生率显著更低。在本研究的匹配后的队列中,除了前述的术中失血量、LOS及术后腹水发生率的显著差异外,其余短期结局指标如术后总体并发症、PHLF、术后胆漏、肺部或腹部感染、其他并发症、Clavien−Dindo分级Ⅰ−Ⅱ和>Ⅱ级并发症发生率在数值上亦表现为RLR组较低的趋势,但相关差异未达到统计学显著性,相关趋势特征与既往文献报道相一致[2223,33]。既往研究提示合并肝硬化的肝实质纤维化严重,质地坚硬,增加手术难度[34];肝硬化患者可合并血小板降低及凝血功能障碍,并与术中、术后出血风险增加相关[35];与此同时,严重肝硬化还与术后腹水风险增加相关[36];此外,合并肝硬化患者肝功能下降、肝脏再生、术后代偿能力差,与PHLF显著相关[3738]。开腹手术情况下,合并肝硬化及其相关病理生理改变对术后短期结局的不良影响可能会更加明显。由于胸腔的限制,OLR通常需要创造较大的腹壁切口并进行更广泛的肝脏游离以完成切除,可能对腹壁侧支循环及周围组织造成更多直接机械性损伤,从而增加术中失血量及术后腹水发生风险;而这些因素可能进一步影响手术效率,从而增加手术时间、术中输血,进而促进PHLF、术后肺部或腹部感染等并发症发生风险增加和LOS延长。机器人手术系统具备3D高清放大视野,并配备可实现高精度、灵活操作的机械臂,能够有效滤除术者手部震颤,从而在术中操作过程中提供更高的稳定性与精确性,能对术中出血位点进行镜下准确止血和精确结扎;同时,RLR手术切口更小,肝脏游离范围可能同样较开腹更小,从而减少对肝周组织的机械性损伤,并保留更多肝周血管侧支,进而与术中出血及术后腹水风险降低相关,并可能从多方面改善合并肝硬化的HCC患者术后短期结局,并表现为LOS的降低。本研究结果提示,在合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者的匹配后队列中,RLR的短期结局获益主要限定于术中失血量、LOS及术后腹水发生率;RLR组与OLR组未达到统计学显著性的其他术后短期结局差异仍有待更大样本研究的进一步验证。
从临床应用角度看,RLR在术中失血量、LOS及术后腹水发生率方面所展现的优势提示其可能有助于促进合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者的术后恢复,并与加速康复外科理念相契合。尽管机器人手术设备及耗材成本较高,但若其能够通过减少术中失血、降低部分并发症风险及缩短LOS减少住院相关资源消耗,可能在一定程度上抵消部分费用。然而,本研究未进行正式卫生经济学分析,RLR在该患者群体中的成本效益仍需未来结合医疗费用、住院资源利用等指标进一步评估。
除上述短期结局指标外,手术时间也是评价RLR可行性的重要指标。既往研究在比较RLR与OLR手术时间方面的结论并不一致。部分研究显示,RLR的手术时间较OLR更长,但需要指出的是,研究纳入了处于学习曲线阶段的RLR病例,手术经验的不足可能在一定程度上影响了手术效率[39]。随着机器人手术技术的不断成熟及其在临床实践中的逐步推广,越来越多研究表明RLR的手术时间可与OLR相当[24,40];尽管统计学上不显著,部分报道RLR手术时间甚至略短于OLR[41]。而在老年、肥胖患者、大肝癌患者等特定亚组中,RLR与OLR相比具有显著更短的手术时间[2223,33]。本研究结果显示,在PSM前,RLR组具有显著更短的手术时间;在PSM后,虽然组间手术时间无统计学差异,但RLR组的中位手术时间在数值上仍低于OLR组。可能原因在于,本研究中RLR均由已越过学习曲线的医师完成,且RLR组显著降低术中失血量,可能间接提升手术效率。然而在合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者中,RLR在手术时间方面相比于OLR是否存在优势,仍有待随机分组的前瞻性探究进一步验证。
目前认为,患者术后长期预后与系统性炎症和异常免疫调控存在相关[12]。系统性炎症可以为肿瘤微环境提供多种生物活性分子,上调促进肿瘤细胞持续增殖、抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡、诱导血管生成相关的信号通路,引起肿瘤生长、侵袭和转移[42]。研究显示,手术创伤本身可诱导机体产生炎症反应,并可能存进抑制性免疫微环境形成,这一过程可能与肿瘤患者术后生存不良相关[11]。RLR相比于OLR可能具有减轻术后炎症反应和免疫扰动的理论微创优势,但在合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者中,这种理论优势能否转化为术后复发和生存获益尚缺乏明确证据。本研究在合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者中对RLR与OLR的长期预后进行了对比,结果显示在PSM前、后,RLR组与OLR组术后RFS、OS均未见显著差异。既往研究与我们的结果一致:在Chen等[43]研究中,HCC患者RLR与OLR长期肿瘤学预后相当;Wang等[44]的另一项回顾性研究结果显示,RLR与OLR术后无病生存期、OS均无显著差异;一项对比RLR与OLR术后短期结局和长期生存的国际多中心回顾性研究结果显示,组间术后OS以及复发相关死亡均无显著差异[45];在大范围肝切除术和大肝癌患者中,RLR与OLR术后复发、生存亦未见显著差异[24,39]。本研究未观察到RLR与OLR在RFS和OS方面存在显著差异可能有以下原因:首先,本研究为单中心回顾性研究,样本量相对有限,可能不足以检出2种术式在长期预后方面较小幅度的差异;其次,在合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者中,长期预后可能主要受肿瘤生物学行为、肝硬化背景、术后复发模式及复发后治疗等多因素影响。相比之下,RLR可能带来的围手术期结局优势,未必足以转化为可检测的RFS或OS获益。本研究结果提示,对于合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者,RLR相比于OLR在改善部分术后短期结局的同时,并未观察到长期复发和生存结局受损。但其与OLR相比能否进一步改善术后复发和生存结局,仍需更大样本、多中心研究进一步验证。
本研究存在以下局限性:第一,本研究为回顾性研究,且PSM并不能完全排除未测量混杂因素,如外科医生的偏好、肿瘤毗邻关系、患者接受程度、经济因素及复发后治疗策略等,尚不能完全排除选择偏倚,相关结论还需要前瞻性、随机分组的研究结合更完整的复发后治疗资料进一步验证;第二,本研究为单中心、较小样本量研究,匹配后生存分析未进一步处理匹配样本内潜在相关性,相关统计推断可能受到一定影响,仍需未来更大样本研究采用更适用于匹配资料的生存分析方法进一步验证;第三,本研究纳入的肝硬化患者均为Child−Pugh A或经筛选的Child−Pugh B级患者(≤7分),未来尚需结合更完整的肝功能储备及门静脉高压相关指标,进一步评估不同肝硬化风险背景下RLR与OLR术后结局的差异。
目前,鲜有研究系统性地在合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者中探究RLR与OLR在术后短期结局和长期预后方面的差异。本研究结果表明RLR安全可行,并在降低术中失血量、LOS、术后腹水发生率等方面相比于OLR更具优势,且术后复发及生存结局与OLR相比均未见显著差异。对于经筛选的合并肝硬化的HBV相关HCC患者,RLR可作为一种具有一定术后短期结局优势的可行手术选择。
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2026年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.03.00046
  • 接收时间:2026-03-15
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2026-06-13
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-15
  • 修回日期:2026-05-18
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    1中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心肝胆胰外科医学部,北京 100853
    2中国人民解放军医学院,北京 100853
    3兰州大学第一医院,兰州 730099

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刘荣(通信作者),主任医师、教授,研究方向为肝胆胰肿瘤外科微创化、肝胆胰肿瘤的基础研究、人工智能在肝胆胰肿瘤治疗中的应用,电子信箱:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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