Article(id=1276203052990333454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=1775836800000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782200118539, onlineDateStr=2026-06-23, pubDate=1781280000000, pubDateStr=2026-06-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782200118539, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782200118539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200118539, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276202956391313894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782200095507, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782200147766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276203176344810276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276203176344810277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1276202956391313894, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276203053543981585, articleId=1276203052990333454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Advances in metastasis of small cell lung cancer, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive lung cancer subtype. With approximately 70% of patients presenting with distant metastasis at initial diagnosis, the 5−year survival rate for these individuals remains below 3%. This high metastatic propensity is the primary driver of poor prognosis. Focusing on SCLC metastasis, this article systematically reviews recent progress across clinical features, molecular mechanisms, and advanced preclinical models. Specifically, it outlines target organ metastasis patterns and current interventions, while exploring the core regulatory networks driving the metastatic cascade, including genetic alterations, pathway activations, and tumor−microenvironment interactions. Furthermore, the review evaluates advanced models—such as cell lines, organoids, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs)—and highlights the application of multi−omics technologies in deciphering spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Future research should prioritize metastasis−specific molecular signatures and therapeutic targets to foster the translational integration of basic and clinical research. Such efforts are essential to address tumor heterogeneity, overcome therapeutic limitations, and ultimately improve patient survival.

, correspAuthors=Nan SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fan GE, Yuanyuan FENG, Zhanyu WANG, Nan SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276203056370942487, articleId=1276203052990333454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=小细胞肺癌转移研究进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)是肺癌中侵袭性最强的亚型,约70%的患者在初诊时已经发生远处转移,5年生存率不足3%。高度转移倾向是导致患者预后差的重要原因。以SCLC转移为中心,综述了其临床特征、分子机制与前沿模型3个方面的研究进展。在临床特征方面,梳理了靶器官转移的分布规律与干预策略;在分子机制方面,探讨了关键基因改变、特定通路激活以及微环境互作驱动转移级联反应的核心网络;在前沿模型方面,评估了器官特异性转移细胞系、类器官以及基因工程小鼠等模型的构建策略与应用场景。在此基础上,阐明了多组学技术在解析转移时空异质,空间转录组学与空间蛋白组学的快速发展,为解析SCLC 肿瘤组织层级的空间结构、免疫生态位及其与临床结局的关系提供了全新视角。建议未来研究聚焦转移特异性分子标签与干预靶点的开发,跨尺度整合基础与临床研究,从而克服异质性挑战、突破防治瓶颈,最终改善患者生存结局。

, correspAuthors=孙楠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孙楠(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为肺癌的精准诊疗,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=oWB4h5PTGe5H+4vTDaK2sw==, magXml=aJOYqCG5rWk+clSSUlOfnA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ZIVEG2NHq+fMb7U4XDO/QQ==, pdfFileSize=1408825, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tleDkyNFO8b78oRQbTThSQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=uqbugdn3DkqYWbhMzVxgmw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

葛帆,博士研究生,研究方向为小细胞肺癌的转移机制,电子信箱:

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葛帆,博士研究生,研究方向为小细胞肺癌的转移机制,电子信箱:

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葛帆,博士研究生,研究方向为小细胞肺癌的转移机制,电子信箱:

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名称来源模型转移部位
淋巴结肾上腺卵巢
注:✓表示有转移,−表示无数据。
Lx773IPDX左心室注射
MDA–SC39CTC皮下移植
CDX14PCTC皮下移植
CDX17CTC皮下移植
DMS273胸腔积液肺内原位移植
NCI−H187胸腔积液肺内原位移植
NCI−H250脑转移灶颈动脉注射
NCI−H446胸腔积液尾静脉注射
NCI−H69胸腔积液皮下移植
尾静脉注射
NCI−H82胸腔积液皮下注射
左心室注射
NCI−H1836左心室注射
SBC−3骨转移灶尾静脉注射
SBC−5胸腔积液尾静脉注射
), ArticleFig(id=1276203065321587259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1276203052990333454, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SCLC临床前模型的转移能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称来源模型转移部位
淋巴结肾上腺卵巢
注:✓表示有转移,−表示无数据。
Lx773IPDX左心室注射
MDA–SC39CTC皮下移植
CDX14PCTC皮下移植
CDX17CTC皮下移植
DMS273胸腔积液肺内原位移植
NCI−H187胸腔积液肺内原位移植
NCI−H250脑转移灶颈动脉注射
NCI−H446胸腔积液尾静脉注射
NCI−H69胸腔积液皮下移植
尾静脉注射
NCI−H82胸腔积液皮下注射
左心室注射
NCI−H1836左心室注射
SBC−3骨转移灶尾静脉注射
SBC−5胸腔积液尾静脉注射
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小细胞肺癌转移研究进展
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葛帆 , 冯媛媛 , 王占宇 , 孙楠 *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(11): 42-57
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科技导报 | 特色专题 2026, 44(11): 42-57
小细胞肺癌转移研究进展
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葛帆 , 冯媛媛, 王占宇, 孙楠*
作者信息
  • 国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院,北京 100021
  • 葛帆,博士研究生,研究方向为小细胞肺癌的转移机制,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

孙楠(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为肺癌的精准诊疗,电子信箱:
Advances in metastasis of small cell lung cancer
Fan GE , Yuanyuan FENG, Zhanyu WANG, Nan SUN*
Affiliations
  • National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
出版时间: 2026-06-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00043
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小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)是肺癌中侵袭性最强的亚型,约70%的患者在初诊时已经发生远处转移,5年生存率不足3%。高度转移倾向是导致患者预后差的重要原因。以SCLC转移为中心,综述了其临床特征、分子机制与前沿模型3个方面的研究进展。在临床特征方面,梳理了靶器官转移的分布规律与干预策略;在分子机制方面,探讨了关键基因改变、特定通路激活以及微环境互作驱动转移级联反应的核心网络;在前沿模型方面,评估了器官特异性转移细胞系、类器官以及基因工程小鼠等模型的构建策略与应用场景。在此基础上,阐明了多组学技术在解析转移时空异质,空间转录组学与空间蛋白组学的快速发展,为解析SCLC 肿瘤组织层级的空间结构、免疫生态位及其与临床结局的关系提供了全新视角。建议未来研究聚焦转移特异性分子标签与干预靶点的开发,跨尺度整合基础与临床研究,从而克服异质性挑战、突破防治瓶颈,最终改善患者生存结局。

小细胞肺癌  /  临床前模型  /  转移机制

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive lung cancer subtype. With approximately 70% of patients presenting with distant metastasis at initial diagnosis, the 5−year survival rate for these individuals remains below 3%. This high metastatic propensity is the primary driver of poor prognosis. Focusing on SCLC metastasis, this article systematically reviews recent progress across clinical features, molecular mechanisms, and advanced preclinical models. Specifically, it outlines target organ metastasis patterns and current interventions, while exploring the core regulatory networks driving the metastatic cascade, including genetic alterations, pathway activations, and tumor−microenvironment interactions. Furthermore, the review evaluates advanced models—such as cell lines, organoids, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs)—and highlights the application of multi−omics technologies in deciphering spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Future research should prioritize metastasis−specific molecular signatures and therapeutic targets to foster the translational integration of basic and clinical research. Such efforts are essential to address tumor heterogeneity, overcome therapeutic limitations, and ultimately improve patient survival.

small cell lung cancer  /  preclinical models  /  metastatic mechanisms
葛帆, 冯媛媛, 王占宇, 孙楠. 小细胞肺癌转移研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (11) : 42 -57 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00043
Fan GE, Yuanyuan FENG, Zhanyu WANG, Nan SUN. Advances in metastasis of small cell lung cancer[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (11) : 42 -57 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00043
小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)是肺癌中最具侵袭性的组织学亚型,约占所有肺癌病例的15%~18%[1]。中国总体肺癌人群基数庞大,每年新发SCLC患者数量可达16万人,超过胰腺癌、前列腺癌等常见癌症[2]。临床上根据确诊时是否发生远处转移,将SCLC分为局限期小细胞肺癌(limited stage SCLC,LS−SCLC)与广泛期小细胞肺癌(extensive stage SCLC,ES−SCLC)。SCLC以分化程度低、增殖迅速与早期转移为主要特征,约70%的患者在确诊时已发生远处转移,常见转移部位包括脑、肝、骨等,其中脑转移在诊疗过程中发生率高达40%~50%[3]。尽管SCLC对初始放化疗敏感,但90%的患者都会发生耐药,并且因快速复发和转移导致预后极差,患者中位生存期仅6~12个月[4]。SCLC高侵袭性与复杂的转移机制密切相关,涉及关键基因组改变及表观遗传调控异常等。然而,目前针对转移性SCLC的治疗手段有限,常规化疗易耐药,免疫治疗获益人群狭窄,尤其脑、肝转移患者疗效更差[5]。汇总并探讨了SCLC转移相关的最新发现,阐明SCLC临床前转移模型的构建,解析SCLC转移的分子机制,为开发靶向治疗策略提供关键科学依据。
SCLC起源于肺部的神经内分泌细胞,具有激素产生细胞与神经元样特征。其可产生并释放胃泌素释放肽(gastrin releasing peptide,GRP)以及神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron−specific enolase,NSE)等物质,同时表达神经细胞黏附分子1(neural cell adhesion molecule 1,NCAM1)与突触素(synaptophysin,SYP)等多种神经元标记基因[6]。基因组分析表明TP53(75%~90%)与RB1(95%~100%)双等位基因失活是SCLC显著的基因组改变,同时包括MYCCREP300等基因的扩增[7]。基于形态特征和生长行为,过去30年中已发现并建立了2种截然不同的SCLC细胞表型:经典型SCLC细胞具有不规则漂浮簇的生长特性,细胞整体偏小、细胞边界模糊,具有丰富的细胞颗粒和较高的神经内分泌(neuroendocrine, NE)特征[8]。相比之下,变异型SCLC细胞显示出松散黏附特性或半黏附、松散聚集特性,部分细胞以单个漂浮细胞或细胞簇形式存在,细胞整体偏大,具有清晰的细胞边界与突出的核仁,NE水平较低。NE的表达模式与肿瘤间异质性的生长特征、遗传改变、免疫与炎症反应有关[9]。高NE型SCLC表现出生长迅速与低免疫浸润特征,而低NE型与之相反。
值得注意的是,随着对SCLC基因组与临床前模型构建的认识加深,学界提出了基于4种关键转录因子,即ASCL1、NEUROD1、POU2F3与YAP1为代表的SCLC四分型体系(SCLC−A, SCLC−N, SCLC−P, SCLC−Y)[8]。新的SCLC亚型也在不断被发现[9]。例如,Gay等[10]提出了“炎症型”(SCLC−I);Wang等[11]提出了以肝细胞核因子4(hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, HNF4A)转录因子为主的SCLC亚型。这些亚型特异性转录因子驱动的SCLC在NE特征、关键基因组改变和治疗脆弱性等方面具有显著差异。
ASCL1是一个基本的螺旋−环−螺旋(helix−loop−helix, HLH)转录因子,正常表达于肺神经内分泌细胞,在生理条件下作为NE发育的主要调节因子。ASCL1的下游靶点包括多个关键转录因子,如MYCL、SOX2和FOXA2,以及其他致癌基因,包括DLL3、BCL2和RET[12]。SCLC−A通常表达一系列神经内分泌标志物,并表现出经典的NE形态,是SCLC中最普遍的亚型[13]。在基因工程小鼠模型中,ASCL1而非NEUROD1的基因消融完全消除了SCLC的肿瘤发生,突显了其在NE谱系维持和细胞存活中的主导作用[14]。NEUROD1是一种碱性螺旋−环−螺旋(basic helix−loop−helix,bHLH)转录因子,参与神经元和胰腺β细胞分化。SCLC−N与SCLC−A共享许多NE靶基因,但SCLC−N表现出独特的神经元转录程序。与SCLC−A相比,SCLC−N通常表现出变异的SCLC形态,神经内分泌标志物表达降低。虽然大多数SCLC−A细胞悬浮生长,但SCLC−N细胞系可以作为松散贴壁、完全贴壁或漂浮聚集物生长。有趣的是,在患者和小鼠样本的单细胞水平都发现了NEUROD1和ASCL1的共表达,提示亚型转换或混合身份[7, 14]。尽管如此,具有混合ASCL1/NEUROD1亚型的病例显示出与SCLC−A(而非SCLC−N)更相似的转录组谱和临床结果[15]。POU2F3是一种谱系限制性转录因子,是簇状细胞发育所必需的,这是一种罕见的细胞类型,专门用于化学感觉和免疫调节功能[16]。这些细胞分布在不同的上皮中,并且类似于神经内分泌细胞,通过释放生物活性物质来调节局部免疫细胞活性以响应外部刺激。SCLC−P表现出独特的簇状细胞样转录特征,其特征在于关键转录调节因子ASCL2、SOX9、GFIB和POU2AF2/3以及簇状细胞功能基因TRPM5、CHATDCLK1[1718]。值得注意的是,SCLC−P保留了一定的NE特征;然而,与SCLC−A和SCLC−N肿瘤相比,这些特征的表达水平降低且多变[18]。YAP1作为Hippo信号通路的主要下游效应因子,可与TAZ结合,在多种非神经内分泌实体瘤中诱导促肿瘤基因表达程序[19]。Wnt和NOTCH信号等多个通路汇聚于Hippo信号以调节YAP1−TAZ活性,而RB1失活则通过E2F7导致YAP1转录沉默[20]。YAP1仅在一部分NE低的SCLC中表达,并直接调节REST和NOTCH2表达,驱动NE表型转换[21]。然而,一些研究对其作为亚型决定因子的作用提出了质疑。事实上,有研究者将YAP1高的SCLC细胞系重新分类为SMARCA4缺陷型未分化肿瘤[22]。关于SCLC−Y在临床队列中的确切存在和流行情况也存在相互矛盾的证据。替代名称,如三阴性或炎症亚型,已被提出用于分类缺乏已知谱系转录因子的SCLC[2324]。然而,多项研究表明,SCLC具有谱系可塑性,表现为细胞状态在不同亚型之间的转换[2426]。例如,SCLC−A亚型可转换为SCLC−N或SCLC−Y亚型[27]。SCLC亚型的时序演变可能在SCLC转移过程中发挥关键作用,然而我们对其仍知之甚少。
SCLC分子分型的预后价值在很大程度上仍有待确定。多项研究表明各亚型在总体生存率(overall survival, OS)和无进展生存期(progression−free−survival,PFS)方面无显著差异,但SCLC−I亚型可能从以铂类为基础的化疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗中获益[28]。值得注意的是,SCLC分子分型催化了新治疗开发的实质性进展,因为不同的亚型表现出有丝分裂和增殖信号通路、表面蛋白表达和代谢依赖性的差异激活。例如,BCL2是ASCL1的一个保守下游靶点,在SCLC−A中高表达。作为一种关键的抗凋亡蛋白,临床前研究表明,使用维奈托克靶向BCL2可有效诱导细胞凋亡,并且在临床前模型中取得良好效果[28]。另一个在SCLC−A中富集的关键靶点是DLL3,这是一种受ASCL1转录调节的NOTCH配体,广泛表达于SCLC−A细胞表面。各种DLL3导向疗法已被开发并显示出临床活性。事实上,DLL3靶向的T细胞衔接器塔拉妥单抗(Tarlatamab)获得了美国食品和药物管理局的加速批准,用于治疗复发性转移性SCLC患者[29]。SCLC−N的特征是MYC过表达,它可以促进细胞增殖、蛋白质翻译和代谢重编程等。在临床前模型中,MYC高表达的SCLC表现出对CHK1、CDK或AURK抑制剂的敏感性[2931]。2项独立的研究确定了哺乳动物转换/蔗糖不发酵(SWI/SNF)家族成员对于维持POU2F3−POU2AF复合物的染色质可及性是必需的。在临床前模型中,破坏SMARCA4/2 ATPase功能或使用FHD−609降解BRD9蛋白可抑制SCLC−P肿瘤生长[3233]。其他被提名为SCLC−P治疗候选者的潜在靶点包括IGF1R和PARP[14, 24]。SCLC−Y缺乏定义明确的核心转录驱动因子用于直接靶向,但其特征是HLA基因表达升高和IFN−γ信号上调,同时肿瘤微环境中细胞毒性T细胞和自然杀伤细胞广泛浸润,这表明可能从免疫检查点阻断中获得差异效益[24, 3435]。SCLC分子亚型与其转移能力具有关联。近年来,转录因子NFIB在SCLC中频繁过表达和扩增,已被证实是驱动SCLC转移的关键因素[3637]。相应地,SCLC−A或SCLC−N亚型通常具有NFIB高表达特征,提示这些高NFIB表达的亚型可能具有更强的侵袭和转移倾向。研究亦将上皮−间质转化(epithelial−mesenchymal transition,EMT)与转移过程相联系。由于YAP1常与EMT相关联,其表达上调可能赋予SCLC转移能力。尽管恶性肿瘤细胞转移能力的其他内在机制仍不甚明确,但与细胞迁移及神经元分化相关的因子很可能同样参与了SCLC−Y亚型的转移扩散过程。
脑转移是SCLC最突出的临床特征之一。大约15%~20%的SCLC患者在诊断时已发生脑转移,其发病率在疾病过程中增加到近80%[3839]。鉴于其高发性,临床上已确立预防性脑放疗作为局限期患者治疗有效后的标准干预手段,而针对已发生转移的患者,姑息性全脑放疗或立体定向放疗则是缓解症状、控制颅内病灶的主要方式。然而,这些放疗手段存在认知功能损伤等远期毒性,且未能从根本上阻断转移的生物学过程。因此,揭示其特异性机制是开发更精准疗法的前提。研究发现,血管生成相关因子如PDGFRB和ANGPTL4在SCLC脑转移中特异性上调[40]。此外,胎盘生长因子(placental Growth Factor,PLGF)与血管内皮生长因子受体−1(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1,VEGFR1)的相互作用,可通过破坏血脑屏障的紧密连接,促进肿瘤细胞跨内皮迁移[41]。脑转移灶中PLGF的表达显著高于原发灶,提示其可能是驱动SCLC脑部定植的关键靶点之一。
骨转移发生在约20%的SCLC患者中。目前,针对骨转移的标准治疗主要为双膦酸盐或地诺单抗,旨在抑制破骨细胞活性、防治骨骼相关事件,但并非针对SCLC细胞本身的特异性治疗。机制上,一些与迁移相关的因子,例如β3−整合素和趋化因子受体4型(C−X−C chemokine receptor type 4,CXCR4),被怀疑影响SCLC向骨的转移能力[4243]。CXCR4因其在造血干细胞归巢至骨髓中的作用而备受关注,可能引导SCLC细胞定向迁移至骨微环境。例如,在过表达NFIB的小鼠模型中观察到的骨转移增加现象,但相关因子究竟发挥骨特异性作用还是广泛的促转移功能,仍有待明确。
总体而言,目前针对SCLC转移的特异性治疗手段极为有限,临床实践仍严重依赖放疗和骨改良药物等非特异性方案。人们对于SCLC转移的器官特异性机制的理解仍然浅显,这直接制约了靶向性抗转移疗法的开发。因此,未来的研究亟需将机制探索与治疗创新紧密结合,例如基于PLGF/VEGFR−1通路开发血脑屏障保护剂,或针对CXCR4等靶点测试新型抑制剂,从而实现从“姑息控制”到“精准阻断”的范式转变。
既往使用来自骨髓、淋巴结、胸膜、肝脏、脑和肾上腺等多个部位的35种经典型SCLC细胞系和15种变异型SCLC细胞系开展研究,它们具有不同生物学特征、形态学特点和生长特性。然而,这些细胞系中并未完全保留起源肿瘤细胞的转移特征[38]。为克服这一瓶颈,当前研究建立了一系列临床前模型以开展SCLC转移相关研究(图1)。
患者来源的异种移植物(patient−derived xenograft, PDX)模型通过将患者肿瘤组织直接移植至免疫缺陷小鼠体内,能够最大限度地保留原发肿瘤的基因组、转录组及表型特征,已成为研究SCLC异质性、治疗响应及转移机制的核心临床前平台[4445]。尤其值得注意的是,SCLC患者外周血中循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cell, CTC)负荷较高,且其基因组变异与肿瘤组织高度一致,使得CTC来源的PDX模型能高保真地模拟晚期,尤其是转移性肿瘤的生物学行为,为研究疾病演进与治疗耐药提供了独特窗口[46]。例如,研究已证实基于CTC的PDX模型能够准确重现供体患者对铂类/依托泊苷化疗的敏感或耐药模式,并成功区分化疗敏感型与难治型SCLC的遗传学特征差异,凸显了该模型在预测治疗反应及解析耐药生物学中的实用价值[4647]
利用此类高保真模型,研究者在系统揭示SCLC治疗响应机制方面取得了系列重要进展[4849]。PDX模型证实,MYC高表达的肿瘤亚型对极光激酶A/B(aurora kinase A/B,AURKA/B)抑制剂高度敏感,这一脆弱性根植于SCLC普遍存在的TP53和RB1缺失所导致的复制应激基础之上,而MYC的过表达进一步加剧了基因组不稳定性,使得肿瘤细胞依赖于AURKA/B介导的有丝分裂检查点以维持生存,从而为相关靶向药物的临床试验提供了坚实的理论依据[50]。此外,PDX模型在验证DNA损伤反应靶点方面也发挥了关键作用,例如SLFN11的表达被确立为对PARP抑制剂敏感性的潜在预测生物标志物,相关模型为后续临床研究的设计提供了重要支持[5152]
在亚型特异性治疗策略探索中,PDX模型揭示了深刻的异质性。POU2F3驱动的非神经内分泌亚型对SWI/SNF染色质重塑复合物的抑制剂或降解剂(如靶向SMARCA2/SMARCA4的化合物)表现出选择性敏感[18]。进一步研究发现,该亚型内部存在NE和non−NE细胞亚群,其中非神经内分泌亚群对通过BRD9降解剂实现的非经典BAF复合物抑制尤为敏感,这揭示了亚型内分子差异对治疗策略制定的决定性影响[18]。另一方面,在占主导地位的ASCL1或NEUROD1阳性神经内分泌亚型中,抑制SWI/SNF复合物催化亚基SMARCA4会诱导细胞向非神经内分泌状态转分化,并伴随ERBB家族信号通路的反馈性激活[18]。PDX模型中的联合治疗实验证明,SMARCA4抑制剂与ERBB抑制剂的联用能够产生显著的协同抗肿瘤效果,这为克服治疗诱发的表型可塑性及耐药提供了行之有效的组合方案思路[53]
在转移机制研究方面,PDX模型凭借其保留原发肿瘤基因组特征的能力,成为解析SCLC扩散驱动因素的有力工具。研究发现,PDX肿瘤中存在的MYC基因染色体外DNA(extrachromosomal DNA,ecDNA)扩增与患者更具侵袭性的病程和更差的预后紧密相关,这提示ecDNA不仅是肿瘤基因组异质性的重要来源,也可能是导致其对不同DNA损伤化疗药物产生交叉耐药的关键机制[5455]。同时,基于PDX及大规模真实世界队列的基因组分析发现,NFIB基因所在的染色体区域(9p)增益是SCLC中常见的事件,进一步巩固了NFIB作为关键促转移转录因子的角色,其表达与肝转移倾向性密切相关。尤为重要的是,对比性研究显示,PTEN基因的失活改变在SCLC的脑转移灶中发生率显著高于原发灶或其他部位转移灶,强烈提示PTEN信号通路缺失在肿瘤细胞适应大脑微环境或突破血脑屏障过程中可能发挥特殊作用。这些发现共同表明,PDX模型不仅能再现SCLC的转移器官倾向性,更能有效捕捉并验证驱动这一恶性过程的特定基因组事件。
综上所述,PDX模型通过高度模拟患者肿瘤的分子与病理生理特征,已成为衔接SCLC基础发现与临床转化不可或缺的桥梁。未来研究可进一步利用该类模型,特别是结合CTC来源PDX在模拟晚期转移性疾病方面的独特优势,深入探究肿瘤微环境压力(如化疗)如何动态重塑肿瘤细胞状态、驱动克隆进化,并系统评估针对不同细胞状态(如神经内分泌与非神经内分泌)及其相互作用网络的联合治疗策略,为实现SCLC的个性化精准治疗提供更具预见性的实验依据和方案蓝图。
基因工程小鼠模型(genetically engineered mouse model,GEMM)因其具有健全的宿主免疫微环境,及支持原发灶与转移灶的同步生长的特征,已成为解析SCLC生物学特征的关键工具。RP模型、RPM模型与RPR2模型等一系列GEMMs已被广泛应用于开展SCLC亚型特异的机制研究。如前所述,SCLC中抑癌基因RB1和TP53普遍失活。通过气管内注射Ad−Cre病毒,可导致Rb1和Trp53纯合缺失,从而得到SCLC−A亚型的RP模型[8, 56]。该模型的基因改变主要发生在NE细胞中,并伴随Ascl1的高表达,主要转移部位包括淋巴结、肝脏、脾脏和肾脏等器官[5657]。在RP模型的基础上进一步介导SCLC中其他高发突变基因的失活,包括Pten[58]Crebbp[59]Rbl2(即p130)[60]等抑癌基因,其缺失可促进原发肿瘤数量增加和生长加速,此类三重突变的小鼠大多发生肝脏转移。在此模型基础上,对转移灶与原发性肿瘤的对比分析揭示了关键的转移驱动事件。例如,在RPR2模型中,研究人员通过染色质可及性与基因表达谱分析发现,转移能力与转录因子Nfib的上调密切相关[6061]。Nfib通过重塑染色质状态,激活一系列促转移基因程序,从而驱动肿瘤细胞向肝脏、骨骼等多器官播散,且其在约半数人类SCLC转移灶中高表达,与患者不良预后相关。此外,在RPR2模型中,若肿瘤特异性地起源于表达Cgrp的肺NE细胞,其转移可不依赖Nfib的上调,表明存在Nfib非依赖性的转移途径,这凸显了细胞起源与遗传背景共同塑造了肿瘤的转移过程[60]
由于MYC家族癌基因在人类SCLC中也频繁发生扩增,在Rb1和Trp53缺失基础上引入Myc的持续活化形式,便能建立SCLC的RPM模型。该模型代表SCLC第二大常见亚型——SCLC−N亚型,以高表达转录因子Neurod1为特征,表现为快速生长和广泛转移[27, 62]。值得注意的是,在Myc持续激活的背景下,RPM模型可随时间进展向Yap1高表达的SCLC−Y亚型演变,这揭示了Myc是驱动SCLC亚型间动态可塑性的核心因子。这种可塑性涉及Notch信号通路的激活,共同促使肿瘤从神经内分泌表型向非神经内分泌表型转换,并伴随化疗抵抗性的增强[27]
此外,Ireland等提出了利用K5−Cre建立高表达Pou2f3的RPM模型,开发了SCLC−P亚型的小鼠模型。有趣的是,利用Myc特异性驱动肺神经内分泌细胞谱系转化的特征,Gardner等设计了Egfr突变的肺腺癌向SCLC转化的小鼠模型[63]。然而,尚不清楚SCLC−A亚型、SCLC−N亚型、SCLC−P亚型和SCLC−Y亚型小鼠模型的转移调控机制。
除上述核心驱动基因外,GEMMs研究还揭示了其他关键的分子事件。例如,利用CRISPR−Cas9技术构建的RLF−MYCL融合基因驱动模型,证实了该融合能加速SCLC的转化、增殖及多器官播散[64]。在机制层面,表观遗传调控因子如EZH和LSD1被证实影响SCLC的免疫识别与治疗反应;EZH2介导的抗原呈递机制沉默和SLFN11抑制与免疫逃逸及化疗抵抗相关,而LSD1抑制则可通过激活NOTCH信号抑制肿瘤生长[44]。同时,代谢研究显示,MYC驱动的SCLC肿瘤高度依赖精氨酸代谢等特定通路,为其代谢靶向治疗提供了依据[6566]
未来研究可聚焦于解析不同SCLC亚型小鼠模型体内的转移驱动程序及其差异,以及不同遗传变异如何参与调控转移的发生与进展,以实现对SCLC转移分子通路的精准干预。具体而言,深入剖析这些GEMMs模型中驱动肿瘤细胞从原发灶脱落、侵入血管、在远处器官定植及增殖成转移灶的完整级联反应,特别是各亚型间转移器官趋向性背后的分子基础,是理解SCLC转移异质性的关键。这需要系统地鉴定和验证在特定遗传背景下(如Rb1/Trp53缺失基础上叠加Pten缺失、Myc过表达),激活或失活的关键转移相关基因、信号通路以及解析肿瘤细胞与转移微环境的相互作用。通过精细的机制研究,不仅能够填补当前对SCLC亚型转移调控认知的空白,更能为开发针对不同亚型转移特异的、基于生物标志物的靶向治疗策略或免疫联合疗法提供坚实的理论基础和可靠的临床前评估平台,最终目标是将基础研究发现转化为能够有效抑制或延缓SCLC致命性转移的临床干预手段。
经典的自发性转移模型始于将人源或鼠源肿瘤细胞原位移植至免疫缺陷或免疫健全动物(如小鼠)的相应组织,随后自然发生远处转移。这类模型完整重现了转移级联反应的全过程,包括局部侵袭、内渗、循环存活、外渗及定植生长,尤其适用于研究转移的完整动力学及器官倾向性的内在机制[67]。此模型被广泛应用于SCLC肝转移相关研究,但其在模拟SCLC脑转移进程中存在显著种属差异。临床观察显示超过10%的SCLC患者初诊时已发生脑转移,2年累积发生率可达50%,而GEMMs小鼠模型中几乎无法形成自发脑转移[38]。产生这种差异主要的原因可能是:在SCLC脑转移发生之前,小鼠会因为肺与肝脏的肿瘤负荷过大而被实施安乐死。此外,种属间血脑屏障的差异以及其他因素仍需要进一步研究[49]
为了构建具有特定器官转移倾向的肿瘤细胞模型,研究者常采用体内循环筛选法。该方法的核心策略是将肿瘤细胞直接注射入实验动物的循环系统,使其暴露于目标器官的特定微环境之中,从而促进细胞在该微环境中的定植、存活及后续生长形成转移灶。具体的注射途径可根据研究目的进行选择:例如,尾静脉注射模拟肿瘤细胞经血液循环自然到达肺部微环境;门静脉注射则模拟向肝脏的定向迁移过程;而左心室注射能使细胞更易随动脉血流广泛播散,从而更倾向于到达脑与骨骼等部位。随后,从形成的转移灶中分离出肿瘤细胞,在体外进行培养扩增,再将扩增后的细胞群重新注射到新的实验动物体内。经过多次(通常为3~5代或更多)体内转移形成、体外扩增和再接种的循环传代过程,最终筛选并富集出对特定器官微环境具有高度适应性和强转移能力的细胞亚群,成功构建出器官倾向性转移的细胞模型。这种方法在多种实体瘤研究中已被广泛应用,并成功建立了多个经典模型。例如,在乳腺癌与黑色素瘤研究中,通过反复进行左心室注射和对脑转移灶的连续分离与传代,最终获得了具有显著脑转移倾向的细胞系[6869];在结直肠癌研究中,则是利用尾静脉注射后对形成的肺转移灶进行多轮筛选,成功建立了高肺转移潜能的细胞模型。值得注意的是,Sakamoto等[70]运用此体内循环筛选法成功构建了倾向于骨转移的SCLC细胞系,然而Kawasaki等[71]的研究揭示了SCLC转移的复杂性。他们利用相同的方法,对来源于SCLC肝脏、肾上腺、大脑和卵巢等多个不同转移部位的肿瘤细胞进行了分离、扩增和再接种研究。结果发现,这些源自不同器官转移灶的SCLC细胞,在重新接种后的转移过程中,其转移灶形成的器官分布模式表现出高度的相似性,并未观察到对它们各自分离来源器官具有明显的优先趋向性或选择性定植现象。这一现象提示,SCLC的转移可能更依赖于肿瘤细胞自身广泛适应不同微环境的普适性机制,或存在一种“先播散后适应”的模式,而非预先存在的、针对特定器官的强定向性。因此,进一步总结了当前SCLC临床前模型的转移能力,以期有助于解析SCLC这种“泛转移性”的内在分子基础,探索其转移灶形成的微环境非依赖性(或弱依赖性)机制,并结合单细胞组学、空间转录组学等新技术追踪转移过程中的克隆演化,将是未来构建更精准SCLC转移模型和阐明其转移规律的关键方向(表1)。
尽管目前已建立的百余种SCLC细胞系能够覆盖4种SCLC分子亚型,但由于长期体外培养,细胞系常常会丢失原始亲本肿瘤的表型。虽然PDX模型可以保留亚型特征,但由于规模、成本和动物福利等限制,导致其在抗SCLC治疗的筛查和开发中的常规使用一直具有挑战性。近期研究利用患者来源类器官替代临床前SCLC模型,具有临床意义。Fukushima等[72]建立了涵盖所有4种分子亚型的患者来源SCLC类器官库,并进行了其全面的分子和表型分析。SCLC类器官表型定位显示IGF1R−AP1−YAP1轴是YAP1亚型SCLC的关键驱动因子,揭示IGF−1受体可作为靶向治疗的潜在靶点,为SCLC的分子亚型特异性治疗的未来应用奠定了基础。该研究克服了当前缺乏SCLC类器官谱系转录组数据的瓶颈,是开发基于生物学疗法的宝贵资源。此外,由于SCLC快速增殖并具有高转移发生率,CTC显示出了其作为药物筛查样本、数据等的重要来源的重要性。目前,SCLC−CTC衍生类器官可作为辅助个性化癌症药物治疗决策的新兴工具,辅助生物标志物开发和药物敏感性评估。Sen等[73]开发了一种生物工程3D SCLC共培养类器官模型,作为表型工具,用于研究SCLC肿瘤动力学及化疗后SCLC与成纤维细胞的相互作用,为研究SCLC中的细胞间相互作用及化疗反应,筛选高通量表型和靶向药物以辅助寻找SCLC新治疗方法奠定了基础。
SCLC类器官模型为研究该高度侵袭性肿瘤提供了新的体外模型,但其建立和稳定扩增仍面临显著挑战。由于SCLC临床样本多来自小体积活检,细胞数量有限且常伴随坏死,加之肿瘤细胞对微环境信号高度依赖,导致类器官建立成功率和肿瘤纯度普遍偏低。现有研究表明,通过优化三维培养体系并调控关键发育信号通路(如Wnt信号轴),部分SCLC类器官模型已实现长期传代并在组织学、基因突变谱及转录特征上保持与原发肿瘤的一致性[74]。近年来,类器官来源也从传统肿瘤组织拓展至CTC和胸腔积液样本,为克服取材受限和实现纵向动态研究提供了新的可能。在应用层面,SCLC类器官已被广泛用于药物敏感性与耐药机制研究,能够在较短时间内评估化疗、靶向治疗及新型联合方案的疗效,并在一定程度上反映患者间的肿瘤异质性。然而,传统类器官体系缺乏免疫和基质成分,其在免疫治疗研究中的预测能力有限,促使近年来出现了空气–液体界面培养、免疫共培养及微流控芯片等改良策略。与PDX和GEMM相比,SCLC类器官在建立周期、通量和遗传可操控性方面具有明显优势,但在体内药代动力学、肿瘤—宿主相互作用及完整免疫环境模拟方面仍依赖PDX和GEMM进行补充。因此,当前研究普遍认为,将SCLC类器官作为快速筛选与机制研究平台,并与PDX和GEMM进行多层次整合,是实现基础研究与临床转化有效衔接的最具前景的策略之一。
Denny等[36]揭示了转录因子NFIB在SCLC转移中的作用。研究者发现NFIB通过稳定远端调控元件的开放状态,增加染色质可及性,激活促转移的神经元基因程序级联反应,从而驱动SCLC转移的全过程,包括侵袭、扩散和克隆生长。此外,NFIB在几乎所有的转移性SCLC中均过表达,并且与缺乏E−钙黏蛋白的低分化侵袭性肿瘤细胞群体的扩散生长相关。然而,NFIB如何特异性选择远端调控元件,以及如何与其他因子的协同作用尚不明确[75]。Gao等[37]发现NFIB作为底物,被辅激活蛋白关联精氨酸甲基转移酶1(coactivator associated arginine methyltransferase 1,CARM1)甲基化,维持SCLC的开放染色质状态,随后TRIM29以CARM1依赖的方式与甲基化NFIB相互作用,从而促进SCLC进展;此外,CARM1抑制剂具有治疗SCLC的潜力。研究揭示了CARM1−NFIB−TRIM29调控轴在促SCLC转移中的作用,以及NFIB翻译后修饰对SCLC进展的重要作用。有趣的是,SCLC在缺乏NFIB的情况下也能够介导染色质可及性改变,进而使肿瘤细胞具有转移特性,这可能与SCLC的多重异质性相关[76]。Yang等利用小鼠模型发现具有Nfib和缺乏Nfib的2种不同SCLC细胞类型均具有转移性,揭示了SCLC 获得转移能力的2条不同进展轨迹,对于解析肿瘤进化过程与转移之间的分子路径具有重要意义。
除NFIB外,常见的癌基因MYC对于SCLC转移也具有促进作用。Mollaoglu等[31]发现MYCRB1和TP53缺失协同作用,驱动SCLC细胞快速增殖和高度侵袭的特性以促进转移,当下需进一步探索靶向MYC驱动的SCLC的候选药物靶点。Na等[77]报告了组蛋白甲基转移酶(lysine methyltransferase 2C,KMT2C)的缺乏会通过甲基化组蛋白(H3K4me)直接抑制DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferase 3 Alpha,DNMT3A)的表达,这其中,MEIS2/HOX基因作为重要介导因子驱动KMT2C−DNMT3A介导的SCLC转移过程。此外,2025年发现了一种SCLC亚型——ATOH1亚型[78]。研究团队利用SCLC循环肿瘤细胞衍生的PDX模型验证了ATOH1是决定SCLC谱系分化的转录因子,并且具有促进细胞存活和转移的作用。未来研究应当关注用于建立动物模型的循环肿瘤细胞选择过程影响亚型转录因子的方式,以及ATOH1亚型是否具有治疗脆弱性。另外,Kawasaki等[71]的最新研究发现内源性和外源性FOXA2促进SCLC向肝、卵巢等多器官的早期转移,且部分SCLC细胞中的FOXA2表达受到ASCL1的调控,提示破坏 ASCL1−FOXA2 轴能够减少SCLC的转移扩散,从而改善患者预后。
TAZ在SCLC表型转换和转移中发挥重要作用[79]。在SCLC恶性进展期间,染色质重塑复合物SWI/SNF沉默TAZ,这种沉默效应直接驱动了具有非转移特性的NCAM−low CD44−high SCLC细胞向高转移潜能的NCAM−high CD44−low SCLC细胞表型转换。这种命运转变意味着细胞从根本上改变了其身份和行为模式,从相对惰性的状态获得了突破基底膜、侵袭周围组织、抵抗失巢凋亡以及在远端器官定植生长的转移能力。值得注意的是,临床数据进一步印证了TAZ在抑制转移中的功能,其低表达水平与SCLC患者的不良预后显著相关,凸显了TAZ调控的细胞命运转变在疾病演进中的临床意义。此外,癌基因MYC也被证实是重塑SCLC细胞命运、驱动转移的关键推手。Ireland等[27]发现MYC的异常激活能够重新编程SCLC细胞的分子身份,改变SCLC亚型状态,这种重编程并非孤立事件,而是通过与NOTCH信号通路的协同作用实现的,抑制NE分化相关基因,同时激活促增殖、抗凋亡以及EMT样程序相关的基因集合,使得NE细胞向non−NE细胞转变。这种协同作用不仅加速了肿瘤的局部进展,更赋予了细胞更强的迁移、侵袭和在恶劣微环境中存活的能力,从而促进转移的发生[80]
近年来,多项研究表明SCLC由NE细胞和non−NE细胞共同组成,并在SCLC转移过程中发挥协同作用。Calbo等[81]发现non−NE细胞中的间充质细胞能够通过旁分泌信号转导途径增强NE细胞的转移能力。在乳腺癌中,间充质干细胞分泌趋化因子CCL5,增强其转移潜力;无独有偶,SCLC中的non−NE细胞高表达CCL5,尽管尚未知其是否通过CCL5帮助NE细胞转移。Kwon等[82]研究明确了调节细胞间串扰的旁分泌信号在塑造NE细胞转移潜力中的作用,non−NE细胞通过MAPK级联反应和分泌成纤维细胞生长因子支持NE细胞的转移扩散,尤其是转移早期的局部侵袭和内渗过程。Lim等[83]则揭示了NOTCH通路促进NE细胞到non−NE细胞的转换,进而促进NE细胞的生长。Peinado等[84]利用光遗传学和化学遗传学的方法,发现电活动直接激活SCLC中的NE细胞释放动作电位,促进SCLC的侵袭性;NE细胞的兴奋极其依赖氧化磷酸化,而这种代谢过程受non−NE细胞支持。以上研究揭示了NE细胞与non−NE细胞间的相互作用,体现了SCLC复杂的异质性,这对于SCLC转移具有重要作用。未来的研究应进一步解析SCLC异质性动态演变的核心驱动机制,重点聚焦NE与non−NE细胞亚群间双向可塑性调控网络及其微环境协同作用。
SCLC具有较高的脑转移倾向,其独特的神经内分泌特征可能与脑部富含神经递质的微环境形成适配性,促使肿瘤细胞与脑内特定细胞建立复杂的互作网络,赋予其高脑转移优势。Qu等[85]发现了SCLC细胞分泌的大脑发育因子REELIN将星形胶质细胞募集到脑转移瘤中,而被激活的反应型星形胶质细胞又通过分泌SERPINE1等促存活因子促进SCLC细胞的生长;这种串扰机制类似于早期大脑发育过程中神经元与星形胶质细胞间的互作模式。另一方面,SCLC与神经元的互作同样驱动转移进程,Schmitt等发现SCLC细胞在原发肺癌和脑移植瘤中与谷氨酸能神经元亲密接触并形成功能性突触,从而增强自身增殖能力,提示抗谷氨酸能药物可作为SCLC的新型干预途径。Sakthivelu等[86]发现神经元活动产生的电流及随后产生的钙瞬变直接导致SCLC细胞膜去极化,促进SCLC转移性生长,提示破坏神经元和SCLC之间的相互作用或许可以作为有效的SCLC治疗方式。这些研究揭示了SCLC脑转移的“生态位驯化”策略,而靶向肿瘤与脑微环境的互作节点(如REELIN信号或神经递质通路)可能成为抑制转移的关键突破口。
早期研究发现整合素β1附着于细胞外基质后激活PI3K信号通路,从而促进SCLC存活能力[87]。Zhao等[88]确定SCLC中的CUL5或SOCS3的基因缺失可通过整合素β1/FAK通路促进转移,而该通路的活性可以被SRC抑制剂所阻断,这提示SRC是CUL5缺陷SCLC的潜在治疗靶点。此外,钙黏蛋白如E−钙黏蛋白低表达也与SCLC转移能力增强以及生存期缩短相关,但其具体机制尚待探究[89]。其他类型的整合素和黏附分子在不同亚型SCLC细胞之间的相互作用尚未得到研究。Taromi等[90]发现CXCL12−CXCR4轴能够促进SCLC细胞迁移,然而,这种关系仅在体外和移植模型中得到验证,尚未在基因编辑小鼠模型中验证[91]。另外,DLL3是一种非经典NOTCH配体,在循环肿瘤细胞和SCLC干细胞上表达。Furuta等[92]发现DLL3通过调节SNAI1促进SCLC模型中的肿瘤生长、迁移和侵袭;Huang等[93]则发现miR−518d−5p/LIN28B/DLL3轴对晚期SCLC的增殖和迁移起到促进作用。这些发现表明DLL3可能是延缓或阻止SCLC转移形成的潜在治疗靶点。
近年来,单细胞转录组技术的引入在方法论层面显著推动了对SCLC发病机制与生物学本质的理解,使研究范式从基于BULK数据的静态亚型划分,转向对肿瘤细胞状态连续谱、可塑性演化及其功能后果的系统解析。相较于传统以ASCL1、NEUROD1、POU2F3等转录因子定义的经典亚型框架,单细胞尺度揭示了SCLC肿瘤细胞在亚型之间高度动态、可逆的转化能力,为解释其快速进展与高度耐药性提供了新的理论基础。
在单细胞层面,Chan等[94]构建了覆盖21例人类SCLC样本、共155098个细胞(其中肿瘤细胞54523个)的单细胞转录组图谱,系统刻画了经典亚型之外广泛存在的“中间态”与“混合态”肿瘤细胞群,明确指出SCLC相较肺腺癌呈现更高程度的肿瘤内多样性,从而重塑了对SCLC亚型结构的整体认知。该研究进一步鉴定出一种跨亚型复现的PLCG2−high肿瘤细胞状态,其兼具干样特征与促转移潜能,并与更差的总体生存显著相关,首次在单细胞层面将肿瘤可塑性与转移倾向锚定至可定义的分子表型。在肿瘤免疫互作方面,单细胞分析一致揭示SCLC整体呈现“免疫隔离、低浸润”的抑制性微环境特征。其中,SCLC−N亚型相较SCLC−A表现出更低的免疫细胞浸润和更显著的T细胞功能障碍;与PLCG2−high肿瘤细胞状态伴随出现的,是促纤维化、免疫抑制性单核/巨噬细胞群体的富集,提示肿瘤细胞内在状态可塑性与外在免疫抑制生态之间存在协同演化关系。Tian等[95]对人类SCLC原发灶、邻近组织及复发样本开展高精度单细胞转录组分析,进一步确认SCLC具有显著的免疫抑制性微环境,并将肿瘤恶性细胞状态主要归纳为细胞周期相关、免疫相关及缺氧相关等多种功能状态;研究同时揭示关键转录因子层面的肿瘤内异质性,并指出non−NE特征与更强的炎症信号及更高免疫浸润相关,进而与免疫检查点抑制剂更佳应答相联系,为“细胞状态−免疫背景−治疗敏感性”之间的耦合关系提供了患者层面的直接证据。
总体而言,单细胞技术在SCLC中的应用不仅重构了亚型认知框架,更将肿瘤可塑性、转移潜能与免疫抑制机制整合进统一的细胞状态图景之中,成为理解SCLC生物学复杂性不可或缺的关键工具。
除单细胞技术外,空间转录组学与空间蛋白组学的快速发展,为解析SCLC肿瘤组织层级的空间结构、免疫生态位及其与临床结局的关系提供了全新视角,有效弥补了传统PDX与GEMM模型在空间组织形态与细胞邻域层级上的固有不足。
近年来,多组学与新型体外模型并进的高水平研究,已将SCLC的“异质性−可塑性−免疫生态位−临床结局”关联推向更精细的机制层面:Chen等[96]结合CODEX多重蛋白成像与多组学分析,对165例SCLC构建了高分辨率空间图谱(267张高维图像,覆盖930万余个细胞),系统揭示即便在SCLC−A亚型内部,肿瘤仍存在显著的空间邻域分化。研究识别出一个“multi−positive”肿瘤细胞邻域,其特征为SLFN11高表达并与不良预后显著相关,提示肿瘤空间组织形态本身即蕴含重要的生物学与临床信息。更具创新性的是,该研究利用细胞“群落”识别算法,定义了一类由抗肿瘤巨噬细胞、CD8+ T细胞及NKT细胞空间共定位构成的免疫“群落生态位”(MT)。该空间生态位与更优生存显著相关,并可在独立队列中预测免疫治疗获益,从而实现了从“空间组织模式”到“分层标志物与潜在干预靶点”的直接转译。这一发现明确表明,空间邻域与免疫组织结构是影响SCLC临床结局的关键变量,而这恰恰是传统异种移植与基因工程小鼠模型难以精确重现的层级。
在更大规模的“内在与外在”综合刻画方面,Wang等[97]基于314例SCLC开展多组学整合,并结合39例患者单细胞数据(共190313个肿瘤细胞)解析肿瘤细胞簇与外源性微环境变量,指出ASCL1+/MKI67+ASCL1+/CRIP2+簇占主要比例,同时存在跨亚型的ASCL1+ SOX1+干样细胞簇;该研究进一步揭示肿瘤细胞MHC−I表达在不同簇间呈“高/低”分化且与KI67水平呈反相关,提示增殖状态与抗原呈递能力可能存在耦联;尤为关键的是,研究者将异常剪接确定为SCLC的突出分子特征,鉴定出高频FAK剪接变体,其激酶活性增强、预后差,并在患者来源类器官与异种移植模型中对FAK抑制剂表现出敏感性,从而提供了“可操作、可验证、可转化”的治疗脆弱性实例。
综上,这些工作分别从空间生态位、跨亚型可塑性与促转移细胞状态、免疫抑制景观与NE相关免疫浸润差异、以及以剪接异常为核心的可药靶分子脆弱性等方面,构成了近年来SCLC研究的关键突破;同时,它们也为类器官、3D生物打印与器官芯片等新兴模型提供了明确的“应被重建与功能化验证”的对象。即在体外体系中同时再现肿瘤细胞状态连续谱、免疫/基质互作与空间邻域结构,并围绕可转化标志物与靶点(如SLFN11邻域、MT免疫群落、PLCG2−high亚群、FAK剪接变体与MHC−I低表达状态)开展机制与药效学检验,从而提升模型研究的前沿性与临床指向性。
未来研究的方向应深刻聚焦于SCLC转移这一核心临床挑战。首先需要系统阐释亚型可塑性在转移过程中的关键作用,以及其是否参与器官特异性转移。当前对SCLC转移器官倾向性的理解尚处于表象,需深入探索其内在机制,尤其是脑转移这一高发且预后极差的转移模式。研究需超越传统的“种子与土壤”假说,从分子层面解析转移前微环境的形成、循环肿瘤细胞的存活与外渗,以及特定远端器官生态位对SCLC亚型的选择性压力与重塑作用。例如,阐明NE型与non−NE型SCLC细胞在穿越血脑屏障、适应脑部独特代谢环境以及和脑特意基质细胞相互作用中的动态转化过程,是揭示脑转移特异性机制的关键。
为突破机制研究的瓶颈,需进一步建立发展能够忠实模拟人体内转移级联反应和器官微环境的实验模型。传统的二维细胞系和GEMM存在固有局限性,未来应着力利用3D生物打印、器官芯片等前沿生物工程技术,构建包含血管化结构、免疫细胞成分及器官特异性基质的高度仿真模型。这些模型能够动态再现SCLC细胞从原发性脱落、在血液或淋巴液中存活、附着于远端器官血管内皮直至形成继发性定植灶的全过程,特别是用于模拟脑、肝、骨等常见转移部位的复杂微环境,从而在可控条件下剖析器官特异性转移的物理、化学和生物信号网络。在机制与模型研究的基础上,进一步广泛应用和整合单细胞多组学技术与空间组学技术。单细胞转录组、表观基因组和蛋白组学能够以多视角、高分辨率解析转移灶内及与原发灶之间的肿瘤细胞异质性,精确追踪不同亚型细胞在转移过程中的克隆进化与状态转换。而空间转录组和多重免疫荧光等技术则能原位揭示肿瘤细胞与周围基质细胞、免疫细胞的空间互作关系,鉴定出驱动转移定植的特定生态位或细胞群落。这些组学数据的整合,将帮助我们绘制一幅SCLC从原发肿瘤到不同远端器官转移的动态、高清分子图谱,从而识别出驱动器官趋向性的关键枢纽基因和信号通路。
最终,基于基础研究的发现需向临床治疗转化。针对SCLC转移的治疗策略研发应沿着多条路径并行:一是开发针对转移关键环节(如循环肿瘤细胞清除、转移灶定植抑制)的新型药物;二是基于脑转移等特定部位的生理屏障(如血脑屏障)设计高效递药系统;三是利用对亚型可塑性和转移微环境的理解,设计合理的联合治疗方案,例如将靶向转移驱动信号通路的药物与免疫检查点抑制剂、或与针对转移微环境中特定成分(如肿瘤相关巨噬细胞、成纤维细胞)的疗法相结合。此外,探索如何利用液体活检技术监测转移相关的亚型转换和克隆演变,将为实现动态的、个体化的转移防治提供决策依据。通过从机制到模型、从技术到疗法的全链条协同研究,可为系统破解SCLC转移的顽固壁垒,为改善患者预后开辟切实可行的新路径。
SCLC的转移过程是由多维度分子机制协同驱动的复杂生物学事件。现有研究已揭示NFIB基因扩增、MYC基因激活、NOTCH信号失衡,以及细胞命运转变与微环境互作等关键机制构成转移级联反应的核心框架(图2)。尽管靶向干预策略在临床转化中仍面临肿瘤异质性和耐药性等挑战,但基于单细胞多组学、空间转录组和人工智能整合分析的新型研究方法,正为解析SCLC转移时空动态提供全新视角。未来研究需聚焦转移特异性分子标签的挖掘,开发针对“SCLC转移脆弱性”的精准治疗范式。通过跨尺度整合基础研究与临床队列,有望突破SCLC转移防治的瓶颈,最终改善患者生存结局。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2025-I2M-XHJC-013)
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2026年第44卷第11期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00043
  • 接收时间:2025-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-06-23
  • 出版时间:2026-06-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-25
  • 修回日期:2026-04-11
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2025-I2M-XHJC-013)
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    国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院,北京 100021

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孙楠(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为肺癌的精准诊疗,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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