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一条河流中究竟有多少污染物在共同发挥作用？在现实水环境中，农药、药物、工业化学品和生活源污染物往往不是单独出现，而是以复杂混合物的形式同时存在。过去，环境风险评估通常习惯先看单一物质浓度是否超过安全阈值，再对少数重点污染物分别管理。但在真实流域中，多个看似“未超标”的化学物质叠加在一起，仍可能对水生生物构成风险。

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