Article(id=1273334960309133482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00148, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=1754928000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781516311957, onlineDateStr=2026-06-15, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781516311957, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781516311957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781516311957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1273334825638420729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781516279847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781519137123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=72, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1273334960711786668, articleId=1273334960309133482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Containerless materials experiments on the Chinese Space Station: Technological innovations and scientific contributions, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Containerless Materials Rack (CMR) aboard the China Space Station (CSS), in operation since 2021, is currently one of the most advanced in−orbit materials science platforms internationally. This article reviews its technological innovations, operational architecture, and key scientific achievements. Technically, CMR couples a semiconductor laser (LD) and a CO2 laser, with electrostatic position control precision of ±0.1 mm, vacuum better than 10−4 Pa, and the apparatus can deliver a pressurized environment up to 3 standard atmospheres, and a sample cartridge accommodating 29 specimens, supporting a wide range of materials including conductive metals as well as non−conductive oxides, glasses, and semiconductors. CMR has conducted 22 experimental projects and completed in−orbit experiments on 1005 samples, with a maximum on−orbit melt temperature above 3100℃. In refractory alloys, metallic functional materials, bioactive glasses, and planetary−science analogues, the platform has enabled accurate measurements of thermophysical properties (density, viscosity, surface tension) of alloy melts under deep undercooling, and has uncovered microgravity−specific solidification mechanisms including surface wave−vortex coupled microstructures, decoupled eutectic growth, liquid–liquid phase separation, monotectic phase selection, and oriented single−crystal growth. Homogeneous bioactive Ca−Ti−Si glasses for bone repair were produced, and the first containerless solidification of chondrules and calcium−aluminum−rich inclusions (CAI) was achieved, revealing that silicon−diffusion−limited kinetics dominate nebular mineral evolution under microgravity. These results demonstrate that CMR has elevated China's space materials science to or beyond the international state of the art, providing a solid scientific and technological foundation for new−materials development, terrestrial process optimization, and in−situ resource utilization (ISRU) in future deep−space missions.

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中国空间站(China Space Station,CSS)无容器材料实验柜(containerless materials rack,CMR)于2021年成功在轨运行,是当前国际先进的空间材料实验平台。综述了CMR的技术创新、运控体系与重要科学成果。在技术方面,CMR采用半导体激光与CO2激光耦合加热,静电位置控制精度±0.1 mm,真空度优于10−4 Pa,可提供最高3个大气压的加压环境,单盒可容纳29颗样品,材料适用范围涵盖导电金属与非导电的氧化物、玻璃、半导体等多种体系。CMR已开展22个科学实验项目,累计完成1005颗样品的在轨实验,在轨实测最高加热温度达3100℃以上。在难熔合金、金属功能材料、生物活性玻璃和行星科学模拟物等领域,精确测定了多种合金熔体在深过冷状态下的密度、黏度、表面张力等热物性参数,揭示了表面波−涡旋复合组织、共晶解耦、液−液相分离、偏晶相选择凝固和单晶定向生长等微重力独有的凝固机制;制备了结构均匀的高活性Ca−Ti−Si生物活性玻璃;首次实现了陨石球粒与富钙铝难熔包体(calcium−aluminum−rich inclusions,CAI)的空间凝固模拟,揭示了硅扩散受限主导的星云矿物演化机制。研究结果表明,CMR的成功研制与高效运行使中国空间材料科学实验能力达到或超越国际先进水平,为新材料研发、地面工艺优化以及深空探测的就地资源利用(in−situ resource utilization,ISRU)奠定了坚实的科学和技术基础。

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余建定,博士,研究方向为空间材料和技术,电子信箱:

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((a)、(b)低倍视野 (c)、(d)对应方框区域的高倍放大)

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项目悬浮
方式
发射
时间
最高加热
温度/℃
加工环境可加工
材料
样品尺寸
Φ/mm
温度测量位置控制
精度/mm
形核
触发
物性测量
MSL−EML
(ESA & DLR)
电磁
悬浮
2014年2100真空度(<10−5 Pa)、
He、Ar环境
金属5~8300~2100℃,
精度<3℃
±1密度、
表面张力、
黏度
ELF(JAXA)静电
悬浮
2015年3000真空度(<10−2 Pa)、
N2、Ar、空气,
最大2个标准大气压
陶瓷材料2~3300~3000℃,
精度±1%
±0.1密度、
表面张力、
黏度
CMR(CSS)静电
悬浮
2021年≥3000真空度(<10−4 Pa)、
N2、Ar,
最大3个标准大气压
金属与
无机
非金属
2~3500~3300℃,
精度±1%
±0.1密度、
表面张力、
黏度、比热容、
光谱辐射率等
), ArticleFig(id=1273334986087326100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1273334960309133482, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国际空间站和中国空间站无容器装置的性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目悬浮
方式
发射
时间
最高加热
温度/℃
加工环境可加工
材料
样品尺寸
Φ/mm
温度测量位置控制
精度/mm
形核
触发
物性测量
MSL−EML
(ESA & DLR)
电磁
悬浮
2014年2100真空度(<10−5 Pa)、
He、Ar环境
金属5~8300~2100℃,
精度<3℃
±1密度、
表面张力、
黏度
ELF(JAXA)静电
悬浮
2015年3000真空度(<10−2 Pa)、
N2、Ar、空气,
最大2个标准大气压
陶瓷材料2~3300~3000℃,
精度±1%
±0.1密度、
表面张力、
黏度
CMR(CSS)静电
悬浮
2021年≥3000真空度(<10−4 Pa)、
N2、Ar,
最大3个标准大气压
金属与
无机
非金属
2~3500~3300℃,
精度±1%
±0.1密度、
表面张力、
黏度、比热容、
光谱辐射率等
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中国空间站无容器材料实验:技术创新与科学贡献
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余建定 1, 2 , 吴成铁 1 , 马萍 2 , 张陈晨 2 , 杨波 2 , 解文军 3 , 赵九洲 4 , 何杰 4 , 王建忠 5 , 吴琛 6 , 王刚 7 , 汤浩岚 8 , 杨森 9
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(10): 72-90
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科技导报 | 特色专题 2026, 44(10): 72-90
中国空间站无容器材料实验:技术创新与科学贡献
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余建定1, 2 , 吴成铁1, 马萍2, 张陈晨2, 杨波2, 解文军3, 赵九洲4, 何杰4, 王建忠5, 吴琛6, 王刚7, 汤浩岚8, 杨森9
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所,上海 200050
  • 2中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心,北京 100094
  • 3西北工业大学物理科学与技术学院,西安 710072
  • 4中国科学院金属研究所,沈阳 110016
  • 5西北有色金属研究院金属多孔材料全国重点实验室,西安 710016
  • 6浙江大学材料科学与工程学院,杭州 310058
  • 7上海大学核电关键材料全国重点实验室,上海 200444
  • 8中国科学技术大学岩石圈演化与环境演变全国重点实验室,合肥 230026
  • 9西安交通大学物理学院,西安 710049
  • 余建定,博士,研究方向为空间材料和技术,电子信箱:

Containerless materials experiments on the Chinese Space Station: Technological innovations and scientific contributions
Jianding YU1, 2 , Chengtie WU1, Ping MA2, Chenchen ZHANG2, Bo YANG2, Wenjun XIE3, Jiuzhou ZHAO4, Jie HE4, Jianzhong WANG5, Chen WU6, Gang WANG7, Haolan TANG8, Sen YANG9
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
  • 2Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
  • 3School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
  • 4Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 5State Key Laboratory of Porous Metal Materials, Northwest Institute for Non−ferrous Metal Research, Xi'an 710016, China
  • 6School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 7State Key Laboratory of Materials for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
  • 8National Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution and Environmental Coevolution, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
  • 9School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00148
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中国空间站(China Space Station,CSS)无容器材料实验柜(containerless materials rack,CMR)于2021年成功在轨运行,是当前国际先进的空间材料实验平台。综述了CMR的技术创新、运控体系与重要科学成果。在技术方面,CMR采用半导体激光与CO2激光耦合加热,静电位置控制精度±0.1 mm,真空度优于10−4 Pa,可提供最高3个大气压的加压环境,单盒可容纳29颗样品,材料适用范围涵盖导电金属与非导电的氧化物、玻璃、半导体等多种体系。CMR已开展22个科学实验项目,累计完成1005颗样品的在轨实验,在轨实测最高加热温度达3100℃以上。在难熔合金、金属功能材料、生物活性玻璃和行星科学模拟物等领域,精确测定了多种合金熔体在深过冷状态下的密度、黏度、表面张力等热物性参数,揭示了表面波−涡旋复合组织、共晶解耦、液−液相分离、偏晶相选择凝固和单晶定向生长等微重力独有的凝固机制;制备了结构均匀的高活性Ca−Ti−Si生物活性玻璃;首次实现了陨石球粒与富钙铝难熔包体(calcium−aluminum−rich inclusions,CAI)的空间凝固模拟,揭示了硅扩散受限主导的星云矿物演化机制。研究结果表明,CMR的成功研制与高效运行使中国空间材料科学实验能力达到或超越国际先进水平,为新材料研发、地面工艺优化以及深空探测的就地资源利用(in−situ resource utilization,ISRU)奠定了坚实的科学和技术基础。

中国空间站  /  无容器材料加工  /  微重力效应  /  空间凝固  /  热物性测试

The Containerless Materials Rack (CMR) aboard the China Space Station (CSS), in operation since 2021, is currently one of the most advanced in−orbit materials science platforms internationally. This article reviews its technological innovations, operational architecture, and key scientific achievements. Technically, CMR couples a semiconductor laser (LD) and a CO2 laser, with electrostatic position control precision of ±0.1 mm, vacuum better than 10−4 Pa, and the apparatus can deliver a pressurized environment up to 3 standard atmospheres, and a sample cartridge accommodating 29 specimens, supporting a wide range of materials including conductive metals as well as non−conductive oxides, glasses, and semiconductors. CMR has conducted 22 experimental projects and completed in−orbit experiments on 1005 samples, with a maximum on−orbit melt temperature above 3100℃. In refractory alloys, metallic functional materials, bioactive glasses, and planetary−science analogues, the platform has enabled accurate measurements of thermophysical properties (density, viscosity, surface tension) of alloy melts under deep undercooling, and has uncovered microgravity−specific solidification mechanisms including surface wave−vortex coupled microstructures, decoupled eutectic growth, liquid–liquid phase separation, monotectic phase selection, and oriented single−crystal growth. Homogeneous bioactive Ca−Ti−Si glasses for bone repair were produced, and the first containerless solidification of chondrules and calcium−aluminum−rich inclusions (CAI) was achieved, revealing that silicon−diffusion−limited kinetics dominate nebular mineral evolution under microgravity. These results demonstrate that CMR has elevated China's space materials science to or beyond the international state of the art, providing a solid scientific and technological foundation for new−materials development, terrestrial process optimization, and in−situ resource utilization (ISRU) in future deep−space missions.

Chinese Space Station  /  containerless materials processing  /  microgravity effect  /  space solidification  /  thermophysical property measurement
余建定, 吴成铁, 马萍, 张陈晨, 杨波, 解文军, 赵九洲, 何杰, 王建忠, 吴琛, 王刚, 汤浩岚, 杨森. 中国空间站无容器材料实验:技术创新与科学贡献. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (10) : 72 -90 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00148
Jianding YU, Chengtie WU, Ping MA, Chenchen ZHANG, Bo YANG, Wenjun XIE, Jiuzhou ZHAO, Jie HE, Jianzhong WANG, Chen WU, Gang WANG, Haolan TANG, Sen YANG. Containerless materials experiments on the Chinese Space Station: Technological innovations and scientific contributions[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (10) : 72 -90 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00148
空间材料科学是利用空间特殊的微重力、无对流、无沉降、无容器污染、高真空等环境条件开展材料基础研究和先进材料制备的前沿交叉领域。空间无容器技术利用微重力条件,通过非接触式的悬浮熔化与凝固,有效克服了地面实验的不足,提高了实验的精度和可靠性。尤其是在新型功能材料、先进结构材料的探索以及地球与行星科学等交叉领域的研究方面,空间无容器技术不仅可推动基础理论的发展,也为地面材料制备工艺优化提供了关键科学依据。
自20世纪80年代以来,国际上对空间无容器材料实验技术的研究持续深入,并取得了突破性进展。美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)、欧洲航天局(European Space Agency,ESA)与日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency,JAXA)先后开发了电磁悬浮炉(electromagnetic levitator,EML)和静电悬浮炉(electrostatic levitation furnace,ELF)等实验装置,并成功应用于国际空间站(International Space Station,ISS),取得了一系列具有国际影响力的研究成果。
中国空间站(China Space Station,CSS)于2021年成功搭载运行了由中国科学院等单位研制的无容器材料实验柜(containerless materials rack,CMR),该实验柜在国际经验的基础上进行了显著的技术创新与性能提升。本文旨在系统介绍CMR的技术突破及其科学价值,分析其对空间材料科学研究的重要支撑作用,并展望其未来应用前景。
国际空间站于21世纪初相继搭载了ESA开发的EML和JAXA研制的ELF。EML装置自2014年开始在ISS运行,可实现导电金属材料的精准悬浮和加热,实验温度可达2200℃,用于测量熔体密度、黏度与表面张力等热物性参数[13];ELF装置则于2015年开始运行,采用静电场实现非导电氧化物材料的高精度定位悬浮,实验温度最高可达近3000℃,极大推动了功能氧化物和半导体材料的空间研究[46]。尽管EML与ELF装置各自都取得了重要成果,但其材料适用范围相对单一,难以兼顾导电金属与绝缘材料的实验需求。
微重力实验是空间科学研究的核心组成部分,为材料、流体、燃烧、生命及基础物理等领域的前沿探索提供了独特的实验条件[7]。近十年来,中国空间科学进入快速发展新阶段,依托空间科学战略性先导专项与中国空间站建设,建立起涵盖空间天文、空间物理、行星科学、空间生命科学与微重力物理等多领域的科学研究体系[8]。与此同时,国际空间站持续保持高水平科研与应用产出——仅2020—2021年期间即在6大研究领域开展了313项实验[9];近年来全球空间科学持续涌现重大成果,深空探测、空间天文与系外行星等方向均取得突破[10]。中国空间站建成以来,已部署多个专用科学实验柜,无容器材料实验、燃烧科学、生命科学等方向已取得一系列具有国际影响力的成果[11]
借鉴国际空间站EML、ELF装置的研发与运行积累,中国空间站CMR进行了全新的设计与研发[1216]。CMR采用模块化、一体化设计,整体一次性搭载入轨,无需在轨组装,极大降低了航天员操作的复杂性与风险,其组成如图1所示。
CMR外形尺寸为1820 mm×1050 mm×816.5 mm,科学实验部分总质量约为226 kg,实验峰值功耗≤1200 W,主要构件包括:(1) 实验平台模块。位于实验柜上部,包含集成样品释放与回收系统、静电位置控制系统、激光加热系统、实时观察与物性测量系统等核心装置。(2) 真空与加压模块。位于实验柜中部左侧的独立抽屉内,用于实现真空环境与加压环境的高效切换和稳定控制,支持各种实验条件的快速转换与调节。(3) 电控与热控模块。位于实验柜中部右侧的电控模块抽屉,统一管理实验设备的电源供应与控制。
该装置实现了多项关键技术突破,具有以下显著优势与性能特点:(1) 超高温加热技术。首次采用半导体激光与CO2激光耦合加热,实现材料熔体最高加热温度达3100℃以上,突破了EML和ELF装置的实验温度上限,为更多高温熔体研究提供了理想条件。(2) 高精度位置控制技术。样品悬浮位置精度高达±0.1 mm,借助高速摄像反馈控制技术实现实时精准悬浮定位和动态稳定控制,确保实验数据的高精度和高稳定性。(3) 宽范围实验环境控制。实验腔体的真空度可达10−4 Pa,同时可提供最高3个大气压的氩气加压环境,满足多种材料体系对实验环境的严格要求。(4) 高效样品管理系统。每个样品盒最多容纳29个样品,显著提升了实验效率,降低了航天员在轨更换样品的频率和工作强度,增加了空间实验的容量与灵活性。(5) 主动形核触发与热物性测量技术。能够精准控制凝固过冷度,实现主动触发样品的选择性形核凝固。同时,集成了实时图像观测、振荡滴测量技术,可精准测量熔体的密度、黏度、表面张力、比热容和光谱辐射率等关键参数。(6) 材料适用范围广泛。突破EML和ELF装置分别适用于导电金属和非导电材料的限制,可同时满足导电金属、氧化物、玻璃和半导体等多种材料的研究需求。
表1整理了ESA/德国航空航天中心(Deutsches Zentrum für Luft− und Raumfahrt,DLR)的EML、JAXA的ELF以及CSS的CMR的主要性能指标。通过对比可以看出,CMR在加工环境可调范围、材料适用性、位置控制精度及物性测量功能等方面均表现出显著优势,尤其在适用材料种类、真空及加压能力、形核触发与综合物性测量等核心指标上,已达到或超越国际先进水平。
综上所述,CMR的技术突破极大提升了空间材料实验的能力和灵活性,为空间材料科学、行星科学和热物性研究提供了国际领先的实验平台。该装置的成功运行与创新发展将有效推动中国空间科学研究迈向国际前沿,为新材料开发、凝固理论研究及地面材料工艺优化提供重要科学支撑和实践经验。
空间无容器材料实验涉及材料的精密悬浮、熔化、凝固和热物性测量等复杂过程,对运行控制与数据分析的要求极高。为确保在轨实验的稳定性、精准性与数据的科学价值,需建立高效的运控流程和智能化的数据分析系统。自2021年9月空间站无容器材料实验柜入轨以来,CMR共服务来自全国各研究机构的20个科学团队,开展22个科学实验项目,累计完成53盒(含4盒标校样品)、1005颗样品、2000余组科学实验,在轨实测最高加热温度达3156℃。在中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心运控团队和数据分析中心的配合下,返回样品经地面分析获得了一系列具有重要科学意义和应用价值的成果。
空间无容器实验运行控制包括6大关键环节:实验准备、样品释放、激光加热、物性测量、样品回收和实验结束。(1) 实验准备:启动实验柜系统,按需建立真空或氩气环境,并利用下传图像判断实验区域是否安全无异常,以确保具备实验条件。(2) 样品释放:根据预定科学计划,精确旋转料盒至指定样品位置,通过推杆释放并使样品碰撞带电,再利用静电场实现高精度悬浮。(3) 激光加热:依据地面预设参数,精准控制激光功率与加热时长,在轨实时监控样品熔融状态并动态调整加热策略,确保稳定的实验条件。(4) 物性测量:在样品带电量反转后,开展振荡实验,利用密度相机和传感器捕获共振信号,获取样品密度、黏度和表面张力等重要参数。(5) 样品回收:实验结束后,根据样品电荷状态,通过精细的静电控制与推杆协作,将样品安全回收到料盒的指定位置。(6) 实验结束:依照顺序关闭设备电源和气路阀门,最终安全关闭整个实验系统,以保障实验装置的长期稳定运行。上述运控流程确保了空间材料实验的精确实施与高质量数据获取。
为提高空间无容器实验运行效率与可靠性,地面运控团队开发了一系列关键技术:(1) 模块化上行控制技术。地面运控系统通过微服务与分布式架构,优化并固化了46组实验模式,高效执行上行指令传输与在轨实施,提高了实验实施的准确性。(2) 指令安全性约束技术。搭建了依托先进分布式文件系统与内存数据库的指令安全框架,对实验生命周期的指令与下行数据进行实时监测与分析,实现预警与实时约束,从而保障实验安全。(3) 异常状态实时监测技术。结合专家系统、规则推理和深度学习等方法,实时在线识别实验异常状态,及时预警与处置,以降低实验风险(图2)。(4) 图像比对分析技术。利用实时图像处理算法,快速准确地分析样品挥发和视窗污染情况,量化判断污染程度,进而提高装置安全性与实验效率。以上技术为空间无容器实验的安全稳定运行提供了坚实的技术支撑,显著提升了空间材料科学实验的整体效率与可靠性。
空间实验产生的海量科学数据是科研成果的重要支撑。为充分挖掘实验数据的科学价值,中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心建立了一套先进的数据处理与智能分析平台。(1) 数据实时接收与预处理:平台通过天基中继卫星接收实验数据,实时完成数据包解析与分类预处理,快速生成包括位置控制相机图像、密度相机数据、振荡信号及温度曲线在内的多维数据产品。(2) 高效的数据管理与共享机制:平台采用分布式存储架构与数据库技术,科研人员可通过该平台在线浏览、实时预览与快速下载数据,极大地提高了数据协作效率和便捷性。(3) 智能化的数据分析算法:平台融合了图像处理算法与自主开发的信号分析模型,可精准提取样品体积、密度、表面张力、黏度及比热容等热物性参数,实现秒级数据产品生成与分析结果的在线可视化。(4) 开放的数据接口平台:平台提供统一的应用程序编程接口,支持用户便捷地接入先进的机器学习与人工智能算法,进一步提高数据的智能化挖掘能力,降低了科研人员的技术门槛,推动了实验数据分析的多样化与深度研究。该平台的应用显著提升了实验数据的处理效率、分析精度和共享水平,已累计处理数据超过70 TB,有力推动了无容器材料科学实验数据向高效、智能方向发展。
随着空间站实验任务的持续增加和数据复杂性的不断提升,未来数据平台将进一步融合前沿的大数据与人工智能技术,对多模态、跨学科的空间实验数据开展深度智能挖掘,探索实验项目之间的潜在关联与材料行为的共性规律,为中国空间站材料科学研究开辟更广阔的研究视角,助力中国在空间科学与技术领域取得更多具有突破性的科研成果。
难熔合金在航空航天、核工业等领域有着重要的应用前景,在高性能难熔合金研发和制备过程中都面临“亚稳相调控、组元偏析、晶粒粗大、缺陷形成”等系列共性问题,亟待通过合金成分微量调控和精准化主动控制制备技术予以解决,这些技术都强烈依赖于对亚稳难熔合金熔体的结构与性质基本规律的认识[1721]。难熔合金“难熔化、高活性”的特点难以在地面环境下进行传统接触式实验测定。而在微重力条件下,悬浮合金熔体会在表面张力的作用下呈现为完美的球形,偏离理想球形仅为0.5%左右,表现出极高的球形度,为合金熔体液态性质测定提供了理想条件。
中国空间站CMR利用微重力环境下的静电悬浮技术,实现了高温难熔合金样品的非接触稳定悬浮、超高温熔化与深过冷凝固,有效规避了地面条件下的关键干扰因素。在此基础上,空间实验首次获得了多个典型难熔合金在高温及过冷状态下的精确热物理性质,揭示了熔体表面形核机制与凝固形貌间的关系,并观察到合金液滴在凝固过程中伴随的表面波演化与涡旋分布。此外,实验还发现了液滴凝固过程中的宏观收缩及共晶结构解耦现象,为建立难熔合金凝固动力学模型提供了新的思路。
由于难熔合金具备高熔点、高化学活性等特点,在地面环境中难以采用传统接触式测量方法准确获取其高温液态性质。CMR平台通过静电悬浮实现了Nb−Si、Zr−V等典型难熔合金在2200℃以上的稳定球形悬浮,并基于高精度红外测温和密度图像分析,精确测定了其液态密度和热辐比参数[2223]。以Nb82.7Si17.3和Zr57V43合金为例,空间实验分别完成了多次热循环测量,获得了在宽温区(包括深过冷区)的密度−温度变化曲线及热辐比−温度演化特征。如图3[2223]所示,Zr57V43在4次热循环中所测得的密度变化趋势高度一致,验证了空间实验的良好稳定性;热辐比(ξ)与降温速率Rc的相关曲线清晰地展示了合金在不同状态下的辐射传热行为。
西北工业大学魏炳波团队基于空间静电悬浮实验,系统研究了Nb−Si和Zr−V难熔合金在不同过冷条件下的表面形核行为[22,24]。实验发现,合金在小过冷条件下呈多点形核,样品保持球形,表层组织为固溶体(Nb)与金属间化合物Nb3Si的耦合生长结构;而在大过冷(ΔT≈437 K)下则转变为单点形核,凝固后的样品宏观形貌偏离球形,形成橄榄形,并出现初生(Nb)相与外围(Nb)/Nb3Si共晶组织(图4[22])。随过冷度增加,表面形核点从数十个锐减至1~2个,表明生长速率的大幅提高是主因。此外,无论在地面或空间环境下,大过冷均导致形貌偏离球形,说明该形态变化主要受控于材料的本征形核行为,而非重力效应。在空间条件下制备的Zr50V50合金中,成功实现了160 K的深过冷凝固,获得了具有“多点形核−外规则/内非规则共晶”特征的典型组织结构(图5[24])。该结果表明,通过微重力调控可实现合金“宏观形态与微观组织”的耦合设计,为复杂组织调控提供了新路径。
共晶合金因其独特的两相耦合生长模式在高性能材料中占据重要地位。然而,在地面重力条件下,熔体内的自然对流会破坏其耦合生长过程,导致形成常规的棒状或片状组织,限制了新型结构形态的探索。利用空间站微重力环境,首次在亚共晶Zr64V36合金中实现了表面波与涡旋复合组织的空间定向调控[25]。通过静电悬浮与精准加热控制,在样品表面形成了类似水波的周期性波纹结构,波纹直径从100 μm拓展至毫米级,并保持良好的同心圆对称性(图6[25])。同时,在波纹区域内部观察到由V2Zr与(Zr)共晶相构成的旋涡状微观组织,呈现明显的二维涡流形态。该实验首次明确揭示了空间条件下熔体表面流动与凝固组织之间的直接关联,表明微重力环境有助于调控熔体表面能分布与对流模式,从而实现复杂耦合结构的稳定形成。这一发现不仅拓展了对共晶凝固动力学的理解,也为开发可控多模微结构的新路径提供了理论与实验支撑,对推动难熔合金由地面研究走向空间应用具有重要意义。
凝固过程中的体积收缩与缩孔形成是合金凝固中的普遍现象。西北工业大学魏炳波团队在微重力条件下对Nb−Si与Zr−V合金开展了系统的无容器凝固实验,首次揭示了缩孔的空间分布规律及其形成机制[2628]。在Nb−Si合金中,小过冷条件下样品表面出现规律分布的沟状与孔状缩孔:前者多位于双形核区交界处,后者则位于三形核区交点。这种有序结构是微重力下表面张力主导、凝固动力学参与调控的结果。特别是在Zr50V50合金中,当样品仅有1个形核点时,形核点对面的表面出现孤立孔状缩孔,显示出凝固过程中的质量迁移偏置与形核对称性的耦合效应(图7[2627])。同时,该团队[28]在Nb82.7Si17.3共晶合金的大过冷凝固实验中,观察到原本应“共生生长”的两相——(Nb)固溶体与金属间化合物Nb3Si——出现了解耦生长现象(图8[28])。在397与437 K过冷条件下,2种枝晶在样品表面独立形成并长大,表现为相互分离的枝晶网络。这一异常行为与大过冷条件下快速凝固所引发的局域热质传输变化密切相关,说明微重力环境有利于放大共晶系统中微观动力学的不稳定性,为探索新的相控制机制与组织调控路径提供了实验依据。这些发现不仅深化了对凝固缺陷本质的理解,也为未来通过调控形核机制实现缩孔抑制与组织优化提供了理论支撑与技术参考。
金属功能材料是现代高技术产业的关键基础之一,但传统地面凝固制备常受重力诱导的对流、沉降、偏析等因素干扰,导致材料的显微组织和性能难以精确控制。近年来,利用空间微重力条件开展金属功能材料的凝固研究取得重要突破。空间环境下,液−液相分离合金有效避免了第二相液滴的沉降与聚并,形成了均匀的弥散型结构或壳核结构;钛合金实现了显著的过冷度提升与组织细化,增强了合金的力学性能;软磁Fe−Co合金的空间凝固则有效抑制了熔体对流,显著提高了过冷度并获得了组织稳定一致的磁性能;偏晶型非晶合金在空间条件下液−液相分离更加充分,精确实现了相选择凝固,获得了成分均匀、性能优异的双相非晶材料。此外,空间凝固技术还实现了Cu−Zr−Al金属玻璃熔体高精度热物性测量,准确揭示了熔体本征动力学行为,明确了非晶形成机制;针对重型燃气轮机单晶叶片合金,空间凝固首次获得高度取向一致的单晶结构,显著提升了材料性能与质量。这些研究成果充分体现了空间微重力环境对凝固过程和组织调控的独特优势,为高性能金属功能材料的设计、制备与应用提供了全新的实验基础与理论支撑。
液−液相分离合金是一类在凝固过程中熔体分解为2种液相的材料体系,若能实现细小弥散的第二相颗粒在基体中均匀分布,即可获得高性能原位复合材料,应用于核能、电子、航天等领域。然而,该类合金常因第二液相上浮、沉积或聚并,形成粗大偏析组织,成为凝固调控与应用的关键瓶颈。早期研究认为,重力引起的密度差会导致液−液相分离合金在凝固过程中形成偏析组织。科学家希望借助空间微重力环境抑制液滴上浮或沉积,从而获得均匀分布的弥散相结构。自20世纪70年代初,NASA在Apollo和Skylab任务中率先进行了相关实验[2931],但结果仍表现出两相分层。此后,多国研究人员对不同合金体系展开了微重力凝固研究[3236],以探讨相分离机制。研究发现,液滴组织还受到冷却速率、组分比例、润湿性、温度/浓度梯度及液滴运动和碰撞等多因素影响[37]
中国科学院金属研究所赵九洲团队利用中国空间站无容器材料实验柜对Ti−Co−Gd合金开展了2轮空间凝固实验(SZ−13与SZ−16任务)[38]。研究团队通过X射线三维成像、扫描电镜与电子探针等系统分析了返回样品的凝固组织,发现其表面形成致密的富Gd壳层,内侧为贫Gd区,其余区域的富Gd颗粒则细小、均匀分布于基体之中(图9[38])。与地面对比样品相比,空间样品未出现明显的宏观偏析。定量分析显示:空间样品中的富Gd尺寸沿径向变化较小;而地面样品不同径向位置处富Gd的尺寸变化较大(图9[38])分析认为,空间微重力环境显著减弱了熔体对流及液滴迁移与碰撞过程,合金凝固过程主要受溶质扩散控制,有利于形成弥散型或壳核结构组织(图10[38]图11[38])。该研究证实了微重力在液−液相分离合金凝固组织调控中的关键作用,揭示了复杂组织形成过程中的主导机制,为原位复合材料设计提供了新的理论基础与实验支持。
钛合金因其优异的比强度、耐腐蚀性及高温性能,广泛应用于航空航天、核工业和高端制造等关键领域。为优化钛合金显微组织、提升力学性能,探索其在空间环境中的凝固行为具有重要意义。西北有色金属研究院王建忠团队研究聚焦于2类高强钛合金Ti71Fe29与Ti87Si13,在地面与微重力条件下进行对比实验,系统揭示了钛合金熔体热物性、晶体生长动力学及组织演化规律,为后续合金成分优化与凝固工艺设计提供理论支撑。
在地面静电悬浮实验中,采用高速摄影与液滴振荡技术测得了TiFe和TiSi合金熔体的密度(ρ)、黏度(η)及表面张力(σ)随温度的变化规律,进而构建了热物性本构方程。获得的TiFe合金熔体的ρησ与温度T的变化规律如下:
$ \rho\mathrm{_{TiFe}}=5.13-3.36\times10^{-4}(T-T\mathrm{_m}) $
$ \eta\mathrm{_{TiFe}}=4.72\exp\frac{2.48\times10^{-21}}{k_{\mathrm{B}}\left(T-1253.37\right)} $
$ \sigma_{\mathrm{TiFe}}=1500-0.0191\left(T-T_{\mathrm{m}}\right) $
$ \rho\mathrm{_{TiSi}}=4.22-2.43\times10^{-4}\left(T-T\mathrm{_m}\right) $
$ \eta\mathrm{_{TiSi}}=0.37\exp\frac{4.39\times10^{-20}}{k\mathrm{_B}\left(T-655.78\right)} $
$ \sigma\mathrm{_{TiSi}}=1553-0.1446\left(T-T_{\mathrm{m}}\right) $
式中,Tm为合金熔点,kB为Boltzmann常数。
同时,在地面环境利用静电悬浮实验设备测试了TiFe、TiSi 2种钛合金枝晶生长速度随过冷度的变化关系。2种合金的晶体生长速度均随过冷度增加而呈指数增加,在134、344 K过冷度时晶体生长速度分别达到435和1400 mm/s。
图12为TiFe、TiSi合金在深过冷度下晶体界面迁移过程,其中亮色区域为结晶固相,暗色部分为过冷液相。可以看出,随着过冷度增大,固液两相亮度差异增大,共晶形核开始于球体边缘或中间部位;固液界面形状不规则,呈树枝、锯齿状等界面特征,共晶主干凸起明显;随着时间推移,枝晶逐渐伸入过冷液相中,直至凝固完成。
图13图14分别对比了地面环境和空间环境对TiFe、TiSi合金凝固后的微观组织变化。由图13可以看出,地面环境制备的TiFe合金组织由典型TiFe+β−Ti共晶组成,其中TiFe相由长条及颗粒状形貌共同构成。随着过冷度增加,长条状TiFe相逐渐由11.74 μm细化为3.84 μm短条状甚至颗粒状组织,而原始颗粒状大小相似(约3.90 μm)。空间环境制备的合金组织由TiFe+β−Ti共晶构成,其中TiFe相仍由长条以及大小不同的颗粒状形貌共同构成。随着过冷度增加,长条状TiFe相逐渐由4.12 μm细化为细小颗粒状组织(约0.92 μm),颗粒状TiFe由3.98 μm细化为2.82 μm。在过冷度为104 K时,出现了TiFe先共晶相,先共晶相呈平行的长条状组织,与地面环境57 K过冷度下的先共晶相相同。然而,空间环境出现先共晶相的过冷度比地面环境大。其原因可能如下。地面浮力对流有利于元素扩散,在57 K时形成伪共晶,出现先共晶相;134 K时,凝固直接过冷至共晶区,析出共晶组织。空间环境下,由密度差引起的对流现象减弱,104 K时部分区域形成伪共晶,析出先共晶相。
图14可以看出,地面环境制备的TiSi合金组织均由α−Ti+Ti5Si3共晶组织组成。过冷度为144 K时,Ti5Si3相呈颗粒状(约2.49 μm);319 K时,共晶组织极为细小,Ti5Si3全部细化为纳米颗粒。空间环境制备的TiSi合金组织由α−Ti先共晶相和α−Ti+Ti5Si3共晶组织构成。过冷度为176 K时,Ti5Si3相呈颗粒状(约1.25 μm),328 K过冷度组织与地面环境319 K组织相似,Ti5Si3相为纳米颗粒。此外,无论是地面环境还是空间环境,凝固样品组织均随着过冷度增大而细化,α−Ti+Ti5Si3共晶组织均由棒状转变为颗粒状,最终在大过冷时细化为纳米颗粒。
FeSiCo系软磁合金因其高饱和磁感应强度、低矫顽力和良好的频率响应,在航空航天、精密传感与电力电子等领域具有重要应用价值。为揭示微重力环境对其凝固行为和磁性能演化的影响,浙江大学吴琛团队利用中国空间站无容器材料实验平台针对FeSiCo合金开展了地面与空间静电悬浮熔炼实验,取得以下关键成果:(1) 微重力环境对过冷度的调控效应。图15(a)和(b)分别为不同保温时间下地面和空间样品的凝固温度曲线。图15(c)的过冷度对比图表明,空间样品合金熔体随保温时间延长,过冷度显著提升。这是由于空间微重力条件能够有效抑制熔体内部对流,保留更多熔化潜热,拓展过冷区间。(2) 微重力环境对显微组织的调控作用。图16为地面和空间样品表面的扫描电子显微镜图。其中,空间样品表面呈现明显的二维生长台阶结构,反映出更强烈的晶体生长各向异性。图17为地面和空间样品温度时间与密度温度拟合结果,可用于样品熔化熵的计算。结果表明,空间样品具有较高的熔化熵,增强了高低指数晶面生长速率差异,进而诱导出显著的台阶状微观结构。(3) 微重力环境对磁性能的增强效应。图18(a)和(b)分别为地面和空间FeSiCo软磁合金的磁滞回线,插图为矫顽力(Hc)和饱和磁化强度(Ms)的放大图。如图18(c)所示,地面样品的矫顽力波动较为明显,而空间样品则表现出良好的重复性和一致性。图18(d)表明,空间样品饱和磁化强度随保温时长增大而逐渐增大,地面样品同样存在较大波动。其根源在于地面重力环境下熔体对流增强,导致元素分布不均与形核点波动;而空间条件下流动显著抑制,促进了均匀组织的形成,从而稳定了磁性能。综上所述,该研究揭示了FeSiCo合金在微重力无容器条件下凝固过冷行为、微观组织演化规律与关键磁性能之间的关联,为高性能软磁材料的开发提供了理论基础与实验依据。
非晶合金因其优异性能在高技术领域应用广泛。采用偏晶合金液−液相分离的原位内生法是设计多相非晶合金的有效策略。Nb−Y合金是典型的二元偏晶体系,但纯Nb和Y非晶形成能力差且物性差异大。中国科学院金属研究所何杰团队基于“双液相−双共晶−双非晶”理念,引入Ni元素进行合金成分再设计,以期提升两分离液相的非晶形成能力。然而,偏晶型合金凝固过程中液相成分会随温度演化,液−液相分离及其相选择成为关键科学问题。地面凝固时,重力和容器壁效应导致熔体因密度差异产生严重Stokes沉降,使不同密度的元素在熔体中分布不均匀,出现不同机制的相分离,而且相分离过程中产生的双液相在比重差作用下,第二液相迅速粗化,以致局部发生多次液−液相分离,降低非晶形成能力(图19)。为克服此限制,研究团队利用中国空间站无容器静电悬浮实验柜,开展了微重力环境下Nb−Y−Ni合金熔体的相分离与相选择凝固实验。空间与地面对比实验初步发现,相同冷却条件下,Nb−Y−Ni合金熔体在微重力环境中更倾向于通过液−液相分离机制实现凝固,而地面环境更倾向于液−固相分离。空间微重力下,熔体中Nb元素析出温度较地面明显降低,且析出相的组织更趋均匀稳定(图20)。这一显著的天地差异表明,微重力环境有效促进了偏晶型合金的相选择调控与双相非晶结构的精准制备。该研究利用空间微重力无容器技术,首次明确了偏晶型Nb−Y−Ni非晶合金的凝固路径、液相分离行为及相选择机制,揭示了重力环境对相形成与组织结构的显著影响,为后续偏晶型合金的精准设计与高性能双相非晶材料的制备提供了重要的科学依据与技术支持。
金属玻璃的非晶形成能力是其应用的关键,而熔体的热物理性质(尤其是高温熔体黏度和动力学脆性)是决定性参数。上海大学王刚团队利用中国空间站的无容器静电悬浮技术,在微重力条件下对Cu−Zr−Al金属玻璃熔体的热物理性质进行了深入研究[39]。地面Couette转筒流变仪测量Cu−Zr−Al合金熔体高温黏度时,当温度达到1300 K后,黏度异常增加(图21[39]中蓝色方块),这源于熔体与石墨坩埚的剧烈化学反应。为克服此局限,团队在中国空间站无容器平台开展实验。在轨实验中,通过静电悬浮将Cu−Zr−Al熔体成功熔化并稳定在1373 K(图22(a)[39]),采用液滴振荡方法测量并记录其振荡衰减信号(图22(b)[39])。计算得到1373 K时,熔体表面张力为1.58 N/m,3组独立测量的黏度值分别为9.5、10.3和11.7 mPa·s。空间测量的黏度数据未出现地面测量时的异常升高现象(图21中红色五角星),更真实地体现了合金熔体的本征热物性[39]。团队进一步利用Vogel−Fulcher−Tammann方程对高温黏度数据进行拟合分析,结果表明Cu−Zr−Al熔体在高温阶段呈现明显的脆性液体动力学特征,其脆性系数D*明显低于低温过冷液体的脆性系数(图23[39]。这一差异揭示了Cu−Zr−Al熔体在冷却过程中可能存在从高温“脆性液体”向低温“强性液体”的动力学脆—强转变,为深入理解非晶形成机制提供了崭新的科学视角。
单晶叶片材料因其优异的高温性能成为先进燃气轮机制造的主流。传统地面制备受重力场和容器效应干扰,易出现缺陷。中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所余建定团队首次在中国空间站无容器材料实验柜中,成功开展了第4代单晶叶片合金EPM−102的空间微重力无容器凝固和晶体生长实验。地面静电悬浮凝固实验表明,EPM−102合金晶粒取向差异大,呈多晶特征,内部气孔随机分布。在空间站微重力实验中,团队克服了合金蒸发严重、熔体带电量不稳定等难题,成功实现了EPM−102高温合金在轨样品的稳定悬浮、精准加热熔融和凝固。通过在轨密度测量,确定了EPM−102合金熔点密度为8.06 g/cm。微观结构分析揭示了空间样品与地面样品的显著差异(图24)。空间环境下制备的合金表面呈现高度规则的枝晶纹理。计算机体层成像(computed tomography,CT)三维重构分析发现,空间样品内部的气孔沿特定方向呈现明显规律排列,而地面样品中的气孔则杂乱无章。空间样品的光学显微镜和电子背散射衍射(electron backscatter diffraction,EBSD)结果进一步证实,微重力环境中获得的样品内部形成了完整且高度规则取向的一致性单晶枝晶结构。透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy,TEM)观察发现,空间制备样品内部γ′相沿枝晶干与枝晶间区域呈现明显梯度尺寸分布。该研究首次在空间微重力无容器条件下成功实现了第4代高温合金EPM−102球形单晶的精准制备,为未来重型燃气轮机单晶叶片的高性能制备提供了重要的技术示范和理论指导。
硅基生物活性玻璃因其优异成骨活性广泛应用于临床骨组织修复。中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所吴成铁团队利用微重力无容器技术开展了Ca−Ti−Si生物活性玻璃的空间制备研究。在地面采用气悬浮无容器技术制备的Ca−Ti−Si生物活性玻璃呈现均匀非晶态结构,以低活性Q3和Q4结构单元为主,能提供弱碱性环境和温和离子释放速率,促进成骨细胞增殖、抑制破骨细胞活性,植入体内炎症反应温和,并能促进巨噬细胞从促炎表型向抑炎表型转化(图25),进而促进体内骨组织修复(图26[40]。为克服地面重力导致的微观结构不均匀问题,团队利用空间站无容器材料实验柜开展了空间静电悬浮制备实验,成功实现了Ca−Ti−Si生物活性玻璃样品的负电释放、稳定悬浮、梯度升温熔融及冷却凝固的全过程(图27),空间实验首次在完全失重状态下制备出高度均匀的非晶态Ca−Ti−Si生物活性玻璃样品。初步分析发现,与地面无容器技术制备的样品相比,空间制备的玻璃微结构更加均匀。微重力环境下制备的Ca−Ti−Si生物活性玻璃为临床骨修复领域提供了性能更优异的生物材料,该研究开拓了突破传统制备技术局限的全新空间制备方法。
早期太阳系星云中的球粒与富钙铝难熔包体(calcium−aluminum−rich inclusions,CAI)是行星等天体的重要原始物质。中国科学技术大学秦礼萍、汤浩岚团队与南京大学惠鹤九团队合作,依托空间站无容器实验平台,在国际上首次实现了小行星物质微重力条件下的无容器凝固实验。地面实验表明,球粒样品在约1550℃下首先形成镁橄榄石,随温度降低逐渐转化为斜方辉石;CAI样品则形成黄长石、镁橄榄石、透辉石等多种矿物。地面实验揭示重力引起的熔体对流显著促进了元素扩散及矿物相结晶与转化,以斜方辉石为主导相。在轨熔融实验获得如下成果:微重力条件下富镁富硅球粒更倾向形成玻璃态,结晶效率明显低于地面;球粒样品仅持续形成镁橄榄石,斜方辉石的形成受到显著抑制(图28)。CAI样品在轨实验与地面实验的矿物组成差异明显:空间样品内部大量形成尖晶石单晶,未出现硅酸盐矿物;而地面样品则主要形成硅酸盐矿物(图29)。显著的天地差异并非来源于热力学参数的变化,而主要是微重力环境下熔体对流消失,使得元素迁移由对流转变为扩散控制。由于硅(Si)在硅酸盐熔体中的扩散速率远低于镁(Mg)、铝(Al)、钙(Ca)等元素,微重力条件下Si的有效活度明显降低。团队引入rg参数量化评估微重力条件下Si活度的降低程度,发现rg随温度的变化符合阿伦尼乌斯关系,其活化能接近Si在熔体中的扩散活化能,进一步证实了Si扩散受限是微重力环境下矿物结晶差异的核心原因。该研究首次揭示了微重力条件下硅酸盐熔体凝固的独特机制,为理解星云物质与小行星早期演化过程中矿物特征的形成提供了新的理论机制。
中国空间站CMR的成功研制与在轨高效运行,标志着中国空间材料科学实验能力实现了重要跨越,为前沿研究提供了独特且高水平的实验平台。通过一体化设计与关键技术的集成改进,包括耦合激光加热实现的宽温区精确控温、高精度静电悬浮与位置控制、多样化实验环境以及增强的材料普适性与样品管理效率,CMR已达到国际同类装置的先进水平。成熟的运控流程、关键运控技术以及智能化数据处理与分析平台,为在轨实验的精准实施和科学数据的高效利用提供了有力保障。
依托CMR平台,中国科学家已在难熔合金、功能金属、高性能生物活性玻璃以及行星科学模拟物等领域取得了重要成果,精确测定了材料在极端条件下的热物性参数,揭示了微重力条件下凝固、相变及界面行为的新规律。这些成果不仅深化了对材料本征特性及其“成分—工艺—结构—性能”关系的理解,也为地面新材料的设计与工艺优化提供了重要参考。
未来,CMR不仅将继续在更复杂和多样化的材料体系上开展探索,例如高熵合金、超高温陶瓷、先进复合材料以及具有特殊功能的新型化合物,还将与地面理论模拟、先进计算方法和材料基因工程紧密结合,提升科学发现的效率与深度。更具前瞻性的是,随着人类深空探测和月球基地建设的推进,无容器材料处理技术有望直接延伸至就地资源利用(in−situ resource utilization,ISRU)领域。例如,利用月壤原料在变重力或微重力条件下实现高温熔融、拉丝成纤、烧结成型等过程,为月球上的结构构件、功能元件乃至封闭生态系统关键材料的原位制造提供可能。这不仅为人类在月球长期驻留和深空探测提供技术支撑,也将进一步拓展无容器材料科学在未来空间工业化中的应用边界。
综上所述,CMR的成功运行为中国材料科学和空间科学注入了新的活力。通过持续的技术提升、科学规划与国际合作,无容器材料实验将不断拓展其在科学研究与工程应用上的价值,为人类探索宇宙与发展先进材料技术做出更大贡献。
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL01)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL04)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL05)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL10)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL06)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL03)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL−1−06)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL0503)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL08)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00148
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-06-15
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
  • 修回日期:2025-08-12
基金
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL01)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL04)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL05)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL10)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL06)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL03)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL−1−06)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL0503)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL08)
作者信息
    1中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所,上海 200050
    2中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心,北京 100094
    3西北工业大学物理科学与技术学院,西安 710072
    4中国科学院金属研究所,沈阳 110016
    5西北有色金属研究院金属多孔材料全国重点实验室,西安 710016
    6浙江大学材料科学与工程学院,杭州 310058
    7上海大学核电关键材料全国重点实验室,上海 200444
    8中国科学技术大学岩石圈演化与环境演变全国重点实验室,合肥 230026
    9西安交通大学物理学院,西安 710049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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