Article(id=1273334881187779046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762963200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-13, revisedDate=1776787200000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781516293093, onlineDateStr=2026-06-15, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781516293093, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781516293093, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781516293093, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1273334825638420729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781516279847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781519137123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1273334881535906280, articleId=1273334881187779046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Advances in spaceflight−induced bone loss and China's research progress, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Long−term exposure to microgravity causes significant bone loss in astronauts, posing a major threat to human health and limiting the implementation of deep−space exploration missions. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms, experimental advances, and major countermeasures related to microgravity−induced bone loss, with a particular focus on relevant research progress in China. Current evidence indicates that weightlessness disrupts the balance between bone formation and bone resorption, characterized by enhanced osteoclastic activity, impaired osteogenic function, abnormal osteocyte apoptosis, and disturbances in calcium metabolism and endocrine regulation, ultimately leading to bone mass loss. Human spaceflight studies, animal experiments, and ground−based simulation models have further revealed the multi−level effects of microgravity on bone structure and function. Although exercise, nutritional supplementation, pharmacological interventions, and mechanical stimulation can partially alleviate bone loss, their protective efficacy remains limited. Future studies should integrate multi−omics approaches with advanced simulation models to further elucidate the mechanisms of spaceflight−induced bone loss and optimize comprehensive countermeasure strategies.

, correspAuthors=Mengrui WU, Luyang YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingyi SONG, Cui ZHANG, Wei QIAN, Jinfu WANG, Mengrui WU, Luyang YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1273334883570143724, articleId=1273334881187779046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=空间骨丢失研究进展与中国探索, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

长期微重力环境可导致航天员发生显著骨丢失,严重影响其健康并制约深空探测任务实施。系统综述了微重力环境下骨丢失的发生机制、实验研究进展及主要防护措施,并总结了中国在该领域的相关研究成果。研究表明,失重环境可导致骨形成与骨吸收失衡,表现为破骨活性增强、成骨功能受抑,并伴随骨细胞异常凋亡及钙代谢、内分泌紊乱,从而导致骨量丢失。人类航天员在轨研究、动物实验及地面模拟研究进一步揭示了失重对骨组织结构与功能的多层次影响。现有运动、营养、药物和机械刺激等干预措施虽可部分缓解骨丢失,但仍存在疗效有限等问题。未来需结合多组学研究与模拟模型,深入阐明失重性骨丢失机制并优化综合防护策略。

, correspAuthors=吴梦瑞, 余路阳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴梦瑞(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为骨骼发育和稳态调控,电子信箱:;
余路阳(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为干细胞生物学、空间生命科学和血管生理,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=k6E4WXv6/ltpUH72QSuvLQ==, magXml=XI0bOjIm4hd187dSSKCsgQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cV908OZtTFQ/oMUXLNl2Qg==, pdfFileSize=1174835, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=yngjrBlov9SEJGo3XcvJPg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=L7639FeHOgNZRRJG0JRjLg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

宋静仪,硕士研究生,研究方向为骨骼稳态调控和微重力响应,电子信箱:

张翠(共同第一作者),特聘研究员,研究方向为骨骼稳态调控和微重力响应,电子信箱:

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类别实验机构实验地点实验对象结论
人类航天员研究
德克萨斯女子大学[15]双子座IV、V和VII宇航员 太空短期飞行骨量损失虽小但显著
康奈尔大学[16]双子座IV2名宇航员 飞行期间尿液和粪便钙排泄通常升高,导致飞行期间钙平衡较低
美国加利福尼亚大学
戴维斯分校[2]
阿波罗15、
天空实验室Ⅱ
宇航员 航天员每月骨密度下降约1.0%~1.5%,骨流失速度远超正常骨质疏松患者
美国宇航局艾姆斯
研究中心[17]
俄罗斯Mir空间站7名宇航员 太空飞行使飞行员下肢骨密度和肌肉力量下降,但椎骨几乎不受影响
法国圣艾蒂安大学[18]俄罗斯Mir空间站2名宇航员 太空飞行后的骨质脆性较着陆时进一步增加
美国国家航空航天局
航天中心[19]
和平号3名宇航员 航天飞行导致持续的骨钙丢失和负向的钙平衡
法国圣艾蒂安医学院[3]俄罗斯Mir空间站15名宇航员 承重骨失重后骨量减少明显,非承重骨受影响较小
美国加利福尼亚大学
戴维斯分校[20]
国际空间站14名宇航员 长时间的太空飞行可能会导致骨强度的大幅下降
美国加利福尼亚大学
旧金山分校[21]
国际空间站16名宇航员 太空飞行期间的骨丢失不会恢复,着陆后骨密度会继续恶化
法国圣艾蒂安大学[22]国际空间站13名宇航员 太空飞行期间和飞行之后,都需要采取保护措施,着陆后很长一段时间内骨骼恢复仍然存在不确定性
法国圣艾蒂安大学[23]和平号、
国际空间站
宇航员 航天飞行会导致负重骨骼部位的骨骼脆弱并增加骨吸收
大学空间研究协会[24]国际空间站7名宇航员 宇航员在长时间太空飞行中的阻力运动可部分防止太空飞行引起的骨质流失
加拿大卡尔加里大学[25]国际空间站17名宇航员 太空飞行中训练量的增加可以使胫骨强度、骨密度和厚度保持
加拿大卡尔加里大学[26]国际空间站17名宇航员 长期太空飞行返回后1年,胫骨远端骨强度和小梁微结构恢复不完全
横滨市立大学高级医学研究中心[27]国际空间站6名宇航员 宇航员在太空飞行过程中会诱发骨代谢异常
柏林空间医学和极端
环境中心[28]
国际空间站12名宇航员 太空飞行中大多数肌肉的组织刚度得以保留,胫骨前肌僵硬降低,腓肠肌的僵硬增加
动物模型
实验
苏联莫斯科医学生物
问题研究所[29]
宇宙−1545大鼠 太空飞行初期,非承重骨的骨吸收被激活
苏联莫斯科生物医学
问题研究所[30]
宇宙−1667大鼠 太空飞行期间骨生成过程受到抑制
苏联莫斯科生物医学
问题研究所[31]
宇宙−1887大鼠 太空飞行期间骨吸收作用增强
法国圣艾蒂安大学[32]宇宙−2044大鼠 太空飞行使胫骨松质骨宽度减小和股骨骨吸收活性增加
动物模型
实验
日本鹿儿岛大学工程
学院[33]
哥伦比亚号大鼠 微重力环境会导致多种骨骼交替,例如微量元素组成异常和椎体成熟缺陷
美国波士顿大学[13]STS−59鸡胚胎 骨骼的失重会导致骨骼中钙的流失
美国航空航天局艾姆斯
研究中心[34]
STS−131小鼠 股骨骨密度显著降低,但肱骨骨密度无显著变化
东京工业大学[35]国际空间站青鳉鱼 微重力环境会诱导细胞表达高水平的破骨细胞标记蛋白
俄罗斯科学院[36]Bion−M1
生物卫星
小鼠 微重力环境导致小鼠股四头肌肌肉萎缩和再生受损
杰克逊基因组医学
实验室[37]
国际空间站小鼠 通过阻断MSTN/激活素A信号传导可以显著增加骨量
俄勒冈州立大学[38]STS−62大鼠 失重对骨质的影响不完全由是否承重决定
印第安纳大学[39]国际空间站小鼠 BMP2通过机械负荷途径治疗航天过程中骨折对非损伤部位的影响
蓝大理石空间科学
研究所[40]
NASA RR−1小鼠 不同骨骼对失重的响应存在异质性,与肌肉附着有关
细胞实验美国加利福尼亚州旧金山退伍军人事务部[41]STS−56MC3T3−E1成骨
细胞系
 失重导致成骨细胞中的肌动蛋白细胞骨架显著改变
日本东京医科齿科
大学[42]
STS−65原代成骨细胞 微重力诱导成骨细胞中白细胞介素6的生成
比利时天主教鲁汶
大学[9]
福田10MG−63细胞 微重力降低MG−63细胞的成骨分化
法国圣埃蒂安大学[43]俄罗斯Bion10ROS17/2.8细胞 太空飞行使细胞表现出混合形态、堆积、恒星形状和分散的表征
日本东京医科齿科
大学[44]
STS−65原代成骨细胞 太空飞行调节成骨细胞中的胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白和糖皮质激素受体
美国旧金山北加州研究与教育研究所[45]OsteoMC3T3−E1成骨
细胞系
 失重环境下成骨细胞合成代谢反应受抑制
多伦多大学士嘉堡
分校[46]
福田M3卫星RAW细胞、原代
成骨细胞
 失重使成骨细胞活性降低,破骨细胞活性升高且骨吸收增加
苏黎世大学[47]TEXUS−54原代巨噬细胞 微重力诱导原代巨噬细胞中潜在重力转导细胞骨架的几何细胞变化以及快速响应和适应
意大利巴里大学[48]国际空间站EC−EOMA、OBs−
MC3T3E1、原代
破骨前体细胞
 鸢尾素支持成骨细胞分化和微重力下的活性
密歇根大学[49]国际空间站成骨细胞 成骨细胞中YAP的表达受到微重力的负面影响,但不影响BMP2刺激的pSMAD1/5/9
以色列Amorphical LTD公司[50]国际空间站人骨髓间充质
干细胞
 无定形碳酸钙(amorphous calcium carbonate,‌ACC)增强了人原代骨骼肌细胞向肌管的分化
浙江大学[51]SJ−10卫星人骨髓间充质
干细胞
 微重力下,p38 MAPK活性的增加和AKT活性的去抑制导致信号通路的激活,特异性促进脂肪生成
), ArticleFig(id=1273334891941974567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1273334881187779046, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

空间骨丢失相关研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别实验机构实验地点实验对象结论
人类航天员研究
德克萨斯女子大学[15]双子座IV、V和VII宇航员 太空短期飞行骨量损失虽小但显著
康奈尔大学[16]双子座IV2名宇航员 飞行期间尿液和粪便钙排泄通常升高,导致飞行期间钙平衡较低
美国加利福尼亚大学
戴维斯分校[2]
阿波罗15、
天空实验室Ⅱ
宇航员 航天员每月骨密度下降约1.0%~1.5%,骨流失速度远超正常骨质疏松患者
美国宇航局艾姆斯
研究中心[17]
俄罗斯Mir空间站7名宇航员 太空飞行使飞行员下肢骨密度和肌肉力量下降,但椎骨几乎不受影响
法国圣艾蒂安大学[18]俄罗斯Mir空间站2名宇航员 太空飞行后的骨质脆性较着陆时进一步增加
美国国家航空航天局
航天中心[19]
和平号3名宇航员 航天飞行导致持续的骨钙丢失和负向的钙平衡
法国圣艾蒂安医学院[3]俄罗斯Mir空间站15名宇航员 承重骨失重后骨量减少明显,非承重骨受影响较小
美国加利福尼亚大学
戴维斯分校[20]
国际空间站14名宇航员 长时间的太空飞行可能会导致骨强度的大幅下降
美国加利福尼亚大学
旧金山分校[21]
国际空间站16名宇航员 太空飞行期间的骨丢失不会恢复,着陆后骨密度会继续恶化
法国圣艾蒂安大学[22]国际空间站13名宇航员 太空飞行期间和飞行之后,都需要采取保护措施,着陆后很长一段时间内骨骼恢复仍然存在不确定性
法国圣艾蒂安大学[23]和平号、
国际空间站
宇航员 航天飞行会导致负重骨骼部位的骨骼脆弱并增加骨吸收
大学空间研究协会[24]国际空间站7名宇航员 宇航员在长时间太空飞行中的阻力运动可部分防止太空飞行引起的骨质流失
加拿大卡尔加里大学[25]国际空间站17名宇航员 太空飞行中训练量的增加可以使胫骨强度、骨密度和厚度保持
加拿大卡尔加里大学[26]国际空间站17名宇航员 长期太空飞行返回后1年,胫骨远端骨强度和小梁微结构恢复不完全
横滨市立大学高级医学研究中心[27]国际空间站6名宇航员 宇航员在太空飞行过程中会诱发骨代谢异常
柏林空间医学和极端
环境中心[28]
国际空间站12名宇航员 太空飞行中大多数肌肉的组织刚度得以保留,胫骨前肌僵硬降低,腓肠肌的僵硬增加
动物模型
实验
苏联莫斯科医学生物
问题研究所[29]
宇宙−1545大鼠 太空飞行初期,非承重骨的骨吸收被激活
苏联莫斯科生物医学
问题研究所[30]
宇宙−1667大鼠 太空飞行期间骨生成过程受到抑制
苏联莫斯科生物医学
问题研究所[31]
宇宙−1887大鼠 太空飞行期间骨吸收作用增强
法国圣艾蒂安大学[32]宇宙−2044大鼠 太空飞行使胫骨松质骨宽度减小和股骨骨吸收活性增加
动物模型
实验
日本鹿儿岛大学工程
学院[33]
哥伦比亚号大鼠 微重力环境会导致多种骨骼交替,例如微量元素组成异常和椎体成熟缺陷
美国波士顿大学[13]STS−59鸡胚胎 骨骼的失重会导致骨骼中钙的流失
美国航空航天局艾姆斯
研究中心[34]
STS−131小鼠 股骨骨密度显著降低,但肱骨骨密度无显著变化
东京工业大学[35]国际空间站青鳉鱼 微重力环境会诱导细胞表达高水平的破骨细胞标记蛋白
俄罗斯科学院[36]Bion−M1
生物卫星
小鼠 微重力环境导致小鼠股四头肌肌肉萎缩和再生受损
杰克逊基因组医学
实验室[37]
国际空间站小鼠 通过阻断MSTN/激活素A信号传导可以显著增加骨量
俄勒冈州立大学[38]STS−62大鼠 失重对骨质的影响不完全由是否承重决定
印第安纳大学[39]国际空间站小鼠 BMP2通过机械负荷途径治疗航天过程中骨折对非损伤部位的影响
蓝大理石空间科学
研究所[40]
NASA RR−1小鼠 不同骨骼对失重的响应存在异质性,与肌肉附着有关
细胞实验美国加利福尼亚州旧金山退伍军人事务部[41]STS−56MC3T3−E1成骨
细胞系
 失重导致成骨细胞中的肌动蛋白细胞骨架显著改变
日本东京医科齿科
大学[42]
STS−65原代成骨细胞 微重力诱导成骨细胞中白细胞介素6的生成
比利时天主教鲁汶
大学[9]
福田10MG−63细胞 微重力降低MG−63细胞的成骨分化
法国圣埃蒂安大学[43]俄罗斯Bion10ROS17/2.8细胞 太空飞行使细胞表现出混合形态、堆积、恒星形状和分散的表征
日本东京医科齿科
大学[44]
STS−65原代成骨细胞 太空飞行调节成骨细胞中的胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白和糖皮质激素受体
美国旧金山北加州研究与教育研究所[45]OsteoMC3T3−E1成骨
细胞系
 失重环境下成骨细胞合成代谢反应受抑制
多伦多大学士嘉堡
分校[46]
福田M3卫星RAW细胞、原代
成骨细胞
 失重使成骨细胞活性降低,破骨细胞活性升高且骨吸收增加
苏黎世大学[47]TEXUS−54原代巨噬细胞 微重力诱导原代巨噬细胞中潜在重力转导细胞骨架的几何细胞变化以及快速响应和适应
意大利巴里大学[48]国际空间站EC−EOMA、OBs−
MC3T3E1、原代
破骨前体细胞
 鸢尾素支持成骨细胞分化和微重力下的活性
密歇根大学[49]国际空间站成骨细胞 成骨细胞中YAP的表达受到微重力的负面影响,但不影响BMP2刺激的pSMAD1/5/9
以色列Amorphical LTD公司[50]国际空间站人骨髓间充质
干细胞
 无定形碳酸钙(amorphous calcium carbonate,‌ACC)增强了人原代骨骼肌细胞向肌管的分化
浙江大学[51]SJ−10卫星人骨髓间充质
干细胞
 微重力下,p38 MAPK活性的增加和AKT活性的去抑制导致信号通路的激活,特异性促进脂肪生成
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空间骨丢失研究进展与中国探索
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宋静仪 1 , 张翠 2 , 钱唯 1 , 王金福 1 , 吴梦瑞 1, * , 余路阳 1, 2, 3, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(10): 43-55
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科技导报 | 特色专题 2026, 44(10): 43-55
空间骨丢失研究进展与中国探索
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宋静仪1 , 张翠2 , 钱唯1, 王金福1, 吴梦瑞1, * , 余路阳1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学生命科学学院,杭州 310000
  • 2浙江大学丽水生命健康联合创新中心,丽水 323000
  • 3哈尔滨医科大学基础医学部,哈尔滨 150000
  • 宋静仪,硕士研究生,研究方向为骨骼稳态调控和微重力响应,电子信箱:

    张翠(共同第一作者),特聘研究员,研究方向为骨骼稳态调控和微重力响应,电子信箱:

通讯作者:

吴梦瑞(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为骨骼发育和稳态调控,电子信箱:;
余路阳(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为干细胞生物学、空间生命科学和血管生理,电子信箱:
Advances in spaceflight−induced bone loss and China's research progress
Jingyi SONG1 , Cui ZHANG2 , Wei QIAN1, Jinfu WANG1, Mengrui WU1, * , Luyang YU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
  • 2Lishui Institute of Life and Health Innovation, Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, China
  • 3Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00041
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长期微重力环境可导致航天员发生显著骨丢失,严重影响其健康并制约深空探测任务实施。系统综述了微重力环境下骨丢失的发生机制、实验研究进展及主要防护措施,并总结了中国在该领域的相关研究成果。研究表明,失重环境可导致骨形成与骨吸收失衡,表现为破骨活性增强、成骨功能受抑,并伴随骨细胞异常凋亡及钙代谢、内分泌紊乱,从而导致骨量丢失。人类航天员在轨研究、动物实验及地面模拟研究进一步揭示了失重对骨组织结构与功能的多层次影响。现有运动、营养、药物和机械刺激等干预措施虽可部分缓解骨丢失,但仍存在疗效有限等问题。未来需结合多组学研究与模拟模型,深入阐明失重性骨丢失机制并优化综合防护策略。

微重力  /  骨丢失  /  成骨/破骨平衡  /  骨细胞  /  地面微重力模拟模型

Long−term exposure to microgravity causes significant bone loss in astronauts, posing a major threat to human health and limiting the implementation of deep−space exploration missions. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms, experimental advances, and major countermeasures related to microgravity−induced bone loss, with a particular focus on relevant research progress in China. Current evidence indicates that weightlessness disrupts the balance between bone formation and bone resorption, characterized by enhanced osteoclastic activity, impaired osteogenic function, abnormal osteocyte apoptosis, and disturbances in calcium metabolism and endocrine regulation, ultimately leading to bone mass loss. Human spaceflight studies, animal experiments, and ground−based simulation models have further revealed the multi−level effects of microgravity on bone structure and function. Although exercise, nutritional supplementation, pharmacological interventions, and mechanical stimulation can partially alleviate bone loss, their protective efficacy remains limited. Future studies should integrate multi−omics approaches with advanced simulation models to further elucidate the mechanisms of spaceflight−induced bone loss and optimize comprehensive countermeasure strategies.

microgravity  /  bone loss  /  osteoblast−osteoclast balance  /  osteocyte  /  ground−based microgravity stimulation models
宋静仪, 张翠, 钱唯, 王金福, 吴梦瑞, 余路阳. 空间骨丢失研究进展与中国探索. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (10) : 43 -55 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00041
Jingyi SONG, Cui ZHANG, Wei QIAN, Jinfu WANG, Mengrui WU, Luyang YU. Advances in spaceflight−induced bone loss and China's research progress[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (10) : 43 -55 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00041
人类在微重力太空环境中长期生活面临诸多生理挑战,对肌肉骨骼、神经前庭和心血管系统都有影响。其中骨丢失(又称失重性骨丢失)是最严重的问题之一[1]。早在20世纪70年代美国“天空实验室”空间站(Skylab Space Station)任务中,航天员就被发现每月骨矿物质密度(bone mineral density,BMD)下降约1%~1.5%,骨量流失速度远超地球上正常骨质疏松患者[2],特别是承重骨(如胫骨、股骨、腰椎等)流失更明显。在20世纪初对俄罗斯“和平”号空间站(Mir Space Station,Mir)15名航天员承重骨的骨矿物质密度检测中,胫骨中松质骨每月骨丢失0.9%,并且回到地面后未见明显恢复[3]。骨量的大幅减少将增加骨折风险,危及航天员的健康并威胁长期深空任务的成功,使得骨骼系统成为限制长期载人航天任务的关键瓶颈之一[4]。过去几十年中,对空间骨丢失问题的认识不断深化,尤其近年来在机制阐释、模拟实验和干预对策等方面取得重要进展。综述了微重力环境下骨丢失的生物学机制、空间飞行和地面模拟研究成果,以及骨丢失的防护干预措施,并重点介绍中国在该领域的探索与贡献。
在地球1g重力条件下,骨骼的形成与吸收过程贯穿人的一生。胚胎发育或生命早期的骨骼生长阶段,骨形成速度明显加快,这一时期被称为“建模期”。成年后,维持骨骼作为完整功能器官的运作仍需依赖对骨吸收与骨形成过程的调控,这种机制被称为骨重塑,即破骨细胞骨吸收作用和成骨细胞骨形成作用的紧密偶联进程[56]。骨代谢平衡,即成骨细胞和破骨细胞协同作用的动态平衡维持正常的骨量和骨结构[7]。骨骼能够感知机械负荷并调节骨重建,而在微重力条件下这个过程的平衡被打破引起骨丢失(图1)。一方面,失重引起骨骼机械应力缺失,破骨细胞活性异常增高、成骨细胞功能降低导致骨吸收速度超过骨形成速度,从而骨代谢平衡被打破[8]。另一方面,除了成骨细胞和破骨细胞以外,Moriishi等[9]研究发现骨组织中另外一类数量庞大的细胞,骨细胞也会直接响应失重发生活性改变;骨组织对骨稳态起到重要调控作用,在机械应力缺失的情况下会发生异常凋亡,同时分泌过多的核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor−κb ligand,RANKL)和骨硬素(sclerostin,SOST),RANKL是体内促破骨发生的关键因子,而SOST通过拮抗Wnt信号通路(Wnt signaling pathway)抑制成骨和促进破骨的功能,贡献失重骨丢失。骨代谢的不平衡引发骨量持续流失,并伴随骨微结构退化。多项细胞实验发现,空间飞行中骨特异性碱性磷酸酶(bone−specific alkaline phosphatase,BAP)、骨钙素(intact bone gla protein,iBGP)、I型前胶原肽(procollagen type I C−terminal propeptide,PICP)等成骨分化标志物表达降低,提示成骨功能受损[10]。同样,在模拟微重力环境下,FLG29.1人前破骨细胞样白血病细胞系表现出破骨细胞样形态、RANKL的过表达、破骨细胞标记基因抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate−resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)和组织蛋白酶K(cathepsin K)的上调,表明骨吸收的增加[8, 11]。此外,微重力引起的钙平衡紊乱也是造成骨丢失的元凶之一。随着骨丢失,大量钙从骨基质中释放进入血液,高钙引起甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)分泌受抑,继而使循环活性维生素D水平下降并减少肠道钙吸收。作为促进骨质积累的重要激素,持续性低水平的PTH和活性维生素D进一步加剧骨丢失[1213]。Caillot−Augusseau等[14]针对4名在欧洲和平号95号太空任务期间飞行180 d的航天员进行了飞行前、中、后期体液检测,飞行过程中观察到PTH减少是骨吸收增加导致血清钙浓度相对增加的结果。着陆后7 d,航天员的PTH均高于正常浓度,其中返回地球阶段(return to Earth,RTO)为64 ng/L,航天飞行后阶段(after spaceflight,ASW)为72 ng/L,而血清钙浓度保持在正常范围内。这种组合为短暂的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症。在压力相关激素没有任何显著改变的情况下,调节钙代谢的全身激素的变化是骨重塑变化的结果[14]。综上所述,微重力通过细胞力学感知信号通路紊乱和内分泌代谢改变,在分子、细胞和系统多个层次共同导致骨量平衡负向移动。
以往飞行和地面模拟实验通过航天员、动物模型和细胞多个层面的研究展开空间在轨骨丢失的生理和机制探索如表1所示。系统汇总了不同研究类型(包括人类航天员研究及相关实验研究)中微重力对骨代谢的影响。人类航天员研究结果显示,在太空飞行过程中,骨代谢发生显著改变,即使短期飞行亦可引起骨量丢失。具体表现为尿液及粪便中钙排泄增加,导致机体钙平衡呈负值。同时,航天员骨密度以每月约1.0%~1.5%的速率下降,其骨丢失速度明显高于地面骨质疏松患者。此外,骨丢失呈部位差异性,下肢负重骨及相关肌肉力量下降更为明显,而椎骨受影响相对较小。
人体在真实太空环境中骨丢失规律是研究空间骨生理的基础。从Skylab以来历次载人任务的医学数据证实,无论采取运动等预防措施与否,航天员长期失重均出现不同程度骨量下降[2]。这一过程具有明显的部位特异性:承重骨(如下肢长骨和脊柱)骨量减少最为显著,而非承重骨(如前臂桡骨)变化相对较小。
例如,2000年Vico等[3]对Mir空间站的15名航天员进行了研究,航天员胫骨等承重骨的BMD在2个月任务中平均下降约1%/月,而桡骨等非承重部位变化并不显著。2015年,Lang等[20]对在国际空间站(International Space Station,ISS)开展4~6个月任务的航天员进行的研究进一步量化了骨丢失的部位差异和时间特征,腰椎和髋部骨丢失率分别为(0.8%~0.9%)/月和(1.2%~1.5%)/月;并以此预测长时间的太空飞行可能会导致骨强度的大幅下降,更强调了继续改进在长期太空任务期间的对策以保持肌肉骨骼调节的重要性。骨骼的失重会导致骨骼中钙的流失,这一变化不仅导致骨量下降,还使航天员面临肾结石及飞行后骨折的风险[13]。Mir空间站上的航天员尿中骨吸收标志物I型胶原C末端交联肽(C−terminal telopeptide of type I collagen,CTX−I)等显著升高,表明骨吸收增加,同时尿钙排出增加,骨钙的流失速度超过140 mg/d。生化和动力学测量表明,骨吸收释放的钙质无法被充分再利用。BAP和iBGP等骨形成指标在太空中则维持不变或下降,最终结果是航天员出现持续的骨钙丢失和负向的钙平衡[19, 23]。空间骨丢失的恢复缓慢且不完全,多项载人飞行随访研究显示,航天员返回地面后骨量和骨强度的恢复通常需要飞行时长数倍的时间。例如,对13名在轨驻留4~6个月的航天员进行长达1年的跟踪研究,结果发现虽然胫骨等承重骨的皮质骨厚度和密度在着陆1年内大体恢复,但其骨小梁结构(如骨小梁密度、孔隙率)未能完全恢复,导致骨的整体力学强度仍低于飞行前水平[21]。部分研究对结束飞行任务后6个月航天员桡骨(非承重骨)开展追踪观察,发现其骨质脆性较返回着陆时进一步升高[18]。目前,骨质返回地面仍长期难以恢复的原因不明确,但对航天员任务前后的身体健康都造成严重危险,使得在轨防护和长期健康监测格外重要。
由于航天员样本数量有限且无法进行侵入式的机制研究,大量空间生命科学实验借助小型动物模型开展,以深入研究失重对骨组织的影响。动物在轨实验证实,啮齿类等小型动物在太空中同样经历显著的骨量下降,而且与人类的骨丢失特征有相似之处。例如,苏联“宇宙−1667”生物卫星将大鼠送入太空7 d,结果显示7 d的失重导致胫骨近端干骺端松质骨出现骨质疏松现象,腰椎松质骨也存在类似情况。上述骨骼松质骨的骨质疏松主要源于成骨细胞数量和活性的下降,这表明骨生成过程受到抑制[30]。对在“宇宙−1887”号航天器上进行13 d在轨飞行的大鼠进行研究,进一步证实了动物和人类骨丢失特征的相似性,该研究发现13 d飞行的大鼠骨吸收作用增强,胫骨初级松质骨单位骨体积和面积中的破骨细胞数量增加[31]。上述研究共同表明:失重通过抑制骨形成并促进骨吸收导致骨量快速流失,且松质骨受影响最为显著。然而,动物研究也揭示了一些复杂现象。例如,某些实验发现失重对不同骨骼的影响未必严格按照“承重程度”排序:一项15 d在轨小鼠实验中虽然股骨BMD显著降低,但上肢的肱骨BMD未见显著变化[34]。另有在“奋进”号航天飞机上14 d轨道飞行研究报告,大鼠股骨密度下降而肱骨无明显变化。需要指出该研究中大鼠经过去卵巢处理(雌激素缺乏会加剧骨丢失),但这一结果仍提示失重对骨质的影响不完全由承重与否决定[38]。Cahiu等[40]研究表明,在接近骨骼成熟的小鼠中,承重部位骨丢失主要由机械负荷缺失驱动,而脊柱等以肌肉活动负荷为主的部位受影响较小。在维持肌肉和骨骼稳态中起重要作用的一种信号通路是肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)和激活素A调节的信号通路,MSTN是一种转化生长因子−β(transforming growth factor−β,TGF−β)超家族成员,通常起到限制骨骼肌质量的作用。在一项针对40只小鼠于ISS经历了33 d微重力环境的研究中发现,MSTN抑制剂增加了飞行小鼠的骨量,注射了MSTN抑制剂的飞行小鼠的骨量与未注射抑制剂的地面小鼠相当,这说明通过阻断MSTN/激活素A信号传导不仅显著提升骨量,还可以有效抑制微重力环境引起的骨丢失[37]。上述在轨动物实验为解析微重力下骨质疏松的机制提供了宝贵数据,同时也提示在设计干预措施时需考虑不同骨骼部位的特异性。
除整体动物实验外,空间站还开展了细胞和组织水平研究,亦有助于阐明微重力对骨细胞行为的直接影响。在轨成骨细胞培养实验发现,失重环境使成骨细胞骨架明显解聚,成骨细胞呈现出扩展的细胞形状以及明显更破碎且缩合的细胞核,并伴有细胞黏着斑数量大幅减少,而破骨细胞显示出明显的活性升高和骨吸收增加[46]。这些形态学变化与细胞功能改变相一致:太空样本中的成骨细胞分泌骨基质的能力降低,分化标志物表达下降。相反,破骨细胞前体在微重力中可能更易分化为成熟破骨细胞,实验发现失重可以促进巨噬细胞集落刺激因子等介质诱导破骨细胞生成,加剧骨吸收[52]。观察到的对2种主要骨细胞类型的影响可能会加速微重力环境中的骨丢失,并且为地球上废用性骨质疏松症的发展提供了潜在的解释。破骨细胞暴露于微重力环境会诱导细胞核基因c−jun、c−fos、jun−B样以及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen−activated protein kinase,MAPK)通路蛋白的表达。在RANKL的作用下,这些蛋白会形成巨大的多核破骨细胞,这些细胞表达高水平的破骨细胞标记蛋白TRAP、基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase−9,MMP9)、组织蛋白酶K和钙敏感受体(calcium−sensing receptor,CaSR)[35]。成骨细胞是对重力改变做出反应的机械敏感细胞。细胞外信号被跨膜分子感知并通过复杂的机制转化为细胞内信号,导致细胞核中基因表达发生变化。在微重力环境下成骨细胞显示出分化表型降低,碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)和骨钙素(osteocalcin,OCN)表达水平降低[5253]。虽然在轨细胞实验实施难度大、开展次数有限,但现有结果一致证实:微重力对骨组织的影响始于细胞层面力学感知机制紊乱,逐步放大至组织和器官水平的骨量丢失。
由于真正的空间飞行机会有限且昂贵,自20世纪60年代以来科学家发展了多种地面模拟微重力的方法,用于研究失重对生物的影响并验证干预措施。常用的人体模型是头低位卧床休息模型(head−down bed rest,HDBR),该模型通过使受试者持续躺卧并略头低来重分配体液、减少下肢负荷,模拟失重下的失用性状态[54]。动物方面则使用大鼠/小鼠尾部悬吊(hindlimb unloading,HLU)模型,动物的尾巴连接到一个升高的转环上,以便将其后腿悬挂在空中,而前肢保持在地面上向下倾斜30°,导致体液向头部移动以此模拟太空飞行[55]。细胞实验则借助旋转壁面培养瓶(rotating wall vessel,RWV)、随机定位机(random positioning machine,RPM)和2D/3D旋转器等装置,以多轴随机方式对样品的重力矢量进行平均的方法,即通过持续改变细胞取向来平均地球引力矢量,从而模拟接近0g的环境[56]。这些模拟模型各有优缺点,例如RPM在不断旋转中可能引入剪切力和振动。尽管如此,它们已被广泛接受为微重力的有效模拟手段,为空间生命科学研究提供了大量可控性强的数据。
多项卧床模拟试验表明,地面失重模拟可以重现太空骨丢失的主要特征。如13名受试者在6°头低位卧床42、44、49、52、60或90 d后骨吸收生化指标均较卧床前显著升高,钙平衡变为负值,BMD变化与早期的卧床模拟及太空飞行研究一致,髋关节、骨盆和脚跟BMD平均每月损失1%,回收数据也与航天员体内观察到的骨形成减少相符[57]。这些结果佐证:地面失重模拟诱导的骨代谢改变与真实太空非常一致。总之,地面模拟研究提供了丰富的信息来补充和解释在轨观测,并为制定干预策略提供依据。例如,性别差异对骨恢复的影响、长期随访的重要性等,都在地面研究中有所体现[20, 58]
动物模型方面,小鼠和大鼠的尾部悬吊模型是研究失重对骨骼影响的经典方法。与人类似,悬吊动物迅速出现骨质丢失和骨强度下降,并伴有骨转换失衡。值得一提的是,动物模型为分子机制研究提供了便捷条件。例如,在悬尾后2周,小鼠骨小梁中破骨细胞数量和皮质孔隙率增加,骨小梁和皮质宽度减少,脊柱骨密度和椎骨强度降低。机械力减弱会消除维持骨细胞活力的信号,从而导致细胞凋亡。垂死的骨细胞反过来又成为破骨细胞募集到附近的灯塔,并导致骨吸收和骨丢失增加,骨细胞在失重诱导的骨丢失中的作用由此得到验证[59]。不仅如此,尾吊模型被广泛用于治疗骨质疏松的研究,例如Niu等[60]通过小鼠尾吊模型研究槲皮素的骨保护作用,槲皮素通过促进斯钙素−1(stanniocalcin−1,STC1)的表达并减少活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的产生,从而抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞生成。另一项Li等[61]的研究通过大鼠尾吊模型证明敲除大鼠中微小RNA−337(microRNA−337,miR−337)能够通过增加间充质干细胞增殖和成骨来减轻骨丢失,揭示了废用引起的骨丢失背后的细胞和分子机制;并强调了一种可行的治疗策略,以防止在地球和太空飞行期间废用或微重力引起的骨丢失[61]
细胞层面方面,随机定位器和旋转培养系统广泛用于骨细胞和成骨/破骨细胞的研究。虽然在这些系统中也观察到与真实微重力类似的变化(如细胞骨架紊乱、分化受限等),但需注意旋转系统产生的剪切力可能激活其他应激通路[62]。总体而言,模拟失重研究(无论体内还是体外)与空间实验相互印证:它们复现了微重力诱导的主要生理改变,并提供了更可控的条件来深入探讨具体机制。
针对失重引发的骨丢失,近几十年发展出多种防护和治疗手段,包括运动训练、营养补充、药物治疗和机械刺激等。在ISS等长期飞行任务中,这些“对抗措施”被综合应用以保护航天员骨骼健康。然而,每种手段均有局限,如何优化组合以达到最佳效果仍是当前研究热点。
运动是航天员最主要的骨丢失对抗手段。美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)等航天机构要求航天员每天至少进行2 h锻炼,包括有氧运动(如太空跑台)和抗阻运动(如先进阻力运动装置)。运动通过为骨骼施加机械负荷,能够刺激成骨细胞活性并抑制骨吸收,从而减缓骨质丢失[63]。研究证明,规律的抗阻训练在一定程度上可以抵消失重导致的骨密度下降。例如,2006—2009年对13名ISS航天员开展的长期追踪研究证明,太空飞行期间进行阻力运动可以有效减缓预期骨密度的下降幅度[63]。然而,运动疗法并非完全有效,即使坚持锻炼,骨量仍会下降,只是下降幅度较小。此外,运动效果还受个体差异、训练强度及设备性能等多种因素影响。由于太空舱内空间有限,传统跑台和杠铃等器械体积庞大,不利于深空任务随船携带。因此研究者探索了更简便高效的运动方案,例如零负荷系统实验尝试让部分航天员不使用跑台,仅靠阻力带等小型器材锻炼,并比较其骨肌恢复情况,以期找到占用空间小但锻炼效果佳的方案[64]。另一种作为长期太空任务期间多系统失调(肌肉萎缩、骨丢失、心血管损伤)的新型对策是血流限制训练(blood flow restriction training,BFRT),BFRT将低负荷运动与血管闭塞相结合,产生与高强度训练相当的生理获益,同时减少设备需求[65]。总的来说,运动对抗在轨骨丢失是必要但不足的,需要与其他措施结合以全面防护。
除了日常锻炼,机械刺激和人工重力装置也是防控微重力引发骨丢失的重要辅助策略。俄罗斯早期使用“企鹅服”——一种内置弹性绳的紧身衣,通过弹性结构对身体施加轴向负荷,以部分模拟重力环境[66]。目前,欧洲航天局正在研究2种潜在的对策:通过短半径人体离心机(short−arm human centrifuge,SAHC)产生人工重力和全身振动(whole−body vibration,WBV)。短半径离心机让航天员定期在离心力作用下体验人造重力,从而刺激骨骼肌肉,但是这些方法在航天器上的应用仍有工程和安全挑战[67]。全身振动训练则让航天员站在高频振动平台上,以每秒数十次的小幅振动刺激骨骼。地面卧床研究显示,振动训练对保持骨量有一定帮助,但效果依然有限且个体差异较大[68]。目前,中国在这一领域也有所布局。据报道,中国航天员科研训练中心开发了基于机械刺激的“骨丢失对抗装置”,利用周期性力学冲击来刺激下肢骨骼。在天宫二号空间实验室中,中国航天员就配备了下肢振动锻炼仪器,通过足底碰撞刺激等方法来减少骨丢失。这些机械刺激手段通常作为运动的补充,有助于增强整体骨保护效果[69]
足量的营养摄入对维持骨健康至关重要。航天员膳食中重点保障钙和维生素D等摄入充足,以支持骨矿化。NASA制定了严格的营养标准,规定航天员任务期间每日钙摄入和维生素D水平,并监测微量元素平衡[70]。而在床休实验中,有增加膳食钙的尝试但效果有限,提示单纯提高钙摄入难以完全抵消失重引起的钙流失。在航天食品研发中,一些富含钙质和维生素K等对骨有益成分的食谱被设计用于长期任务。营养补充作为基础措施,可与运动和药物协同增效。例如,有研究提出适当提高膳食抗氧化剂水平可能有益于减轻失重相关的骨肌损伤。中国也在探索食物和功能性成分对抗骨丢失的作用,如Xu等[71]发现传统草药蛇床子中的甲氧基欧芹酚等成分能够促进成骨、减轻废用型骨质疏松。总体而言,营养干预是基础措施,需与运动和药物协同发挥作用。
针对失重骨丢失的药物干预主要借鉴和发展自骨质疏松症的治疗策略。早期研究聚焦于抗骨吸收药,如双膦酸盐(bisphosphonate,BP)类药物。BP通过抑制破骨细胞活性减少骨吸收,在地面骨质疏松患者中应用广泛[72]。美国开展的一项对7名ISS航天员的试验表明,BP与较新的运动处方结合能显著减少髋部和脊柱等多个部位的骨丢失和皮质骨损失,并可防止太空飞行增加骨吸收和尿钙水平升高[73],表明抗吸收药物可增强运动的防护效果。NASA目前将双膦酸盐作为可选的辅助措施,虽然并未强制执行,但已有航天员在任务中使用并取得积极效果。除BP外,RANKL单克隆抗体(如地诺单抗)及靶向药物抗SOST抗体(如罗莫珠单抗(Romosozumab))亦被认为在太空环境中具有应用潜力,可通过Wnt信号通路阻断破骨细胞生成、降低骨吸收[74]。尽管如此,现有的骨质疏松药物都有不可忽视的副作用,如下颌骨坏死风险、心血管风险等,因此科学家仍在寻找其他潜在的靶点和治疗方法。例如在2023年发布的ISS小鼠实验显示,工程化的神经表皮生长因子样蛋白1(Neural EGFL Like 1,NELL−1)与BP及聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)构建形成复合体系(BP−NELL−PEG),在9周微重力环境下的小鼠体内显著增加了骨形成,几乎完全阻止了太空骨丢失,且未出现明显不良反应。这种靶点递送生物制剂的方法能够大大提升药物的疗效和安全性[75]。另外,在一些模拟失重的动物模型中,应用IL−6单抗消除炎症、注射肌肉源性因子鸢尾素(irisin)也被发现具有缓解失重引起的骨丢失[7677]的应用潜力。兰州大学的一项研究发现,天然多酚类化合物白藜芦醇能够通过抑制铁死亡途径,减轻模拟微重力环境下的骨质流失[78]。另一项研究通过微小RNA−129−3p(microRNA−129−3p,miR−129−3p)联合天然活性成分伊卡林可在模拟微重力条件下协同改善骨丢失[79]。这些研究均为开发天然抗骨丢失药物提供了新方向。
总的来说,现有空间骨保护措施是多方位的,主要包括运动、机械刺激和营养,也有一些药物的尝试。但是目前的措施只能部分减缓骨质丢失,无法完全避免长期失重所致的骨骼衰退。因此,科研工作者仍在不断改进和评估新的对策,包括高效运动方案、新型药物、组合疗法,以及更深入的个体化防护措施。
作为航天大国,中国在空间骨丢失研究与防护领域也开展了富有特色的工作,涵盖基础机制研究、在轨实验和对策开发等方面。近年来,中国载人航天和返回式卫星实验为相关研究提供了宝贵的平台,多项代表性任务已取得重要研究成果。2016年发射的实践十号返回式卫星是中国首次开展大规模空间科学实验的卫星,本团队在其中承担了一项关键的科学实验研究,聚焦微重力环境下骨生成减少的细胞与分子机制。作者团队利用人骨髓间充质干细胞(human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,hBMSCs)在轨分别进行2 d和7 d的成骨诱导培养,探究失重对干细胞定向分化的影响。分析结果首次直接证明:太空微重力显著抑制了间充质干细胞向成骨细胞的分化潜能,转而促进其向脂肪细胞分化。这一发现从干细胞来源上揭示了航天员骨生成能力下降的原因:失重改变了骨髓基质干细胞的命运决定,使之“误入歧途”产生脂肪而非骨;有趣的是,这与老年性骨质疏松中骨髓脂肪增多、成骨减少的现象十分相似[51]。之后,本团队再次送入4个单元的人骨髓间充质干细胞,并首次实现了在轨细胞成像的实时传输,直接观察到微重力环境下细胞形态和细胞内骨架蛋白分布的动态变化。结果发现,与地面对照相比,太空中的干细胞黏着斑显著减少且更细小,细胞骨架重组异常[80]。这一系列研究填补了国际上在真正空间条件下观察干细胞分化全过程的空白,是中国在空间生命科学领域的标志性成果。
在空间机制研究的同时,中国也积极探索骨丢失的在轨干预。天舟一号任务中,清华大学陈国强团队开展了一项引人注目的试验——抗骨质疏松新药3−羟基丁酸(3−hydroxybutyric acid,3HB)空间验证,但由于货运飞船不返回地面,只能依赖轨道上获取的数据和图像来判断药效。虽然完整结果尚未公开发表,但这一“太空药物试验”开创了中国乃至世界上将新药直接送入轨道测试疗效的先河。它表明中国在空间药物防护方面已迈出实践一步,为将来航天员服用药物防治骨丢失积累宝贵经验[81]
进入空间站时代(2021年至今),中国具备了长期在轨开展科学研究的能力,在空间骨生理领域的研究亦持续深化与拓展。中国空间站天和核心舱和梦天实验舱配备了先进的生命科学实验柜、生物3D培养系统等设施,可开展细胞、组织乃至小型动物的在轨培养实验。2022年,作者团队牵头的实验在问天舱进行了人骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化,完成了实验样本的在轨固定与冻存,相关样本于2023年随神州十五号返回地面,通过对在轨样本进行转录组、蛋白质组和表观组的分析,建立了从在轨培养到样本返回的完整研究技术链条。研究开发了基于长链非编码RNA的基因与干细胞治疗技术,拓展了其在骨损伤修复等领域的临床作用,相关成果已被收录于《中国空间站科学研究与应用进展报告》(2024)。尽管完整结果尚未公开发表,但已为微重力、能量代谢和细胞分化命运等方向的研究奠定了关键基础。2018年,中国科学院上海技术物理研究所张涛团队发表了为空间站细胞培养设计的培养装置,该生物反应器由培养室、培养基储存袋、细胞培养模块(cell culture module,CCM)和电子容器组成,具有温度控制、显微镜成像、介质再循环等功能。作者团队利用该装置在空间站成功进行人骨髓间充质干细胞成骨诱导培养和细胞实时成像[82]
2023年,中国空间站开启常态化应用阶段,数十项生命科学实验相继实施。其中,“空间骨质疏松研究”被列为重点项目之一,计划通过多批次货运飞船上行运送细胞实验样品,逐步深入研究微重力环境对骨细胞和骨组织的影响机制,并积极开展药物干预的开发和尝试。作者团队后续实验还将增加药物干预,在细胞水平验证候选抗骨丢失药物的效果;也将与中医药科研机构合作,研究中药对失重综合征的防治作用;一些具有“强健骨骼”声誉的中药(如骨碎补、补骨脂等)正在进行有效成分筛选和作用机制研究,有望为航天员提供具有中国特色的营养干预措施。这表明中国正将空间基础研究与应用开发紧密结合,争取尽早产出服务航天医学和公众健康的成果。
此外,中国与国际伙伴合作也逐渐深入,例如与欧洲合作研究航天员肠道微生物变化对骨丢失的影响、与意大利合作开展空间小鼠骨质疏松防治实验等。通过这些努力,中国在空间骨丢失研究领域从追赶逐步走向创新,不仅服务于自身航天事业,也为人类认识和对抗骨质疏松贡献力量。
尽管近年来空间骨丢失研究取得了重要进展,但整体仍处于机制探索与对策优化并行阶段,尚存在若干关键科学问题与技术瓶颈。未来研究可重点围绕以下方向开展。
首先,应进一步深化空间骨丢失的多尺度作用机制研究。当前虽已明确机械失载、体液转移及代谢改变等因素参与骨丢失过程,但各因素的相对贡献及其相互作用关系仍不清晰。未来需重点关注承重骨与非承重骨的差异性响应、骨细胞群体在失重环境中的动态调控机制以及失重早期快速骨丢失的触发过程。在方法学上,有必要整合多组学技术与系统生物学模型,构建跨“细胞—组织—器官”层级的调控网络,实现由经验性描述向机制性解释和预测性分析的转变。
其次,应拓展长期失重及部分重力环境下的骨代谢研究。随着载人航天任务向长期驻留及深空探测发展,骨丢失的时间演变规律及其在不同重力水平下的适应机制亟待明确。未来需系统评估长期(>1年)失重条件下骨量变化是否达到稳态,并深入研究月球与火星等部分重力环境对骨代谢的影响。同时,应关注宇宙辐射与失重的复合效应,通过发展地面模拟与在轨实验相结合的研究模式,建立长期连续数据体系,为深空任务提供理论依据。
第三,应发展高效、安全且可持续的综合干预策略。现有运动、营养及药物干预手段在效率、依从性及长期安全性方面仍存在局限。未来研究应从单一措施向多手段协同优化转变,包括研制小型化、多功能运动设备,构建个体化干预方案,开发长效低毒的新型药物及生物治疗技术(如基因调控与干细胞策略),并结合人工智能实现骨健康状态的动态监测与干预优化。
第四,应推动空间与地面一体化研究体系及多学科交叉融合。依托空间站平台与地面模拟设施,构建“在轨实验—地面验证—模型预测”相结合的研究体系,同时加强航空航天、生物医学、材料科学与信息技术等领域的协同创新,探索新型生物材料与可穿戴骨加载技术,以提升综合防护能力。
最后,应强化空间研究成果的地面转化应用。空间骨丢失与地面骨质疏松在一定程度上具有共通机制,相关研究成果有望为骨质疏松等代谢性骨病的防治提供新思路,从而实现航天医学与公共健康领域的协同发展。综上所述,未来空间骨丢失研究将呈现由机制解析向精准调控转变、由单一干预向系统防护发展,并逐步实现空间应用与地面医学的双向转化。
空间骨丢失是人类迈向太空过程中必须解决的重大医学问题。近20年来,国际科研共同体通过空间站实验和地面模拟手段,对其发生机制和干预策略有了前所未有的深刻认识。微重力环境打破骨重建平衡,使骨吸收加速、骨形成受抑,其背后涉及骨细胞力学感受、体液−内分泌调节等多系统通路的改变。人类、动物和细胞等多层次研究相互印证了这一点,也揭示出骨丢失具有部位特异性、阶段特征性和恢复滞后性的复杂面貌。为应对这一挑战,各国采取了综合措施,包括强化在轨运动、优化营养、试用抗骨质疏松药物以及探索机械和生物干预手段。在实践中,这些措施显著减缓了航天员的骨丢失,但仍未能完全避免长期失重带来的骨骼损伤。
展望未来,随着人类探访月球、火星等长期使命的临近,空间骨健康保障的重要性更加凸显。我们需要进一步解码微重力下骨生理变化的精细机制,不断改良和整合防护策略。在这一过程中,中国发挥后发优势,依托空间站和返回式卫星平台,在空间骨丢失研究方面取得一系列原创成果,为全球提供了宝贵的数据和新思路。太空医学的终极目标是在保障航天员健康的同时,反哺地球医学。空间骨丢失研究无疑是其中的典范:其成果不仅服务于深空探索中人类骨骼系统的维护,也有助于揭示地面骨质疏松的奥秘,推动防治技术的进步。可以预见,在国际合作与自主创新的双轮驱动下,未来的10年将是空间骨生理研究与应用的黄金时期。通过持续的多学科努力,人类有望彻底攻克太空骨质疏松这一障碍,为长征星辰大海的航程筑牢健康基石。
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NSM0617)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(YYWT−0901−EXP−06)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00041
  • 接收时间:2025-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-06-15
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-13
  • 修回日期:2026-04-22
基金
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NSM0617)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(YYWT−0901−EXP−06)
作者信息
    1浙江大学生命科学学院,杭州 310000
    2浙江大学丽水生命健康联合创新中心,丽水 323000
    3哈尔滨医科大学基础医学部,哈尔滨 150000

通讯作者:

吴梦瑞(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为骨骼发育和稳态调控,电子信箱:;
余路阳(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为干细胞生物学、空间生命科学和血管生理,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.11.00041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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