Article(id=1273334867539517914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1759852800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-08, revisedDate=1772380800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781516289839, onlineDateStr=2026-06-15, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781516289839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781516289839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781516289839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1273334825638420729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781516279847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781519137123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=100, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1273334867904422364, articleId=1273334867539517914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Role of gravity in intruder dynamics in granular media, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This research work aims to investigate the gravitational effect of intrusion dynamics in fluidized granular media under low−gravity environments, in order to support engineering applications such as lunar and asteroid exploration, simulation of low−gravity geological processes, and space powder processing technology. Through the drop tower experiment, the gravity−sensitive dependence law of the resistance and the penetration rate correlation when a cylinder moves uniformly through a granular bed was measured. In the 0−1g gravity environments provided by the variable gravity cabinet aboard the Chinese space station, a high−precision Hall sensor array was used to track the trajectory of a single magnetic ball in the vibrating fluidized granular medium. It was found that the resistance significantly increased with the moving speed under 0g conditions, while the rate correlation significantly weakened under 1g condition. Further experimental investigation on the space station revealed a significant dependence of the scaled damping coefficient and the hydrostatic pressure coefficient on gravity. These findings provide important evidence for the mechanics of granular media in asteroid exploration and lunar base construction, and deepen our understanding of particle separation (Brazil fruit effect) and the planetary formation process.

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为探究低重力条件下颗粒介质的侵入动力学及其重力依赖特性,可为月球和小行星探测、模拟低重力地质过程及太空粉末加工技术等工程应用提供支撑。通过落塔实验测量圆柱体匀速穿过颗粒床时的阻力与穿入速率相关性的重力敏感依赖规律,以及在中国空间站变重力柜提供的0~1g不同重力环境中,利用高精度霍尔传感器阵列跟踪单个磁球在振动流化颗粒介质中的运动轨迹,发现阻力在0g条件下随移动速度显著增大,而在1g条件下速率相关性明显减弱;进一步的空间站实验发现标度化阻尼系数和静压力系数存在显著的重力依赖关系。这些发现为小行星探测、月球基地建设中涉及的颗粒介质力学提供了重要依据,并深化了对颗粒分离(巴西果效应)和行星形成过程的理解。

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厚美瑛,研究员,研究方向为颗粒物质物理,电子信箱:

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厚美瑛,研究员,研究方向为颗粒物质物理,电子信箱:

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厚美瑛,研究员,研究方向为颗粒物质物理,电子信箱:

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颗粒介质的侵入动力学重力作用
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厚美瑛 1 , 程可 2 , 李拓 3 , 乔志宏 4 , 丁建智 4 , 李响 4 , 孙维 4
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(10): 100-107
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科技导报 | 特色专题 2026, 44(10): 100-107
颗粒介质的侵入动力学重力作用
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厚美瑛1 , 程可2, 李拓3, 乔志宏4, 丁建智4, 李响4, 孙维4
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院物理研究所,北京 100190
  • 2海南师范大学物理与电子工程学院,海口 571158
  • 3宁波教育学院人工智能学院,宁波 315336
  • 4中国科学院空间应用技术与工程中心,北京 100094
  • 厚美瑛,研究员,研究方向为颗粒物质物理,电子信箱:

Role of gravity in intruder dynamics in granular media
Meiying HOU1 , Ke CHENG2, Tuo LI3, Zhihong QIAO4, Jianzhi DING4, Xiang LI4, Wei SUN4
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
  • 3School of Artificial Intelligence, Ningbo Childhood Education College, Ningbo 315336, China
  • 4Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00063
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为探究低重力条件下颗粒介质的侵入动力学及其重力依赖特性,可为月球和小行星探测、模拟低重力地质过程及太空粉末加工技术等工程应用提供支撑。通过落塔实验测量圆柱体匀速穿过颗粒床时的阻力与穿入速率相关性的重力敏感依赖规律,以及在中国空间站变重力柜提供的0~1g不同重力环境中,利用高精度霍尔传感器阵列跟踪单个磁球在振动流化颗粒介质中的运动轨迹,发现阻力在0g条件下随移动速度显著增大,而在1g条件下速率相关性明显减弱;进一步的空间站实验发现标度化阻尼系数和静压力系数存在显著的重力依赖关系。这些发现为小行星探测、月球基地建设中涉及的颗粒介质力学提供了重要依据,并深化了对颗粒分离(巴西果效应)和行星形成过程的理解。

颗粒物质  /  颗粒分离  /  微重力  /  中国空间站  /  侵入流变学

This research work aims to investigate the gravitational effect of intrusion dynamics in fluidized granular media under low−gravity environments, in order to support engineering applications such as lunar and asteroid exploration, simulation of low−gravity geological processes, and space powder processing technology. Through the drop tower experiment, the gravity−sensitive dependence law of the resistance and the penetration rate correlation when a cylinder moves uniformly through a granular bed was measured. In the 0−1g gravity environments provided by the variable gravity cabinet aboard the Chinese space station, a high−precision Hall sensor array was used to track the trajectory of a single magnetic ball in the vibrating fluidized granular medium. It was found that the resistance significantly increased with the moving speed under 0g conditions, while the rate correlation significantly weakened under 1g condition. Further experimental investigation on the space station revealed a significant dependence of the scaled damping coefficient and the hydrostatic pressure coefficient on gravity. These findings provide important evidence for the mechanics of granular media in asteroid exploration and lunar base construction, and deepen our understanding of particle separation (Brazil fruit effect) and the planetary formation process.

granular matter  /  segregation  /  microgravity  /  Chinese Space Station  /  intrusion rheology
厚美瑛, 程可, 李拓, 乔志宏, 丁建智, 李响, 孙维. 颗粒介质的侵入动力学重力作用. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (10) : 100 -107 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00063
Meiying HOU, Ke CHENG, Tuo LI, Zhihong QIAO, Jianzhi DING, Xiang LI, Wei SUN. Role of gravity in intruder dynamics in granular media[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (10) : 100 -107 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00063
颗粒材料表现出对外界条件敏感的复杂流变行为,特别是重力的影响对空间岩土工程和行星探测具有重要意义。既往研究中,美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)开展的颗粒材料力学(mechanics of granular materials,MGM)三轴剪切实验,观察到渥太华砂在微重力下的异常高峰摩擦角[13]。这种异常现象被认为是在微重力与低压环境下,颗粒互锁性、超塑性和剪切带形成等共同作用所致。用惯性数参数化的Couette剪切实验[4]和本构模型[5]进一步研究也揭示了压力依赖的微重力低压状态下从准静态流动过渡到黏滞流动的剪切流变。虽然在1g条件下已经研究了嵌入和侵入颗粒床的物体所受的阻力,但它们在微重力条件下的行为仍未得到充分探索。先前的研究主要以数值模拟[4]为主,或使用密度匹配方法[6]来模拟低重力条件。虽然这些研究表明,阻力对颗粒压力非常敏感,但传统的临界状态土力学模型未能捕捉到微重力下观察到的速率依赖行为。
通过在北京落塔开展微重力实验,直接测量了圆柱直杆通过聚丙烯(PP)圆珠颗粒床的阻力[7]。在微重力(10−3g)与常规重力(1g)条件下开展重复实验,发现阻力在微重力(10−3g)环境中比在1g条件下小了约2个量级,并且两者之间有一个明显的对比,即在微重力下测量到的阻力呈现出与圆柱体速度之间很强的依赖性,但在1g条件下,它们几乎与速度无关(图1[7])。在微重力条件下,阻力对圆柱体速度的依赖性较强,当圆柱速度从35 mm/s增加到100 mm/s时,阻力从0.06 N增加到0.15 N,增加2.5倍。相比之下,1g条件下阻力的增加非常温和,在相同的速度变化范围内从约7 N增加到9 N。这种差异可以追溯到微重力下颗粒床的流动性增强,微重力低颗粒压力下惯性数($ I=\left|\dot{\gamma}_{ij}\right|d\sqrt{\rho_{\mathrm{s}}/p}, $惯性数$ I $为剪切速率$ {\dot{\gamma }}_{ij} $、床颗粒直径$ d $、颗粒密度$ \rho\mathrm{_s} $、压力$ p $的函数)显著增加,这时剪切驱动的惯性效应相较于颗粒压强约束的静力效应相对增加,因而在微重力环境中,观察到了明显的与速率相关的黏性剪切应力效应。
重力的改变引起颗粒间相互作用的弹性形变、静压力和黏滞阻力的相对变化。落塔实验揭示了重力对颗粒介质流变行为的影响。在稳态侵入中,阻力机制随重力变化而改变。常重力下,阻力由压力主导,对速度不敏感。微重力下,阻力转为黏性主导,对速度敏感。因此,重力标度率不仅是简单的重力加速度的依赖关系,亟需在变重力条件下进行系统的实验研究。
中国空间站提供了开展长时间稳定的不同重力条件的实验平台,利用颗粒介质内禀的分离特性(巴西果效应),在振动流化的颗粒介质中将内置磁球作为观察侵入动力学的观察物,基于空间站问天仓变重力实验柜及柜内离心机提供的0~1g模拟重力环境,将重力从影响颗粒运动相互作用的诸多影响因素中剥离出来,设为可调控的自变量,由磁球在不同振动强度下的运动轨迹揭示重力对侵入动力学的影响及其背后的机制,构建以非弹性碰撞为主的颗粒分离过程(巴西果效应)的重力依赖规律[8]
中国空间站搭载的离心机实验装置如图2[8]所示,离心机产生的人工重力方向为z轴负方向,实验共设置6组低重力工况:$ g_{\mathrm{env}}=0.05g,0.07g,0.100g,0.125g, 0.150g,0.167g $。实验仓在沿$ z $(重力)方向加载由直线电机控制的振动加速度,图2中有2个边长为$ 70\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $的立方容器$ {B}_{1}\left({B}_{2}\right) $。实验在容器$ {B}_{1} $中进行($ {B}_{2} $为备用容器)。对方形容器的4个角进行了圆滑处理,半径为$ 20\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $。容器的前面和顶面为透明玻璃,以便摄像观察颗粒的运动。容器内填充了玻璃珠,填充高度为$ 50\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $。玻璃珠的直径范围为$ 0.6 $~$ 0.8\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $(平均直径为$ 0.7\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $),密度为$ {\rho }_{B}=2.5\;\mathrm{g}\cdot \mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-3} $。入侵颗粒为直径$ D=10\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $的内嵌有永久磁铁的空心铜球。铜球预置于容器$ {B}_{1} $中,通过霍尔传感器阵列技术[9]追踪磁球运动轨迹。2个霍尔传感器阵列板分别位于$ xOy $平面和$ yOz $平面。为入侵颗粒设置了2个参考位置,一个位于容器底部$ Z=0.4\;\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m} $,另一个位于颗粒表面$ Z=5\;\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m} $。为研究重力对入侵颗粒运动的影响,通过离心机提供的环境重力加速度$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $和颗粒床的粒径$ d $来缩放振动参数:缩放后的无量纲振动角频率为$ \omega'=\omega /\sqrt{{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}/d} $,其中$ \omega =2{\text{π}} f\; $$ \omega $为振动的角频率,f为振动的频率;缩放后的无量纲振幅为$ A'= A/d $。因此,无量纲化的振动加速度$ {\Gamma } $缩放为$ {\Gamma }=A{\omega }^{2}/{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}= A'\omega'^{2} $。将入侵颗粒的速度$ v $缩放为$ v'=v/\sqrt{{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}d} $。受直线电机最大输出功率的限制,随着$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $的增加,最大$ {\Gamma } $值减小。在$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}=1g $时,$ {\Gamma } $被限制在1.54以下。在此电机功率限制下,进行了$ 0.050g $~$ 0.167g $的低重力范围实验,并将这些低重力测量结果与在实验室中的测量进行了对比。
实验中,在每个固定重力条件下,沿重力方向施加频率3~10 Hz、振幅0.5~6.0 mm的振动来驱动颗粒使之流化,观察在此流化的颗粒床中入侵颗粒的运动轨迹,并重点关注振动加速度与重力的竞争所改变的入侵颗粒在z方向上的位移,初始位置$ Z(t=0) $设定在容器的底部或顶部。将低重力条件下的结果与在实验室($ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}=1g $)振动频率分别为15、20和25 Hz条件下得到的结果进行比较,为方便不同重力条件下的比较,实验分析使用了约化角频率$ \omega ' $。例如,$ \omega '=1.0 $对应于在$ 0.1g $时振动频率为6 Hz,在$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}=1g $时振动频率为20 Hz。
霍尔传感器阵列磁性颗粒追踪[9]可以在30 Hz的采样率下提供高达$ 0.2\;\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m} $的空间分辨率[46],能够观察到在单次振动周期内的入侵颗粒运动轨迹。图3[8]展示了在重力作用下入侵颗粒轨迹的$ z $分量。红色曲线表示在$ f=5\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $$ {\Gamma }=4.70 $${g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}=0.07g $条件下,入侵颗粒出现的上行轨迹$ Z\left(t\right) $,蓝色曲线表示在$ f= 3\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}\mathrm{、}{\Gamma }=1.97 $$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}=0.07g $条件下,入侵颗粒下行运动的轨迹。对于$ f=5\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $$ {\Gamma }=4.70 $的振动参数,入侵颗粒以$ 5\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $的频率逐步上升;而对于$ f=3\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $$ {\Gamma }=1.97 $的振动参数,入侵颗粒以$ 3\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $的频率逐步下降。入侵颗粒的上行(下行)曲线表现出棘轮状行为,其中每次向上(向下)步伐的持续时间恰好为一个振动周期$ 1/f $图3左侧放大图)。该高精度追踪方法对微观时间尺度的动态过程研究具有重要价值。依据轨道曲线,可以确定入侵颗粒的初始位置和最终位置,以及达到最终平衡位置所需的时间。以下讨论中,统一将入侵颗粒在多个周期平均的行为称为“上行”和“下行”,将入侵颗粒的单个周期的位移称作“上升”和“下降”。
图4(a)~(f)中红色圆圈表示$ f=3\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $,绿色方块表示$ f=4\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $,蓝色菱形表示$ f=5\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $,黄色上三角形表示$ f=6\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $,紫色下三角形表示$ f=8\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $,灰色左三角形表示$ f=10\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $;误差条表示在平衡位置处获得的标准差$ \left\langle\left(Z\right(t)-\left\langle Z\right\rangle)^{2}\right\rangle $,竖线表示RBNE到BNE转变对应的$ \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $阈值。图4(g)中红色圆圈表示$ f=15\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $,绿色方块表示$ f=20\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $,蓝色菱形表示$ f=25\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $
图4[8]描述了入侵颗粒的平衡位置$ \left\langle Z\right\rangle=\int_{t_1}^{t_2}Z\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t/ (t_2-t_1) $$ {\Gamma } $的关系,图4(a)~(f)为不同重力条件下的平衡位置。典型的平均取样时间$ t_1 $$ t_2 $选取在大颗粒确定到达终态平衡位置后的时间段$ t_1=60\; \mathrm{s} $$ t_2= 110\; \mathrm{s} $。误差条表示平衡位置的标准差$ \left\langle \left(Z\right(t)-\left\langle Z\right\rangle{)}^{2}\right\rangle $。数据点根据不同的频率进行了颜色编码和形状区分,使用约化角频率$ \omega ' $代替f,以便在不同重力条件下进行等效频率的比较。
研究发现,平衡位置$ \left\langle Z \right\rangle $与其初始位置无关。如图4所示,平衡位置显著依赖于$ \Gamma $。对不同的环境重力,存在一个特定的振动阈值$ \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $,当$ {\Gamma } $小于临界值$ \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $时,平衡位置在容器底部,$ Z\simeq 0.4\;\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m} $,这表明大的入侵颗粒会到底部,即呈现反巴西果现象(reverse brazil nut effect,RBNE)。对于$ \Gamma > \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $,入侵颗粒的平衡位置上升到颗粒床表面附近,呈现巴西果现象(brazil nut effect,BNE)。转变阈值$ \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $呈现明显重力相关性。如图4(h)所示,随着$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $$ 0.05g $增加到$ 0.167g $$ \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $从4.4降至2.2。对于$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} > 0.167g $$ \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $的值进一步降低。在$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}=1g $时,实验上无法观察到RBNE(图4(g))。
之前在实验室(1g)条件下观察到的RBNE通常是在强振动($ {\Gamma } > 4 $)时发生的,被认为是由热扩散机制或者凝聚机制引起[1011]。在空间站的低重力实验中观察到的RBNE则是系统性地出现在低振动加速度$ \Gamma < \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $的区间(图4(a)~(f)),并且$ \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $依赖于重力,与实验室发现的RBNE存在根本区别,这提示背后存在着一个依赖重力作用的机制。
图3可以明显看出,入侵颗粒的上行(下行)路径由多个振动周期组成,具有线性的上升(下沉)趋势。在均匀的上行(下行)速度下,入侵颗粒的总上行(下行)距离等于每个振动周期的上升(下降)量乘以振动次数。图5[8]展示了单个典型下降振动周期的放大视图,说明了入侵颗粒在一个周期中的运动轨迹,蓝色曲线表示入侵颗粒相对于容器的整体运动,包含由起飞到穿透的3个子过程:飞行阶段(从$ {t}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}} $$ {t}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}} $)、冲击阶段和静止阶段。橙色虚线是容器的振动$ {z}_{T}=$ $ A\mathrm{sin}(\omega t) $;绿色点线表示入侵颗粒的运动;蓝色实线是相对于容器参考系的运动;红点表示冲击时间$ t={t}_{{\mathrm{imp}}} $
飞行阶段:当向上的振动加速度足以抵消重力加速度时,入侵颗粒开始脱离容器被向上抛起。在这一阶段,入侵颗粒的运动呈抛物线轨迹。在重力加速度的作用下,入侵颗粒从其最高点下降直至与床颗粒再次接触。
冲击阶段:在这一阶段,入侵颗粒以初始冲击速度开始穿透颗粒床。在穿透过程中,入侵颗粒受到颗粒静水压和黏滞阻力的作用穿透一定深度然后静止下来。
静止阶段:由于与颗粒床的碰撞产生的阻力,入侵颗粒穿透一定深度后速度降至0,停在颗粒床某一深度,直到下一个周期开始。
利用上述框架,进一步解析了低重力条件下RBNE背后的机理。如图5所示,容器的振动由$ A\mathrm{sin}(\omega t) $描述。在$ t=t\mathrm{_{to}} $时,向上的振动加速度与向下的重力$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $抵消,此时入侵颗粒从容器起飞,起飞时的加速度为
$ \frac{\mathrm{d}^2Z}{\mathrm{d}t^2}=-A\omega^2\mathrm{sin}(\omega t\mathrm{_{to}})=-g_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $
入侵颗粒的起飞速度为
$ {v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}}=A\omega \sqrt{1-{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}(\omega t)}=\frac{{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}}{\omega }\sqrt{{{\Gamma }}^{2}-1} $
式中,Z为相对于容器的入侵颗粒高度。在时间区间$ {t}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}} < t < {t}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}} $时,Z可以表示为
$ Z={Z}_{0}+{v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}}(t-{t}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}})-\frac{1}{2}{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}(t-{t}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}}{)}^{2}-\frac{{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}}{{\omega }^{2}}({\Gamma }\mathrm{sin}(\omega t)-1) $
式中,$ {Z}_{0} $为入侵颗粒在$ t={t}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}} $时的相对高度。在$ t={t}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}} $时,床颗粒再次与容器接触。冲击时间$ {t}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}} $可以通过设置$ Z\left(t\right)-{Z}_{0} $来确定,冲击速度通过初始冲击速度$ v_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}}= \dfrac{\mathrm{d}Z\left(t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}|_{t=t_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}}} $来计算。考虑到完全流化的颗粒床,入侵颗粒在穿透过程中的动力学方程为[9]
$ \frac{\mathrm{d}^2Z}{\mathrm{d}t^2}=-\gamma\frac{\mathrm{d}Z}{\mathrm{d}t}-\kappa(Z-Z_0)+g_{{\mathrm{env}}}\left(\Gamma\mathrm{sin}(\omega t\right)-1) $
式中,第1项表示阻尼力,其中阻尼系数$ \gamma $可以被约化为无量纲系数$ \gamma '=\gamma \sqrt{d/{g}_{{\mathrm{env}}}} $;第2项考虑了静水压力,静水压系数$ \kappa $$ -1/4\rho_{\mathrm{B}}g\text{π}\mathrm{\mathit{D}}^2 $进行估算。考虑到实验仓参考系下的有效重力是随着振动而变化的,$ \kappa $与瞬时环境加速度成正比
$ \kappa =\kappa'/d\cdot {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}(1-{\Gamma }\mathrm{sin}(\omega t)) $
式中,$ \kappa ' $表示无量纲化的静水压系数。一旦阻力抵消了动能,入侵颗粒达到其穿透深度$ Z_{\mathrm{p}} $静止下来,停留直到下一个起飞时间$ {t}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}}+{2\text{π} }/{\omega } $
图6中,虚线垂直线表示$ {\Gamma }=1.0 $,实线垂直线表示$ \Gamma=\Gamma\mathrm{_c} $;误差条表示来自多次实验测量的不确定性;灰色六边形表示$ f=4\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $$ {v}'_{1}\left({\Gamma }\right) $的拟合结果;蓝色曲线是$ v'\left({\Gamma }\right)={v}'_{1}\left({\Gamma }\right)+{v}'_{2}\left({\Gamma }\right)=a({\Gamma }-1)+b({{\Gamma }}^{2}-1) $的拟合结果。
在当前采样频率下,能够观察到入侵颗粒的周期性下行运动。为进行定量速度测量,捕捉了多个周期内的穿透深度,以助于准确计算平均下降速度。通过数值求解式$ ( $4),计算出无量纲下行速度$ v'_1\left(\Gamma\right)= \omega(Z\mathrm{_p}-Z_0)/\left(2\text{π}\sqrt{g_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}d}\right) $。该表达式依赖于参数$ \gamma ' $$k' $。对于$ \gamma ' $$ \kappa' $较大区间内变化($ 0 < \gamma ' < 20,0 < \kappa ' < 25 $),$ {v}'_{1}\left({\Gamma }\right) $与($ {\Gamma }-1 $)之间呈近似线性关系,反映出大颗粒在每个周期内向下穿透长度的贡献。$ {v}'_{1}\left({\Gamma }\right) $可表示为
$ {v}'_{1}\left({\Gamma }\right)=a({\Gamma }-1) $
在实验中,测量了不同$ (f,{\Gamma },{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}) $实验模式下的$ Z(t) $曲线,通过该曲线,可以获得入侵颗粒的初始和最终位置,以及颗粒达到最终平衡位置所需的时间,进而得出其速度。实验中测得的$ {v}'_{1}\left({\Gamma }\right) $图6[8]所示,展示了在不同$ \omega ' $和重力条件下的变化。观察到3个不同的区域:① 无运动区域。$ {\Gamma } < 1 $时,$ v'=0 $,颗粒无法脱离重力束缚,运动速度为0。② 下行区域。$ 1\le\Gamma < \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $时,$ v' < 0 $,颗粒运动速度为负,入侵颗粒下沉。③ 上行区域。$ \Gamma > \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $时,$ v' > 0 $,颗粒运动速度为正,入侵颗粒上升。
在上行区域中,入侵颗粒由于其较大的动能,会在起飞后进行弹道上升,而床颗粒则因壁面摩擦而被拉向下方,因此在每个周期中产生一个上升距离$ \mathrm{\Delta }Z $
根据图6中显示的实验数据,随着$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $的增大,$ v' $$ {\Gamma } $之间的关系呈现二次函数的形态,与文献[1213]中的结果一致,其中每个周期中的上升距离是固定频率下振幅的二次函数,此外,实验条件与上述文献相似,例如入侵颗粒的密度大于床颗粒的密度,考虑到当$ \Gamma > \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $时,惯性成为主导机制,每个振荡周期中因摩擦所消耗的动能表达式为
$ \frac{1}{2}m{v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}}^{2}=\beta \mathrm{\Delta }Z $
式中,$ m $为入侵颗粒质量,$ \mathrm{\Delta }Z $为每个振动周期中的上升穿透距离,$ \beta $为摩擦力。
将式(2)代入式(7),$ \Delta Z $可以表示为
$ \mathrm{\Delta }Z=\frac{m{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}^{2}}{2{\omega }^{2}\beta }({{\Gamma }}^{2}-1) $
入侵颗粒的上升速度分量可表示为
$ {v}_{2}'\left({\Gamma }\right)=\frac{\omega \mathrm{\Delta }Z}{2{\text{π}} \sqrt{{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}d}}=b({{\Gamma }}^{2}-1) $
式中,$ b=\dfrac{m{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}}{4{\text{π}} \omega '\beta } $,将式(6)与式(9)相加,得到净速度
$ v'\left({\Gamma }\right)={v}'_{1}\left({\Gamma }\right)+{v}'_{2}\left({\Gamma }\right)=a({\Gamma }-1)+b({{\Gamma }}^{2}-1) $
$ \Gamma=\Gamma\mathrm{_c} $处存在一个临界值,此时$ v' $达到0,标志着过渡点。使用式(10)拟合数据(图6),拟合曲线是一条抛物线,它与$ v'=0 $的交点横坐标就是该重力下$ \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $的数值。拟合参数为$ a $$ b $,其中$ \gamma $$ \kappa $包含在参数$ a $中,振动频率包含在参数$ b $中。拟合参数$ a $$ b $分别在图7(a)和图7(b)中作为$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $的函数进行绘制[8]。斜率的绝对值随着$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $的增加而减小,表明$ \gamma ' $$ \kappa ' $随着$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $的增加而增加。参数$ b=\dfrac{m{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}}{4{\text{π}} \omega '\beta } $对应不同的$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $,基本保持不变,表明摩擦力与重力成正比。这意味着向上运动的速度可以通过$ \sqrt{{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}} $进行缩放。这与既往的研究结果一致[1213],但这些研究仅探讨了入侵颗粒向上的运动,无法解释其向下的运动。 参数$ a $$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $的函数(图7(a)),这表明向下穿透部分$ {v}'_{1}\left({\Gamma }\right) $不能通过$ \sqrt{{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}} $来缩放。为进一步明确阻尼系数$ \gamma $和静水压力系数$ \kappa $对重力的依赖关系,通过数值解得函数$ {v}'_{1}\left({\Gamma }\right) $对实验数据进行拟合分析。在拟合过程中,使用$ \gamma $$ \kappa $作为拟合参数,将$ {v}'_{1}\left({\Gamma }\right) $绘制为$ {\Gamma } $的函数(图5),并拟合了实验测得的弱振动下的速度。所有拟合过程都选择固定频率$ f=4\;\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z} $。如图7(c)所示,$ \gamma ' $$ \kappa ' $随着$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}} $的增加而增加,且$ \gamma ' $的变化大于$ \kappa ' $
值得注意的是,如图7(c)所示,尽管经过$ \sqrt{{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}}} $缩放,无量纲化的阻尼系数$ \gamma ' $和静水压力系数$ \kappa $仍然随着重力的减小而显著减少。这表明在低重力下,入侵颗粒撞击颗粒床时,穿透深度比按传统的重力缩放比率预测的更深。这也是RBNE发生的原因。重力的减小使得颗粒的变形减少,从而碰撞过程中能量的损失变得更少,这意味着床颗粒在入侵颗粒穿透时更容易被移动。从宏观角度看,低重力下颗粒床变得更松散[14],使得入侵颗粒可以沉降得更深,且在低重力下RBNE得以发生。
中国空间站在轨实验揭示了在低重力环境下,惯性和重力存在相互竞争的关系,在振动颗粒介质中基于颗粒分离效应入侵颗粒的运动受重力驱动的转变。通过研究表明,与基于地球重力的预期相反,在特定的振动参数下,入侵颗粒在低重力条件下趋向下沉。当振动加速度超过临界阈值$ \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $时,这种下行运动会转变为上行的运动,且$ \Gamma\mathrm{_c} $随着重力减小而增加。
磁性颗粒跟踪方法使我们能够由观察入侵颗粒在单个振动周期中的下降(上升)运动分析重力作用机理。观察到在每个振动周期中包含3个阶段:飞行阶段、冲击阶段和静止阶段,展示了入侵颗粒的净速度是由2种机制之间的竞争所决定。向上穿透分量$ \omega \mathrm{\Delta }Z $由惯性机制贡献,而向下穿透分量$ \omega(Z\mathrm{_p}-Z_0) $则由冲击机制贡献。为定量研究冲击机制,为入侵颗粒在冲击阶段建立了动力学方程,并通过数值解求得每个周期的穿透深度。通过将该数值函数与测得的速度进行拟合,发现无量纲化的静水压力系数$ \kappa ' $和阻尼系数$ \gamma ' $不再是常数,而是随着重力的减小而减小。这使得在低重力时入侵颗粒比预期的深度更深入地向下穿透,需要更强的振动加速度使下行的侵入颗粒转变为上行运动,因此下行运动转变为上行运动的振动加速度临界阈值$ {{\Gamma }}_{c} $会随着重力减小而增加。
先前的离散元(discrete element method,DEM)模拟方法在研究低重力环境中的颗粒分离现象时,对不同重力条件下的颗粒相互作用选取恒定的接触形变[14],以得到不同重力下颗粒分离行为的一致性,显示先前模拟的明显不足。空间站上的研究结果为进一步在不同重力环境中入侵颗粒穿透动力机制的模拟与理论探讨提供重要的实验依据。这些进一步的研究将有助于对混合颗粒分离BNE与对行星胚胎形成影响的理解[15],最终丰富我们对行星科学和外星环境工程的理解。
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(YYWT−0601−EXP−20)
  • 欧洲航天局−中国载人航天工程局/中国科学院空间科学与应用合作计划
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0503504)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00063
  • 接收时间:2025-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-06-15
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-08
  • 修回日期:2026-03-02
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中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(YYWT−0601−EXP−20)
欧洲航天局−中国载人航天工程局/中国科学院空间科学与应用合作计划
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0503504)
作者信息
    1中国科学院物理研究所,北京 100190
    2海南师范大学物理与电子工程学院,海口 571158
    3宁波教育学院人工智能学院,宁波 315336
    4中国科学院空间应用技术与工程中心,北京 100094
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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