Article(id=1273334827022532638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00132, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=1764432000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781516280178, onlineDateStr=2026-06-15, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781516280178, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781516280178, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781516280178, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1273334825638420729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781516279847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781519137123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=143, endPage=153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1273334827395825696, articleId=1273334827022532638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Introduction to the facilities and researches of microgravity complex plasma on the space stations, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Complex plasmas are composed of ionized gas and microparticles. As plasma state of soft matter, they play an important role in the fundamental physics and applications. Complex plasma research has always been an important research topic on board the space stations. The basic properties of complex plasmas are introduced, focusing on the charging mechanism and particle interactions. Four generations of microgravity facilities on the Mir Station and International Space Station with dc and rf discharges are described with six representative research topics, including charge induced coagulation, three−dimensional crystallization and melting, phase separation in binary complex plasma, electrorheology and string formation, dust acoustic wave driven by discharge polarity reversal and frequency synchronization, and vortex formed by particle flow. Related ground experiments are compared. An introduction to the design and functions of the future complex facilities on the International Space Station and Chinese Space Station are given.

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复杂等离子体是由电离气体与介观颗粒组成的一种复杂系统,作为软物质的等离子体态,在基础物理与应用研究方面具有重要的意义与价值,也一直是空间站微重力实验的重要组成部分。讨论了复杂等离子体的基本性质,着重描述了颗粒充电机制与测量方法,分析了颗粒相互作用原理与外场受力情况。介绍了和平号空间站与国际空间站4代实验载荷的技术特点,涵盖颗粒光致带电以及直流与射频等离子体放电,综述了6个具有代表性的研究课题,包括电荷诱导颗粒凝结、三维结晶与熔化、双分散复杂等离子体相分离、电流变效应与链结构自组织、放电极性反转诱发尘埃声波与频率同步现象、颗粒流驱动流体涡旋,并结合实验室匹配研究进行了对比分析。最后,介绍了未来国际空间站与中国空间站实验载荷的初步设计方案与主要功能。

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杜诚然,研究员,研究方向为复杂等离子体物理实验与数值模拟,电子信箱:

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空间站微重力复杂等离子体实验载荷与科学研究进展
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杜诚然 1 , 冯岩 2 , 王晓钢 3 , 张立宪 4
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(10): 143-153
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科技导报 | 特色专题 2026, 44(10): 143-153
空间站微重力复杂等离子体实验载荷与科学研究进展
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杜诚然1 , 冯岩2, 王晓钢3, 张立宪4
作者信息
  • 1东华大学物理学院,磁约束核聚变教育部研究中心,纺织行业先进等离子体技术与应用重点实验室,上海 201620
  • 2苏州大学物理科学与技术学院,等离子体物理与技术研究所,前沿材料物理与器件省高校重点实验室,苏州 215006
  • 3哈尔滨工业大学物理学院,空间环境与物质科学研究院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 4中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心,北京 100094
  • 杜诚然,研究员,研究方向为复杂等离子体物理实验与数值模拟,电子信箱:

Introduction to the facilities and researches of microgravity complex plasma on the space stations
Chengran DU1 , Yan FENG2, Xiaogang WANG3, Lixian ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Physics, Member of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Centre of Ministry of Education, Textile Key Laboratory for Advanced Plasma Technology and Application, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
  • 2School of Physical Science and Technology, Institute of Plasma Physics and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Frontier Material Physics and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
  • 3School of Physics, Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
  • 4Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00132
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复杂等离子体是由电离气体与介观颗粒组成的一种复杂系统,作为软物质的等离子体态,在基础物理与应用研究方面具有重要的意义与价值,也一直是空间站微重力实验的重要组成部分。讨论了复杂等离子体的基本性质,着重描述了颗粒充电机制与测量方法,分析了颗粒相互作用原理与外场受力情况。介绍了和平号空间站与国际空间站4代实验载荷的技术特点,涵盖颗粒光致带电以及直流与射频等离子体放电,综述了6个具有代表性的研究课题,包括电荷诱导颗粒凝结、三维结晶与熔化、双分散复杂等离子体相分离、电流变效应与链结构自组织、放电极性反转诱发尘埃声波与频率同步现象、颗粒流驱动流体涡旋,并结合实验室匹配研究进行了对比分析。最后,介绍了未来国际空间站与中国空间站实验载荷的初步设计方案与主要功能。

复杂等离子体  /  微重力  /  屏蔽库伦相互作用  /  结构自组织  /  强耦合

Complex plasmas are composed of ionized gas and microparticles. As plasma state of soft matter, they play an important role in the fundamental physics and applications. Complex plasma research has always been an important research topic on board the space stations. The basic properties of complex plasmas are introduced, focusing on the charging mechanism and particle interactions. Four generations of microgravity facilities on the Mir Station and International Space Station with dc and rf discharges are described with six representative research topics, including charge induced coagulation, three−dimensional crystallization and melting, phase separation in binary complex plasma, electrorheology and string formation, dust acoustic wave driven by discharge polarity reversal and frequency synchronization, and vortex formed by particle flow. Related ground experiments are compared. An introduction to the design and functions of the future complex facilities on the International Space Station and Chinese Space Station are given.

complex plasma  /  microgravity  /  screened Coulomb interaction  /  structure self−organization  /  strongly coupled
杜诚然, 冯岩, 王晓钢, 张立宪. 空间站微重力复杂等离子体实验载荷与科学研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (10) : 143 -153 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00132
Chengran DU, Yan FENG, Xiaogang WANG, Lixian ZHANG. Introduction to the facilities and researches of microgravity complex plasma on the space stations[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (10) : 143 -153 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00132
复杂等离子体是由电离气体与介观颗粒组成的一种强耦合多相态跨尺度的复杂系统,是综合了等离子体物理、凝聚态物理、天体物理、统计物理、光学、非线性科学、材料科学等多学科的交叉研究方向,在功能材料、航天工程、聚变能源、芯片制造等国家重大战略需求方面具有重要应用[12]。目前,该领域的研究方向主要集中于以下3方面:首先是复杂等离子体中的基本物理性质研究,包括颗粒的充放电机制、颗粒的相互作用、复杂等离子体放电物理特性与调控等[3];其次是复杂等离子体的应用研究,主要包括颗粒材料制备、镀膜、刻蚀与光刻中的颗粒杂质管控、极紫外光源、聚变装置中的参数诊断、航天器黑障问题以及月尘污染问题等[45];三是复杂等离子体作为模型系统的多学科交叉研究,主要包括非平衡统计物理规律、物质的相行为等[67]。尤其是针对第3个方面研究,在地面实验室中,由于介观颗粒的重力沉降作用,研究重心主要集中在二维复杂等离子体系统。然而二维系统的统计规律和相行为与三维系统有本质差异,无法将二维体系下的研究结果直接应用于三维体系。因此,克服重力沉降对系统维度的限制,开展三维复杂等离子体研究,具有重要的科学意义与价值。
空间站长时稳定的微重力环境可以为开展三维复杂等离子体实验研究提供理想的实验条件。从和平号空间站实验载荷PK−1起步,到国际空间站第1个物理科学实验载荷PKE−Nefedov,再到中国空间站在研的实验载荷,空间站微重力复杂等离子体实验载荷研制取得了巨大的进步,并获得了丰硕的科学研究成果[8]。综述了过去27年空间站复杂等离子体研究发展历程,结合中国空间站微重力实验载荷建设规划,展望领域未来的发展。
等离子体一般可分为高温(核聚变等)与低温等离子体,后者处于非平衡态,电子温度远高于离子和中性粒子温度。当介观颗粒与低温等离子体中的带电粒子相互作用时,由于电子具有较高的热速度vT,颗粒表面带负电。颗粒在等离子体中的充电过程可以使用轨道运动限制(orbital−motion−limited,OML)近似模型来描述[9],在充电过程中,随着颗粒表面负电荷增大,颗粒表面电子流Ie减小,离子流Ii增大,直到Ie=Ii,颗粒表面带电达到动态平衡(图1)。不同等离子体中颗粒充电与等离子体参数相关,且电子流与离子流的表达式也会有所不同,对于高密度复杂等离子体,颗粒充电与颗粒相邻间距也有一定关联[10]。考虑等离子体中离子与中性气体的相互作用,可以对OML理论进行修正。在实验中,颗粒的带电量可以采用两体碰撞的方法直接测量[11],也可以通过计算等离子体格波的色散关系与理论计算拟合获得[12]
在微重力条件下,颗粒约束在体等离子体区射频电压驱动等离子体中,离子不响应驱动信号,等离子体各向同性,带电颗粒间相互作用可以由德拜−汤川(排斥)相互作用描述[13],如图2(a)所示[14]
$ \varphi\left(r\right)=(Q/r)\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(-r / \lambda\right) $
式中,Q为颗粒带电量;r为相对颗粒的距离;λ为德拜屏蔽长度,由等离子体参数决定,可以分为碰撞等离子体和无碰撞等离子体2种情况[15],在特定条件下,颗粒相互作用需要考虑2个德拜长度的共同作用。然而,在地面实验室条件下,颗粒一般被悬浮在实验装置下电极上方的鞘层边缘,重力与鞘层电场力平衡。在鞘层区域,电子密度小于离子密度,且具有定向离子流,考虑颗粒下方的离子尾流效应,带电颗粒的相互作用不再具有各向同性(图2(b)),在一定条件下甚至会产生吸引作用[1617]。理论与实验研究发现,在尾流效应下,悬浮于鞘层不同高度的颗粒间相互作用表现出不满足牛顿第三定律(作用力与反作用力)的力学特征[18],诱发模式耦合不稳定性[19],形成颗粒对[20]。类似的相互作用不仅会出现在鞘层位置,也会出现在微重力条件下的直流驱动等离子体中,此时,定向离子流由直流电压驱动。在直流放电中,如果采用千赫兹极性交换技术,也就是阳极与阴极以几百到几千赫兹的频率进行对换,离子运动响应电场的变换,颗粒相互作用如图2(c)所示,形成电流变复杂等离子体。除颗粒间相互作用外,颗粒还会受到等离子体电场力、离子拖拽力、中性气体阻尼力作用;在有空间温度梯度的情况下,还会受到热泳力等[15]外力影响。在这些力的共同作用下,颗粒会出现自组织、波动、流动等物理现象。
1997—1998年,俄罗斯科学院高温联合研究所与俄罗斯能源火箭航天公司开发了第1代空间站复杂等离子体实验载荷PK−1,并在和平号空间站第24次远征中开展了实验工作[2123]。严格地说,第1代实验载荷中并不能电离产生等离子体。装置主体为1组长6 cm、直径3 cm的安瓿(图3[8,23]),工作气体为氖气,气压为0.01和50 mbar(1 bar=105 Pa),使用CeO2(直径1~3 μm)、LaB6(直径2~10 μm)与黄铜(直径50~100 μm)颗粒,采用30 mW激光与相机采集数据。实验中,航天员在空间站舷窗前摇动安瓿,利用阳光中紫外线产生的光电效应,电子逃逸出颗粒表面,带正电颗粒相互作用,并与逃逸的自由电子形成电场,引发双极扩散,然而,与理论预言不同,实验中并没有直接观察到具有规则结构的库伦晶格。
1998—2000年,第2代实验载荷PK−2完成了多轮实验[24]。PK−2实验装置主体是1个长30 cm、直径3 cm的玻璃管,采用直流放电技术,阳极与阴极间距28 cm,为了避免带负电颗粒被阳极吸引,在距离阳极4.5 cm处固定了双层悬浮网格电极(图4[24])。实验工作气体为氖气,气压为0.01 mbar,放电电流0.1~0.8 mA,实验颗粒直径范围70~180 μm,采用类似的激光与相机采集数据。在微重力实验中,通过追踪颗粒在等离子体电场中的运动,结合运动方程,估算平均半径62.5 μm颗粒的表面电势为30~40 V,且与放电电流基本无关,该数值远高于OML模型估算参数,主要由于颗粒的存在改变了直流放电的平衡电离,进而提高了电子温度。实验同时测量了复杂等离子体的对相关函数,计算了系统的耦合强度为60~75,表明系统处于液态;计算了林德曼参数,并与数值模拟进行了比对,发现了参数跳变的现象。
第3代空间站复杂等离子体实验载荷由德国宇航中心、马克斯−普朗克学会地外物理研究所、德国Kayser−Threde公司、俄罗斯联邦航天局、俄罗斯科学院高温联合研究所与俄罗斯能源火箭航天公司共同开发,载荷包括2个实验装置,其真空实验腔体非常类似,均为边长为10 cm、高为5.4 cm的方形腔体,采用频率为13.56 MHz的容性耦合射频等离子体放电技术,圆盘电极间距3 cm,峰值功率4 W。其中,第1个装置PKE−Nefedov射频电极直径为42 mm,射频外可加载幅值为13.6 V的低频(1~100 Hz)正弦调控,实验气体为氩气,安装2台颗粒注射器,颗粒直径分别为3.4与6.8 μm,搭载2台帧率为25 Hz的相机采集实验数据(图5(a)、(b))[8,2526]图5(b)中,1为放电腔体,2为射频电源,3为供气与控压系统,4为相机组,5为激光器。PKE−Nefedov装置于2001年上行,是国际空间站第1个物理科学实验,到2005年为止,完成了13次实验任务[25]
第2个装置PK−3 Plus射频电极直径为60 mm,射频外可加载幅值为55 V的低频(1~255 Hz)正弦、方波、三角波调控,实验气体为氩气和氖气,安装6台颗粒注射器,颗粒直径分别为1.55、2.55、3.42、6.81、9.19与14.92 μm,搭载4台帧率为50 Hz的相机采集数据(图5(c)、(d))。图5(d)中,1为放电腔体,2为射频电源,3为供气系统,4为相机组,5为位移台,6为颗粒注射器,7为分子泵。PK 3−Plus装置于2005年上行,2006年开展实验,到2013年为止,完成了21次实验任务[26]。第3代实验载荷的2个装置在轨运行13年,产出了大量的实验结果,本文选择3个有代表性的实验做简要介绍。
凝结是物理与化学领域中非常重要的过程,广泛存在于聚合反应、等离子体刻蚀、环境污染的防治,甚至行星的形成等诸多领域。然而,实验室中由于重力沉降的作用,开展大颗粒凝结实验具有一定的困难。在PKE−Nefedov载荷微重力实验中,在未发生电离产生等离子体的情况下向腔体内注入直径为3.4 μm的颗粒,实验气压为0.7 mbar,颗粒在注入过程的“高温阶段”快速发生凝结,此时,颗粒热速度约为5~10 cm·s−1,随后凝结体在腔体内散开,进入“低温阶段”,颗粒热速度降为~0.03 cm·s−1,凝结过程终止[27]。比较2组不同颗粒注入量的实验,通过计算凝结体散射光强度谱发现,高密度注入实验中凝结体具有较高的截止质量,并发现单个包含~105颗粒的巨型凝结体(图6[27]),通过在电极加载频率为4.7 Hz、幅值为26 V低频正弦调控,估算颗粒随机带正电或负电,带电量绝对值约为~5000e。
常规的凝结理论无法解释巨型凝结体的产生,通过应用平均场理论并推广Smoluchowski凝结方程进行估算发现,电荷−偶极子相互作用诱导的凝胶化过程是巨型凝结体产生的根本原因[28],凝胶化时间与实验测量值基本一致。该研究发现了一种新的颗粒凝结机制。
在等离子体中由于较高的电子热速度,颗粒均带负电,由于汤川排斥相互作用,颗粒的凝结一般被抑制。在实验室PK−3 Plus匹配实验装置中,采用热电阻对下电极加温产生向下的温度梯度,产生的热泳力可以在一定程度上抵消重力[29],从而悬浮颗粒。在这样的等效微重力实验中,通过调节放电参数在鞘层中诱发密度波,可以导致颗粒凝结[30]。使用帧率为3000 Hz的高速相机追踪颗粒在波动中的轨迹,估算颗粒速度分布,使用长距离显微镜在等离子体中原位记录凝结体的结构形态。该研究提出了一种在等离子体中诱发颗粒凝结的新方法。
结晶与熔化的动力学过程是凝聚态物理、材料科学、生物工程、化工制药等领域中的一个重要问题,也是复杂等离子体物理中的一个核心课题。在实验室研究中,主要关注二维等离子体晶体中的格波色散关系[31]、熔化与再结晶[32]、六角相[33]、不稳定性[19]等。在空间站微重力实验条件下,颗粒从鞘层边缘的平衡位置进入等离子体体区形成三维复杂等离子体,在特定条件下,离子拖拽力的作用可以忽略,颗粒相互作用可以完全由汤川相互作用描述。在PK−3 Plus载荷实验中,初始气压设置为15 Pa,电极上加载射频激励信号产生等离子,馈入功率约为0.5 W,注入直径为1.55或2.55 μm的颗粒获得三维复杂等离子体。实验中,逐步降低气压至11 Pa再增大至21 Pa,相应的,鞘层厚度(正比于电子德拜长度λene−1/2p−1/2)先增大后减小,当气压接近最低值时,系统自组织产生规则结构发生结晶[34]。为了定量分析晶体结构,采用高分辨相机断面扫描功能获得颗粒的三维位置,扫描深度为4.8 mm,计算结构序参量q4q6w6判定晶体结构分类,实验发现,三维复杂等离子体晶体以密排六方(hcp)与面心立方(fcc)结构为主。
调节气压除了调控鞘层厚度,影响颗粒间距外,还会显著改变电子密度,影响颗粒充电过程。在PK−3 Plus实验中,直径为1.55 μm的颗粒约束在气压为10 Pa的氩等离子体体区,形成三维等离子体晶体,在电极上加载方波信号产生电场扰动瞬间熔化晶体随后再结晶,如图7[35]所示,其中,图7(a)为重叠了连续5帧从蓝到红染色的录像照片,颜色反映了黑色像素比例;图7(b)展示了单帧原始实验录像的灰度照片,图中灰白点为尘埃颗粒;图7(c)为颗粒位置与位移分布图,可以明显分辨出2个晶体区域,中间由液桥隔开[35]。通过计算Voronoi元胞,可以获得晶体取向及其中颗粒密度的空间分布,研究发现,在靠近电极区域,颗粒呈平行于电极层状分布,而在靠近中心空洞区域密度骤然升高[36]。通过追踪颗粒位置涨落发现,颗粒热运动具有各向同性,动力学温度范围为1~4 eV,远高于中性气体温度。研究结果揭示了等离子体晶体中的一种反常动力学加热机制[37]
冷却二元混合流体至不混溶状态可以触发动力学相分离,在流体物理实验中,长程排斥相互作用与短程吸引相互作用分别引发相分离过程中的区域分割与界面能增长,借助平均场理论可以描述相分离的宏观过程。利用复杂等离子体作为模型系统,可以在颗粒分辨尺度上研究相分离中的相互作用与动力学过程[38]。基于Lorentz−Berthelot规则定义非相加参数,通过理论与数值模拟研究发现,长短程汤川相互作用的竞争关系决定了区域特征尺度的演化过程[39]。在PK−3 Plus载荷实验中,直径为9.2 μm的颗粒稳定约束在气压为30 Pa的氩等离子体体区,注入直径为3.4 μm的颗粒,在鞘层电场的驱动下,小颗粒进入大颗粒云内部,当接近腔体中心位置时,电场力基本消失,由小颗粒组成的椭球状“液滴”形成,大小颗粒发生了相分离(图8[40])。测量相分离的时间为1~2 s,与数值模拟的时间尺度基本一致[4041]
除了上述的由亚稳分解导致的相分离外,复杂等离子体中的力学平衡也能导致相分离。在国际空间站论证装置(International Microgravity Plasma Facility,IMPF)的抛物线飞行微重力实验中,直径为6.5与6.8 μm的颗粒从同一个颗粒注射器中注入气压为20~30 Pa的氩等离子体中,其中一种颗粒由荧光标记,便于实验区分,3.5 s后所有颗粒均匀分布于腔体内部,处于混合状态,17.2 s后荧光标记颗粒扩散至颗粒云边缘,大小颗粒发生了相分离。实验所使用大小颗粒粒径差Δd/d<0.05,远小于亚稳分解的临界粒径差要求Δd/d>0.25,通过估算扩散系数发现,大小颗粒的离子拖拽力的差异ΔF~10−15 N,是发生相分离的主要原因[4243]
第4代国际空间站实验载荷由欧洲空间局牵头,载荷由德国和俄罗斯多个科研院所与公司合作开发,此外,美国、法国、瑞典、匈牙利、日本、中国等国家多个高校与科研院所参与科学研究。PK−4载荷主体为长200 mm、直径30 mm的玻璃管真空腔室(图9[4445]),工作气体为氩气或氖气,气压范围为10~200 Pa。采用直流放电技术,被动电极接地,主动电极峰值电流3.1 mA,峰值电压2.7 kV,在脉冲模式下可以设置周期,1个周期可以分为4个时间段并分别设置电流,每个时间段可设置范围为0~327.67 ms,利用脉冲模式,可以实现“极性交换”功能,即以一定频率对换直流的阳极与阴极(即主动电极电流正负交换),当频率远高于颗粒特征频率时,颗粒对直流定向电场不响应,颗粒可以被约束在腔体中心位置,这是PK−4实验载荷稳态运行的一个主要放电模式。此外,PK−4载荷搭载2个射频线圈,其中一个线圈可以沿真空管在一定范围内移动,采用感性耦合方式实现放电,射频频率为81.36 MHz,峰值功率为5 W。
载荷搭载3台电磁振动颗粒注射器,3台气体喷射颗粒注射器,颗粒直径分别为1.31、3.38、6.68 μm与2.64、3.38、15.2 μm。搭载2台帧率为35 Hz的相机采集颗粒位置信息,1台帧率为25 Hz的相机采集等离子体辉光信息,此外,搭载光谱仪采集等离子体发射光谱,波长范围为350~1100 nm。载荷提供3种外场调控方式;第1种为电场调控方式,玻璃管靠近被动电极段安装一个电磁线圈,可以加载脉冲与任意波低频电压,利用电场力调控颗粒位置与运动;第2种为温度场调控方式,玻璃管靠近主动电极端安装一个加热电阻线圈,最高温度为55℃,沿玻璃管轴向产生温度梯度,利用热泳力调控颗粒位置与运动;第3种为光场调控,将一束红外激光从玻璃管一端沿对称轴射入,激光波长为808 nm,峰值功率为20 W,利用光压力驱动中心颗粒流的定向运动[44]。PK–4装置于2014年上行,至今仍在轨运行,已完成21次实验任务[45]。类似的,以下选择3个有代表性的实验做简要介绍。
电流变流体中,外加电场可以极化颗粒,调节颗粒间相互作用,产生偶极子耦合。传统的电流变流体以胶体为主,颗粒以过阻尼布朗动力学为主,在复杂等离子体中,背景气体稀薄,颗粒运动由牛顿动力学主导。在PK−3 Plus载荷微重力实验中,射频等离子体放电叠加正弦低频调控,复杂等离子体中产生链状结构[14]。在PK−4载荷微重力实验中,产生直流等离子体,气压设置为11 Pa,电流为0.5 mA,阳极到阴极的定向电场将直径为3.38 μm的颗粒输运至真空管中心位置,放电切换到“极性交换”模式,频率为500 Hz,定向输运停止,颗粒被约束在中心位置。在此放电模式下,离子响应电场极性交换,离子流在颗粒两侧汇聚产生正电荷区,如图2(c)所示,颗粒云形成电流变流体的典型链状结构[46],如图10(a)[47]所示。
实验中,短时关闭等离子体,颗粒带电量从~3481e骤减至后辉光期~10e[48],等离子体约束与颗粒相互作用基本可以忽略不计,链状结构消失(图10(b))。在~0.3 s后重新电离产生等离子体,颗粒瞬时充电(图10(c)),大约4 s后链状结构自组织重新形成(图10(d)),与理论计算的颗粒扩散时间基本一致。进一步实验研究发现,在等离子体放电条件不变的情况下,链状结构仍然随着时间发生长时演化,结合颗粒三维结构扫描结果发现,该结构演化主要是由于颗粒位置重新分布引发的等离子体参数变化引起的[49]
尘埃声波是复杂等离子体中最有代表性的一个物理现象。鞘层离子流或体区电场是尘埃声波自激发的主要原因。在PK−4载荷微重力实验中,工作气压为40 Pa,利用感性耦合线圈产生射频等离子体约束颗粒,在启动直流放电的同时关闭射频电源,电流为−0.5 mA,保持2 s,随后反转极性,电流为0.5 mA,保持8 s。在实验的第一阶段,颗粒在直流电场的驱动下正向飘移,自激发产生尘埃密度声波,如图11(a)[50]所示,颗粒云头部波动的相速度是尾部的2倍。当放电极性发生反转后,颗粒发生反向飘移,然而,波动的传播方向保持不变,如图11(c)所示。在极性反转的瞬间,波动模式发生分叉,颗粒云头部产生新的波峰,在1.5~2.0 s的传输后与原有波峰融合。研究发现,局域电场与离子流不稳定性对波动模式具有明显的影响,而定向气流是产生非对称波动传输的根本原因[50]
与直流等离子体中颗粒发生定向飘移产生的尘埃声波不同,在频率为500 Hz的极性交换模式下,具有链状结构的电流变复杂等离子体中的尘埃声波的波谷变窄,波峰变宽,结合分子动力学模拟发现,由于相互作用中离子尾流的吸引作用,其相速度小于一般复杂等离子体的相速度[51]。此外,在功率为0.4 W的感性耦合射频等离子体中,同样可以产生自激发尘埃声波,采用傅里叶变换与希尔伯特变换分析方法发现,空间上存在2个频率集群,在每个集群中,即使存在密度的不均匀,其波动频率是固定常数。实验中测量的2个集群的频率比值为2∶1,与简谐同步态的锁相条件一致[5253]
除了尘埃声波,涡旋也是复杂等离子体集体效应的一个重要的表现。在探空火箭微重力实验中,直径为14.9 μm的颗粒约束在气压为40 Pa的射频氪等离子体体区,中心产生一个颗粒空洞,在空洞外侧的颗粒云中产生涡旋[54]。在国际空间站PK−3 Plus载荷微重力实验中,同样观察到类似的涡旋,通过与数值模拟对比发现,离子拖拽力与电场力的非零旋度驱动涡旋的产生,并诱发湍流[55]
在PK−4载荷微重力实验中,颗粒利用红外调控激光驱动颗粒流,不仅可以估算系统的运动黏度[56],验证热输运模型[57],也可以诱发涡旋。实验中,在直流等离子体中间隔2 s先后注入直径为6.8与3.4 μm的颗粒,由于输运速度的差异,颗粒几乎同时到达玻璃管中心实验区,切换至极性交换模式,颗粒发生相分离,产生一个椭球界面,在调控激光的驱动下,中心轴附近颗粒定向运动,其中,小颗粒在光压力驱动下流向两相界面,当驱动光强较小时,小颗粒沿着两相界面运动,产生涡旋;增大驱动光强,小颗粒穿过界面进入大颗粒云,涡旋消失(图12[58])。研究发现了一种新的复杂等离子体涡旋产生机制,并确定了临界条件,为进一步研究三维复杂等离子体的流体性质奠定了基础。
下一代国际空间站COMPACT实验载荷由德国宇航中心与美国国家航空航天局牵头,联合德国OHB集团、德国葛莱夫斯瓦尔德大学、美国奥本大学等高校共同开发,项目在2020年完成了可行性研究,进入工程化阶段。装置主体为容性耦合射频等离子体放电腔体,电源频率固定为13.56 MHz,其最主要的特点是电极间距可调,采用4台线性压电马达调节电极轴向位置,电极可调间距为25~75 mm。在抛物线飞行微重力实验中,通过调节电极间距可以有效压缩与扩张颗粒云的体积,改变平均颗粒间距,进而控制三维复杂等离子体的耦合强度[5960]
2022年,中国空间站全面建成,支持开展大规模多学科的空间科学研究、技术验证和空间应用。中国空间站微重力复杂等离子体实验载荷完成了初步方案设计,与国际空间站COMPACT的机械调控不同,中国空间站实验装置以电学调控为主(图13[61]),拟采用双频容性耦合等离子体放电技术,高低频放电可以独立调控离子通量和离子能量,即高频电源主要调控等离子体密度,低频电源主要调控鞘层电压,进而实现对颗粒耦合与约束的独立控制;结合立体相机颗粒三维诊断与等离子体光谱诊断技术,获得颗粒的实时位置与等离子体参数的空间分布;搭载高功率调控激光,实现多位型的颗粒流驱动与颗粒团簇的动力学温度调节,从而实现国际领先的复杂等离子体产生、约束、诊断与调控,支持开展三维复杂等离子体基础及应用相关的大规模实验研究[61]
综述了过去27年空间站微重力复杂等离子体实验载荷的发展,介绍了电荷诱导凝结、复杂等离子体结晶与熔化、尘埃声波等具有代表性的实验研究成果,展望了未来空间站实验载荷的建设。
1) 复杂等离子体具有丰富的相互作用,实验室研究中,颗粒悬浮鞘层边缘,颗粒相互作用需考虑离子尾流作用,在空间站微重力条件下,颗粒约束在各向同性的等离子体体区,其相互作用可以用汤川相互作用描述,当存在外场调控的情况下,相互作用更加复杂。
2) 和平号空间站PK−1与PK−2实验载荷中,实验研究了颗粒不同的带电机制,记录与分析了颗粒云的结构与演化。
3) 国际空间站PK−3实验载荷是一个容性耦合射频复杂等离子体研究装置,发现了电荷−偶极子相互作用诱导的凝胶化过程是巨型凝结体产生的根本原因,研究了结晶与熔化过程中颗粒自组织的动力学过程,解释了双分散系统相分离的物理机理等。
4) 国际空间站PK−4实验载荷是一个直流复杂等离子体研究装置,发现了由极性交换产生的复杂等离子体电流变效应,描述了不同放电条件下尘埃声波的物理特性,确定了颗粒流驱动复杂等离子体界面涡旋产生的临界条件等。
5) 中国空间站实验载荷规划采用双频容性耦合等离子体产生技术,相较于国际空间站在研的COMPACT实验载荷机械电极控制方法,具有可靠性高、参数组合丰富的特点,结合先进的诊断与调控方案,支持开展三维复杂等离子体基础及应用相关的大规模实验研究。
复杂等离子体研究一直是空间站微重力实验的重要组成部分,在前期研究的基础上,依托新一代实验装置,未来有望在基础科学与技术应用方面取得更加重要的研究成果。
  • 国家重点研发计划“工程科学与综合交叉”重点专项(2025YFF0512000)
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(12035003)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00132
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-06-15
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 修回日期:2025-11-30
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国家重点研发计划“工程科学与综合交叉”重点专项(2025YFF0512000)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(12035003)
作者信息
    1东华大学物理学院,磁约束核聚变教育部研究中心,纺织行业先进等离子体技术与应用重点实验室,上海 201620
    2苏州大学物理科学与技术学院,等离子体物理与技术研究所,前沿材料物理与器件省高校重点实验室,苏州 215006
    3哈尔滨工业大学物理学院,空间环境与物质科学研究院,哈尔滨 150001
    4中国科学院空间应用工程与技术中心,北京 100094
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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