Article(id=1273334826607304954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00093, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758556800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-23, revisedDate=1768752000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1781516280078, onlineDateStr=2026-06-15, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781516280078, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781516280078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781516280078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1273334825638420729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='164', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781516279847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781519137123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1273346810031628466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1273334825638420729, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1273334826997375228, articleId=1273334826607304954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Research progress on high-temperature material science in China Space Station, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The microgravity environment in space can eliminate interference factors such as buoyancy convection and container wall effect induced by gravity, offering unique experimental conditions for materials science research. To explore the new laws of material preparation in the space environment and develop high−performance novel materials that are challenging to obtain on Earth, this paper reviews the overall progress of 19 space material science experiments conducted by the High−temperature Material Science Experiment Rack in the Mengtian Experimental Module of the China Space Station (CSS) since its launch in 2022. Meanwhile, the research findings of six representative projects are emphasized, including the preparation of topological superconducting single crystals, the growth of multicomponent semiconductor alloys, the preparation of flexible semiconductor crystals, the manufacturing of iron−based superconducting materials, the solidification of Al−Si alloys, and the research on the impurity segregation mechanism. The research indicates that the microgravity environment can effectively promote the improvement of material component uniformity, crystal integrity, crystallization quality, and doping concentration, thereby enhancing material performance. The relevant results provide important experimental evidence and theoretical support for space materials science research and future in−situ space manufacturing.

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空间微重力环境能够消除因重力所引发的浮力对流、器壁效应等干扰因素,为材料科学研究提供了独特的实验条件。为探究空间环境下材料制备的新规律,研发在地面难以获取的高性能新材料,回顾了自2022年中国空间站梦天实验舱高温材料科学实验柜入轨以来,利用该实验柜开展的19项空间材料科学实验的整体进展情况。同时,着重介绍了拓扑超导单晶制备、多元半导体合金生长、柔性半导体晶体制备、铁基超导材料制造、铝硅合金凝固、杂质偏析机理研究6项代表性项目的研究成果。研究显示,微重力环境能够有效促进材料组分均匀性、晶体完整性、结晶质量以及掺杂浓度等方面的提升,进而改善材料性能,相关成果为空间材料科学研究及未来的空间原位制造提供了重要的实验依据和理论支撑。

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罗兴宏,研究员,研究方向为空间材料科学,电子信箱:

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序号课题名称承担单位
注:上述课题与下述成果排名不分先后。
1凝固过程中的组分分凝与均匀性研究上海交通大学
中国科学院金属研究所
2氧化物功能晶体生长的界面稳定性与熔体导热性研究中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
3空间环境中多元Fe/Cu基合金深过冷与快速晶体生长西北工业大学
4空间钯基铁基非晶合金深过冷条件下的凝固行为研究清华大学
5新型红外探测器材料InAsxSb1−x空间生长研究中国科学院半导体研究所
6单晶高温合金的空间生长中国科学院金属研究所
7空间Zr基非晶材料熔体热物理性质及形成研究中国科学院金属研究所
东北大学
8微重力环境下新型铁基超导材料的均匀化制备与性能研究中国科学院电工研究所
9大尺寸拓扑超导单晶及量子比特器件研究中国科学院半导体研究所
10微重力生长InSe半导体晶体及微观结构调控研究上海电机学院
中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
11太空微重力环境下水合盐相变材料凝固机理研究中国科学院过程工程研究所
12非一致熔融钾冰晶石结构闪烁晶体的微重力生长研究中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
13空间微重力条件下β−Si3N4晶须增强Al基复合材料的制备研究中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
14微重力下Lu1−xScxFeO3亚稳纯六方相的形成区域及其多铁性能研究中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
15微重力下高性能闪烁晶体生长与固液界面研究中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
16微重力环境生长KBBF晶体研究中国科学院理化技术研究所
17功能梯度材料空间制备技术及应用武汉理工大学
18基于微重力环境的晶体形核后初期生长机制及高强韧钢强韧化机理研究北京科技大学
19微重力条件下PIN−PMN−PT和PYN−PMN−PT三元体系弛豫铁电单晶
生长与性能调控研究
西安交通大学
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在空间站高温材料柜开展实验的课题及承担单位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号课题名称承担单位
注:上述课题与下述成果排名不分先后。
1凝固过程中的组分分凝与均匀性研究上海交通大学
中国科学院金属研究所
2氧化物功能晶体生长的界面稳定性与熔体导热性研究中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
3空间环境中多元Fe/Cu基合金深过冷与快速晶体生长西北工业大学
4空间钯基铁基非晶合金深过冷条件下的凝固行为研究清华大学
5新型红外探测器材料InAsxSb1−x空间生长研究中国科学院半导体研究所
6单晶高温合金的空间生长中国科学院金属研究所
7空间Zr基非晶材料熔体热物理性质及形成研究中国科学院金属研究所
东北大学
8微重力环境下新型铁基超导材料的均匀化制备与性能研究中国科学院电工研究所
9大尺寸拓扑超导单晶及量子比特器件研究中国科学院半导体研究所
10微重力生长InSe半导体晶体及微观结构调控研究上海电机学院
中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
11太空微重力环境下水合盐相变材料凝固机理研究中国科学院过程工程研究所
12非一致熔融钾冰晶石结构闪烁晶体的微重力生长研究中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
13空间微重力条件下β−Si3N4晶须增强Al基复合材料的制备研究中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
14微重力下Lu1−xScxFeO3亚稳纯六方相的形成区域及其多铁性能研究中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
15微重力下高性能闪烁晶体生长与固液界面研究中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所
16微重力环境生长KBBF晶体研究中国科学院理化技术研究所
17功能梯度材料空间制备技术及应用武汉理工大学
18基于微重力环境的晶体形核后初期生长机制及高强韧钢强韧化机理研究北京科技大学
19微重力条件下PIN−PMN−PT和PYN−PMN−PT三元体系弛豫铁电单晶
生长与性能调控研究
西安交通大学
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中国空间站高温材料科学研究进展
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罗兴宏 1 , 刘学超 2 , 潘秀红 2 , 杨晓光 3 , 曹崇德 4 , 张兴旺 3 , 尹志岗 3 , 吴金良 3 , 汤明辉 5 , 董持衡 5 , 王栋樑 5 , 张现平 5 , 马衍伟 5 , 金敏 6 , 韩琳 7 , 越方禹 8 , 张桂圆 1 , 李洋 1 , 杨健 9 , 张佼 9 , 孙宝德 9
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(10): 91-99
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科技导报 | 特色专题 2026, 44(10): 91-99
中国空间站高温材料科学研究进展
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罗兴宏1 , 刘学超2, 潘秀红2, 杨晓光3, 曹崇德4, 张兴旺3, 尹志岗3, 吴金良3, 汤明辉5, 董持衡5, 王栋樑5, 张现平5, 马衍伟5, 金敏6, 韩琳7, 越方禹8, 张桂圆1, 李洋1, 杨健9, 张佼9, 孙宝德9
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院金属研究所,沈阳 110016
  • 2中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所,上海 201899
  • 3中国科学院半导体研究所,北京 100083
  • 4西北工业大学物理科学与技术学院,西安 710129
  • 5中国科学院电工研究所,北京 100190
  • 6上海电机学院材料学院,上海 201306
  • 7山东大学海洋研究院,青岛 250100
  • 8华东师范大学物理与电子科学学院,上海 200241
  • 9上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院,上海 200240
  • 罗兴宏,研究员,研究方向为空间材料科学,电子信箱:

Research progress on high-temperature material science in China Space Station
Xinghong LUO1 , Xuechao LIU2, Xiuhong PAN2, Xiaoguang YANG3, Chongde CAO4, Xingwang ZHANG3, Zhigang YIN3, Jinliang WU3, Minghui TANG5, Chiheng DONG5, Dongliang WANG5, Xianping ZHANG5, Yanwei MA5, Min JIN6, Lin HAN7, Fangyu YUE8, Guiyuan ZHANG1, Yang LI1, Jian YANG9, Jiao ZHANG9, Baode SUN9
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 2Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China
  • 3Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 4School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
  • 5Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 6School of Materials, Shanghai Dianji University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 7Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shangdong University, Qingdao 250100, China
  • 8School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 9School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00093
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空间微重力环境能够消除因重力所引发的浮力对流、器壁效应等干扰因素,为材料科学研究提供了独特的实验条件。为探究空间环境下材料制备的新规律,研发在地面难以获取的高性能新材料,回顾了自2022年中国空间站梦天实验舱高温材料科学实验柜入轨以来,利用该实验柜开展的19项空间材料科学实验的整体进展情况。同时,着重介绍了拓扑超导单晶制备、多元半导体合金生长、柔性半导体晶体制备、铁基超导材料制造、铝硅合金凝固、杂质偏析机理研究6项代表性项目的研究成果。研究显示,微重力环境能够有效促进材料组分均匀性、晶体完整性、结晶质量以及掺杂浓度等方面的提升,进而改善材料性能,相关成果为空间材料科学研究及未来的空间原位制造提供了重要的实验依据和理论支撑。

中国空间站  /  微重力  /  高温材料科学实验柜  /  空间材料科学

The microgravity environment in space can eliminate interference factors such as buoyancy convection and container wall effect induced by gravity, offering unique experimental conditions for materials science research. To explore the new laws of material preparation in the space environment and develop high−performance novel materials that are challenging to obtain on Earth, this paper reviews the overall progress of 19 space material science experiments conducted by the High−temperature Material Science Experiment Rack in the Mengtian Experimental Module of the China Space Station (CSS) since its launch in 2022. Meanwhile, the research findings of six representative projects are emphasized, including the preparation of topological superconducting single crystals, the growth of multicomponent semiconductor alloys, the preparation of flexible semiconductor crystals, the manufacturing of iron−based superconducting materials, the solidification of Al−Si alloys, and the research on the impurity segregation mechanism. The research indicates that the microgravity environment can effectively promote the improvement of material component uniformity, crystal integrity, crystallization quality, and doping concentration, thereby enhancing material performance. The relevant results provide important experimental evidence and theoretical support for space materials science research and future in−situ space manufacturing.

China Space Station  /  microgravity  /  high−temperature material science experiment rack  /  space material science
罗兴宏, 刘学超, 潘秀红, 杨晓光, 曹崇德, 张兴旺, 尹志岗, 吴金良, 汤明辉, 董持衡, 王栋樑, 张现平, 马衍伟, 金敏, 韩琳, 越方禹, 张桂圆, 李洋, 杨健, 张佼, 孙宝德. 中国空间站高温材料科学研究进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (10) : 91 -99 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00093
Xinghong LUO, Xuechao LIU, Xiuhong PAN, Xiaoguang YANG, Chongde CAO, Xingwang ZHANG, Zhigang YIN, Jinliang WU, Minghui TANG, Chiheng DONG, Dongliang WANG, Xianping ZHANG, Yanwei MA, Min JIN, Lin HAN, Fangyu YUE, Guiyuan ZHANG, Yang LI, Jian YANG, Jiao ZHANG, Baode SUN. Research progress on high-temperature material science in China Space Station[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (10) : 91 -99 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00093
自20世纪80年代始,中国在轨空间材料科学实验平台分别经历了返回式科学实验卫星、神舟飞船以及天宫目标飞行器等多个阶段,实验形式以搭载实验为主,规模体系小、周期长。2022年10月31日,高温材料科学实验柜(简称高温柜)及第一批高温材料科学实验样品盒随空间站梦天实验舱发射升空,标志着中国空间材料科学实验研究从零星实验正式进入规模化、快节奏、成建制实验阶段。在高温柜开展空间材料科学实验的主要目的是利用空间的微重力环境,在没有重力引起的浮力对流、沉浮运动及流体静压等效应的条件下开展材料合成等研究,以期发现地面难以发现的新现象、新规律以及制备地面难以合成的新材料。2年多以来,19个课题(表1)的50只I型样品盒(图1)和4个X射线样品加热盒已分别随梦天实验舱、天舟六号、天舟七号、天舟八号货运飞船分批上行至中国空间站(China Space Station,CSS),另有4只I型样品盒已于2025年7月随天舟九号飞船上行至CSS。上述课题研究对象涉及铁基、铜基、锆基、铝基、钯基金属合金,InAsSb、InSe半导体,以及KBBF、LuScFeO、PIN−PMN−PT和PYN−PMN−PT功能晶体等多种类型材料。在神舟十五号至十九号乘组在轨工作期间,25只I型样品盒和1个X射线样品加热盒在高温柜内完成了空间实验,分批随神舟十五号至十九号飞船返回地面。在开展空间微重力实验的同时,各课题单位还分别在地面重力条件环境开展了对等条件下的比对实验。返回地面的样品及地面比对实验样品分别由各课题单位进行分析表征,通过研究取得了一系列重要的研究进展,已发表各类学术文章41篇,相关后续分析仍在持续进行中。
高温材料科学实验柜由中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所牵头,联合中国科学院国家空间科学中心、金属研究所、沈阳自动化研究所、兰州空间技术物理研究所共同研制。
高温柜(图2)由批量样品管理模块、高温炉模块、控制模块、X射线透射成像模块组成,是集材料制备、加工、原位检测、实时观察和诊断于一体的综合性自动化实验系统。高温材料柜整体采用标准化、模块化设计,便于多种加热模块的在轨更换及功能切换,装载样品的样品盒采用真空封装技术,可满足多种类型材料高温实验的不同需求,通用性强。高温柜具有低功耗、高效加热的能力,可通过多段独立加热和控制实现等温、梯度、区熔等多种温场模式,I型高温炉模块最高加热温度达1200℃,II型高温炉模块最高加热温度达1600℃。I型高温炉模块和II型高温炉模块可在轨更换,目前在轨运行的是I型高温炉模块。相应地,样品盒也分为I型和II型2种,分别适配两型高温炉模块。
样品盒主要由真空腔体(图3(a)左侧白色部分)与头部芯片仓(图3(a)右侧黑色部分)组成,真空腔体提供真空或气体密封环境,用以封装材料样品及其配件在高温柜加热模块内进行实验。头部芯片仓外壳上的机械接口与高温材料柜批量样品管理模块相配合,可实现样品盒的安装、在管理模块和加热模块间以及在加热模块内的移动等功能。此外,在腔体内部样品附近可安装热电偶等测量元器件以实现样品实验过程数据的原位测量功能。测量数据由安装在头部芯片仓内的数据模块进行采集和处理,并经由头部顶端电接口(图3(b))传输至高温材料柜中央控制系统。通过更换测量元件与相配套测量模块可实现温度、热导等多种参数的在线测量。I型和II型样品盒除耐受温度和外形尺寸存在差别以外,其结构与功能基本相同。高温柜批量样品管理模块可同时装载16个样品盒,实现在轨自动换样、自动实验的功能,自动化程度高。
高温柜X射线透射成像模块包括X光机、探测器、样品加热盒、屏蔽结构等单元,具有高分辨X射线原位成像功能,可实现材料熔融、凝固过程的微观物理现象动态原位观察研究,成像分辨率达5 μm,成像速度为20 fps。
高温柜最高工作温度、温度稳定度、批量样品自动化管理数量等技术指标优于国际空间站(International Space Station,ISS)同类实验装置,处于国际最高水平。X射线透射成像模块不仅填补中国空间材料实验装置在该方向的空白,同时也是国际唯一实现在载人空间站环境应用的X射线原位成像装置。
高温柜还具有高温条件下旋转磁场、主动冷却、真空压力实时监控、样品熔体热物性在线测量等新功能,为空间环境下材料科学研究提供了多样化的实验条件,为微重力环境下材料结构演化研究及机理研究提供了有力的技术保障。
量子信息技术是当前国际高技术竞争的焦点。近年来提出的基于马约拉纳零能模的拓扑超导量子比特具有对局部微扰的强免疫,为高容错性量子计算开辟了极具前景的新途径。Sr掺杂Bi2Se3拓扑超导材料是构建拓扑超导量子比特的基础材料之一。然而,该材料生长过程和晶体质量受重力引发的浮力对流影响很大,且Sr的有效掺杂困难。中国科学院半导体研究所与西北工业大学科研人员采用高温柜开展该材料空间实验,获得了直径约11 cm的大尺寸圆柱形晶体,并解理出一批尺寸大于10 mm×5 mm的单晶(图4)。材料呈现明亮的金属光泽,微观上具有清晰的二维层状结构。X射线衍射(X−ray diffraction,XRD)等表征结果表明,相较地面样品,空间样品的晶体结构更加规则,且Sr元素有效掺入量是地面样品的2倍多。进一步对比空间样品和地面样品的超导特性,发现空间样品具有高达3.5 K的临界超导温度,显著高于地面样品(2.3 K)。更进一步的结果正在表征与整理中。预期将进行1~2轮迭代,获得超高超导体积分数的厘米级大单晶,支撑物理和器件研究。
多元半导体合金生长历来是空间微重力材料科学关注的重点问题之一。微重力条件下浮力对流近乎消失,有助于实现准纯扩散生长,为组分均匀多元半导体合金的制备提供了可能。尽管此前基于国际空间站、中国实践十号科学卫星等平台开展的微重力晶体生长实现了组分均匀SiGe、InGaSb晶体的制备,但所得材料主体由多晶构成,未能获取大尺寸单晶。特别是对于InGaSb、InAsSb、InGaAs等由大失配二元化合物半导体构成的合金体系,在对应的二元化合物半导体母相衬底上进行生长时,只有合金组分偏离衬底组分幅度小于5%(摩尔分数)时,才有可能得到单晶样品[1]
中国科学院半导体研究所科研人员利用垂直梯度凝固法,基于中国空间站高温柜,首次采用InAs籽晶/InSb/InAs籽晶三明治方式生长了InAsSb单晶样品[2]。结果显示,InAsSb样品中Sb摩尔分数达到6.5%,打破了此前报道的5%上限。InAsSb样品直径约1 cm,晶体与籽晶界面光滑且明锐,界面质量超过国际空间站同类样品。电子探针X射线微区分析表明,空间样品具有更好的组分均匀性,其径向、轴向组分起伏均小于0.5%。另外,X射线衍射、高分辨透射电镜、电子背散射衍射和拉曼谱表征结果均表明空间样品为单晶,且其晶体质量明显优于地面样品。制备得到的InAsSb样品对应的吸收边约为4 μm,位于中波红外区域,在红外探测器领域具有一定应用前景。空间得到的晶体生长方法与规律可拓展至其他多元半导体合金材料体系,对于开发相应材料地基制备工艺具有重要指导意义。
柔性半导体材料是一类具有优异机械柔性和良好半导体特性的新型材料,与传统的硅基半导体相比,它们能够在弯曲、折叠、拉伸等形变下保持稳定的电学性能。在众多柔性半导体材料中,近年来一种新型III−VI族硒化铟(InSe)晶体材料在国内外引起了极大重视,其晶体结构由Se−In−In−Se原子层堆叠而成,层间通过范德华力结合,面内弹性模量远低于绝大多数二维晶体材料,压缩工程应变可达80%,特定方向的弯曲和拉伸工程应变也高于10%,这些奇异性能使InSe晶体成为柔性电子器件领域的一颗新星。
然而,InSe晶体柔软的力学特性却为高质量晶体生长带来了困难。该材料在制备过程中易受复杂热应力和机械应力的作用,导致内部通常存在大量的位错,使它们成为散射中心,降低了材料的载流子迁移率,进而严重影响器件的性能甚至寿命。针对此问题,上海电机学院、中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所、山东大学与华东师范大学科研人员开展了联合研究,利用高温柜首次在微重力条件下生长出InSe半导体晶体[3],通过自发成核成功获得了面积大于1 cm2的InSe单晶样品(图5)。InSe单晶具有标准的P63/mmc结构,In、Se元素在基体中均匀分布,样品沿(001)晶面可机械剥离出镜面光滑的片状晶体。利用化学腐蚀法发现晶体边缘区域位错近乎为0,X射线双摇摆测试及高分辨率球差电镜分析显示晶体完整性、结晶质量得到了明显提升,样品具有近乎完美的In−Se蜂窝晶格,没有明显的晶格损伤或原子空位。基于该样品开发了以InSe为沟道材料、P型重掺杂Si为底栅、SiO2层充当栅介质层、源漏电极为Bi/Au的场效应晶体管原型器件(图6)。结果显示,InSe场效应晶体管原型器件的电子迁移率提高了3~4倍,材料内部载流子输运能力大幅提升;器件的开启电流、开关比及稳定性等关键指标也得到了显著增强。
上述研究对未来优化InSe半导体晶体生长技术具有重要指导意义,有助于推动该材料在高速电子器件、光电子器件、光探测器及柔性电子学等领域实现广泛应用。
在铁基超导材料实用化研究中织构和均匀性是2个重要指标。通过强化织构可以减少材料晶粒间大角度晶界比例,最终实现更高的临界电流密度Jc[4]。织构强化的传统方式是通过应力引发粉末重排最终引入单轴织构,样品面内织构仍有提升空间[5]。因此,通过控制凝固过程实现准双轴熔融织构被视为解决问题的最终方法。现今,铁基超导材料熔融织构研究进展缓慢,其中2个主要制约因素是凝固过程中的重力与器壁效应,前者诱发严重的组织偏析,后者引入横向杂晶,限制晶粒择优生长[6]。因此,目前亟需结合其他领域知识突破研究瓶颈。在微重力条件下进行凝固实验可以有效抑制器壁和重力效应,中国科学院电工研究所科研人员选取相分离最为显著的FeSeTe体系[7],利用高温柜开展空间实验,意图揭示微重力对铁基超导材料晶体生长和凝固偏析行为的关键影响机制,得到高均匀、强织构的铁基超导材料。
样品外观信息如图7所示。其中,图7(a)为随神舟十七号飞船下行的样品盒,图7(b)、(c)为样品外观,可以清楚地看到在轨样品下端为非平面,说明微重力条件下熔体悬浮,器壁效应减弱。另一个新奇的现象是在轨样品表面出现更大尺寸的气孔,三维计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)结果显示气孔在样品下端聚集,呈筒状,轴向与热流方向近似平行,说明微重力改变了气泡动力学。
图8为样品的低倍电子显微镜图片,背散射信号下不同衬度代表不同成分的相。从图8左下角插图可以看出,地面样品内部表现出剧烈的凝固偏析行为,在轴向和径向方向上深色的富Se相尺寸、分布很不均匀;且由于器壁效应带来的不均匀形核,在距离边缘1 mm区域晶粒严重碎化,影响织构度。有趣的是,在轨样品在毫米尺度范围内富Se相分布相当均匀,偏析行为大大改善,同时在样品边缘处也暂时未发现器壁效应引入的杂晶,说明器壁效应基本消除。横截面和纵截面X射线衍射分析结果表明样品中存在非常强的准双轴熔融织构,其中超导相c轴近似平行于径向,a/b轴近似平行于轴向。透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)分析结果显示超导相内部晶体缺陷密度极低,样品超导电性大幅提升。
以上结果明确显示微重力环境对于铁基超导材料定向凝固过程起到了正面作用,最明显的效应是浮力对流基本消失,使具有密度差异的富Te、富Se相近似均匀分布,提升了材料均匀性。本实验选取的材料和实验条件比较极端,前者具有典型的液相分离特性,后者有意识设计了较快的抽拉速度和向上提拉的方式,这些因素无疑都会加剧重力和器壁效应,制约晶体择优生长。但令人振奋的是,微重力条件下这些负面作用基本得到消除,证明太空制造可以基本适用于所有铁基超导材料的凝固工艺开发,对于开发高临界电流密度实用化铁基超导材料具有重要意义,有望突破材料织构化瓶颈。
金属合金凝固组织形态、特征尺寸、成分均匀性以及缺陷形态与分布决定其性能,重力引发的浮力对流、沉降等效应影响凝固动力学过程,在合金凝固组织及缺陷的形成过程中发挥重要作用,空间微重力环境有助于消除重力的影响,实现近乎纯扩散控制的凝固动力学过程。为了深入探究微重力环境对合金凝固组织形态、成分分布以及缺陷形成与演变的影响机制,中国科学院金属研究所科研人员选择熔点较低的铝硅合金,利用高温柜开展了空间微重力环境及地面重力条件下的定向凝固科学对比实验[8]。研究结果表明,微重力环境对铝基合金的凝固组织、成分分布及缺陷形态与分布产生了显著影响。与地面重力条件下获得的样品相比,空间实验样品的枝晶形态更加均匀,整体组织结构呈现更规则的生长特征,印证了微重力环境下溶质扩散机制的主导作用。此外,成分分布的均匀性也得到了显著改善,相较于地面样品,空间样品在轴向和径向上的成分偏析均有所减弱,说明微重力条件降低了溶质迁移所受的浮力对流影响,使得合金的成分分布更加均匀。在凝固缺陷方面,空间实验样品的气孔形成及分布特征亦表现出与地面凝固样品的显著不同。如图9所示,空间样品中的气孔尺寸较大,但总体数量减少,且主要分布于样品内部,而非如地面样品那样更倾向于集中于样品表层。这一现象表明,在微重力环境下,由于浮力对气泡排出的影响减弱,导致气孔更容易滞留于凝固组织内部,而非随液态合金的流动被带向外部。此外,空间环境下由马氏对流主导的气孔生长、运动和合并机制与地面浮力对流主导下的机制也有所不同,从而导致其尺寸、形态和分布的差异。
上述结果对于建立纯扩散条件下合金凝固理论模型,深入理解微重力环境对合金凝固过程的影响具有重要意义,有望优化空间材料制备工艺,提高合金的组织均匀性和力学性能,解决微重力条件下合金凝固组织控制及缺陷抑制的难题,为未来空间原位制造高性能合金材料提供科学依据和技术支持。
偏析是金属合金凝固过程中必然发生的一种物理现象,在金属合金加工过程中要尽量加以控制。通过微重力与重力对比实验研究,有望在原子尺度揭示金属中合金元素的偏析机理,探明重力引发的对流对偏析过程的影响规律,阐明组分元素原子在液固界面处的迁移行为,为进一步深入研究金属凝固过程奠定理论基础,同时也为金属及半导体高纯材料的制备以及抑制合金凝固过程中的元素偏析提供更加充分的科学依据与可能的技术路线。
为此,上海交通大学科研人员利用高温柜开展了杂质元素在高纯铝定向凝固提纯过程中迁移规律和提纯机理的研究,基于在轨实验和地面匹配实验的分析结果,取得以下科学发现[9]:(1) 从应力分析结果(图10)可以看出,从凝固的初始界面至凝固末端,在轨样品各处的应力水平均低于地面对比实验样品的应力水平。(2) 铝合金在微重力条件下凝固后,在凝固初始端的高分辨照片中,并未发现V元素,而在凝固的末端却出现了大量的Si−V原子聚集的团簇(图11)。第一次地面匹配实验中V元素的分布呈现明显的反偏析特性,而在轨实验的检测结果则发现V元素开始向凝固末端聚集(图12),说明在微重力条件下,Si元素影响了V元素的溶质再分配行为。地面对比实验结果和在轨实验结果的显著差异验证了在轨制造超高纯铝的技术可行性。
该研究进展将从根本上提高中国铝工业偏析法提纯工艺水平,为中国大幅降低污染和能耗、提升产品竞争力提供支持;将极大提高中国航空用铝材大板锭铸锭的组织均匀性和材料性能,大幅改善航空航天高温合金大尺寸关键铸件的质量水平;同时,将积极促进中国的废旧铝材回收利用技术水平。
概括总结了自建站以来中国科学家利用中国空间站高温柜开展的部分研究工作进展。可以看出,在仅有的2年多时间中,无论是在广度还是深度方面,中国的空间材料科学研究均取得了重要的进展。在广度方面,中国的空间材料科学所涉及的研究课题、材料种类和实验手段等方面相较建站之前有极大的提高;而在深度方面,通过2年多时间的积累,中国科学家对空间材料实验中的一些现象和机理的理解与认识有了质的飞跃。而在制度方面,由于有了稳定的经费与空间实验资源的支撑,科学家可以更加充分、系统地开展各项试验研究,这使得孕育重大科学发现和重要应用成果的概率倍增。目前,除了源源不断的空间科学实验课题在立项与实施,中国科学家还从顶层规划了一些重点项目。随着这些项目的实施及后续分析的不断推进,相信中国的空间材料科学研究必将结出硕果,为中国的空间事业、国家安全、尖端科技以及国民经济等做出重要贡献。
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL−1−01)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL−1−02)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL−1−07)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL−1−09)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(ZDBS−ZRKJZ−TLCO21)
  • 中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL405)
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2026年第44卷第10期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00093
  • 接收时间:2025-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-06-15
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-23
  • 修回日期:2026-01-19
基金
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL−1−01)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL−1−02)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL−1−07)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL−1−09)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(ZDBS−ZRKJZ−TLCO21)
中国载人航天工程空间应用系统项目(KJZ−YY−NCL405)
作者信息
    1中国科学院金属研究所,沈阳 110016
    2中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所,上海 201899
    3中国科学院半导体研究所,北京 100083
    4西北工业大学物理科学与技术学院,西安 710129
    5中国科学院电工研究所,北京 100190
    6上海电机学院材料学院,上海 201306
    7山东大学海洋研究院,青岛 250100
    8华东师范大学物理与电子科学学院,上海 200241
    9上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院,上海 200240
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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