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水稻养活了全球半数以上人口，但高产背后长期依赖大量氮肥投入。以中国稻田为例，氮肥施用量普遍较高，而氮素利用率长期偏低（不足40%），大量未被作物吸收的氮通过氨挥发、淋溶、径流和气态排放进入环境。其中，氮气（N₂）排放被认为是农田氮损失的重要去向，却因大气中N₂背景浓度高达78%，长期难以被精确定量，成为稻田氮循环研究中的“黑匣子”。

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（图片来源：《PNAS》）

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