Article(id=1266342833763012746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1266342817036128371, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765123200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-08, revisedDate=1770307200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779849259081, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1778601600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779849259081, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779849259081, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779849259081, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266342817036128371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778601600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779849255084, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1779849689565, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266344639704485987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1266342817036128371, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266344639708680292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1266342817036128371, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=75, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266342834912252044, articleId=1266342833763012746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Flux concentration techniques in weak magnetic field detection sensors, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Weak magnetic field detection plays a crucial role in biomedicine, resource exploration and national defense, industrial inspection, and frontier scientific research, and is one of the key technologies for acquiring magnetic signals with high sensitivity and high resolution. By enhancing the local magnetic flux density and optimizing the efficiency of magnetic signal coupling, flux concentrators can significantly improve the sensitivity and signal−to−noise ratio of sensors, and thus have become core components in high−precision weak magnetic field detection systems. This paper reviews recent advances in flux concentration technology, with an emphasis on the development of magnetic circuit theory, design strategies for magnetic materials with high permeability and low coercivity, and optimization methods for flux concentrator structures with low eddy−current loss. In addition, the current status and future trends of weak magnetic field sensor technologies based on flux concentration effects are analyzed, providing references and directions for improving the sensitivity and magnetic field resolution in weak magnetic signal detection.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zhenhu JIN, Chenglong ZHANG, Jiamin CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiamin CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1266342839991554198, articleId=1266342833763012746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=微弱磁场检测传感器中的磁通聚集技术, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微弱磁场检测在生物医疗、资源勘探与国防、工业检测、前沿科学等领域具有重要的应用价值,是实现高灵敏度与高分辨率磁信号获取的关键技术之一。磁通聚集器通过提高局部磁场密度和优化磁信号耦合效率,可显著增强传感器的灵敏度与信噪比,因而成为微弱磁场高精度检测系统中的重要器件。综述了磁通聚集技术的最新研究进展,重点介绍了磁路理论、高磁导率与低矫顽力磁性材料的设计思路及高磁场增益磁通聚集器结构的优化方法。同时,探讨了磁通聚集效应在微弱磁场传感技术中的应用现状与趋势,该技术不仅使霍尔式、磁阻式及量子式传感器的灵敏度跃升百倍至千倍,未来更可依托微纳集成技术,实现高磁场分辨率与器件微型化的协同提升,为突破微弱磁信号检测的信噪比瓶颈提供重要的参考与发展方向。

, authors=

金珍虎,副研究员,研究方向为磁阻式传感器开发及应用技术,电子信箱:

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陈嘉民(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为自旋电子学器件及应用技术,电子信箱:
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figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型相对
磁导率
矫顽力/
(A·m−1
电导率/
(S·m−1
磁场增益适用频段及应用场景参考文献
多元材料合金(Ni80Fe20、 Co90Zr5Nb5、Co40Fe40B20102~105>3.98105~10710~1000倍 适用于直流至千赫兹弱磁检测场景[3538]
非晶及纳米晶软磁材料(Fe–Si–B系、Co–Fe–Si–B系及Finemet类)10~105>0.33105~1061.5~300倍 适用于直流至数万赫兹的弱磁检测及电流测量场景[3942]
铁氧体(MnZnFe2O4、Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4)及石榴石(YIG)10~104>79.58<10−410~250倍 适用于千赫兹 至兆赫兹的交流磁场检测场景[4548]
软磁复合材料(SMC)Fe–Si–Insulated102~103>79.58<102数倍~数十倍 适用于数万赫兹至兆赫兹高频电流检测场景[33,49]
超导磁通聚集器
(Nb、YBa2Cu3O7−x
∞(TTc>20(TTc 适用于直流至千赫兹的极弱磁检测场景[5052]
), ArticleFig(id=1266342853446881475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1266342833763012746, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各类型磁通聚集器铁磁材料的相关参数、磁场增益及应用场景

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类型相对
磁导率
矫顽力/
(A·m−1
电导率/
(S·m−1
磁场增益适用频段及应用场景参考文献
多元材料合金(Ni80Fe20、 Co90Zr5Nb5、Co40Fe40B20102~105>3.98105~10710~1000倍 适用于直流至千赫兹弱磁检测场景[3538]
非晶及纳米晶软磁材料(Fe–Si–B系、Co–Fe–Si–B系及Finemet类)10~105>0.33105~1061.5~300倍 适用于直流至数万赫兹的弱磁检测及电流测量场景[3942]
铁氧体(MnZnFe2O4、Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4)及石榴石(YIG)10~104>79.58<10−410~250倍 适用于千赫兹 至兆赫兹的交流磁场检测场景[4548]
软磁复合材料(SMC)Fe–Si–Insulated102~103>79.58<102数倍~数十倍 适用于数万赫兹至兆赫兹高频电流检测场景[33,49]
超导磁通聚集器
(Nb、YBa2Cu3O7−x
∞(TTc>20(TTc 适用于直流至千赫兹的极弱磁检测场景[5052]
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金珍虎 1, 2 , 张成龙 1 , 陈嘉民 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(9): 75-87
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微弱磁场检测传感器中的磁通聚集技术
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金珍虎1, 2 , 张成龙1, 陈嘉民1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院空天信息创新研究院,传感器技术全国重点实验室,北京 100010
  • 2中国科学院大学电子电气与通信工程学院,北京 100049
通讯作者:
陈嘉民(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为自旋电子学器件及应用技术,电子信箱:
Flux concentration techniques in weak magnetic field detection sensors
Zhenhu JIN1, 2 , Chenglong ZHANG1, Jiamin CHEN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100010, China
  • 2School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-05-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00040
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微弱磁场检测在生物医疗、资源勘探与国防、工业检测、前沿科学等领域具有重要的应用价值,是实现高灵敏度与高分辨率磁信号获取的关键技术之一。磁通聚集器通过提高局部磁场密度和优化磁信号耦合效率,可显著增强传感器的灵敏度与信噪比,因而成为微弱磁场高精度检测系统中的重要器件。综述了磁通聚集技术的最新研究进展,重点介绍了磁路理论、高磁导率与低矫顽力磁性材料的设计思路及高磁场增益磁通聚集器结构的优化方法。同时,探讨了磁通聚集效应在微弱磁场传感技术中的应用现状与趋势,该技术不仅使霍尔式、磁阻式及量子式传感器的灵敏度跃升百倍至千倍,未来更可依托微纳集成技术,实现高磁场分辨率与器件微型化的协同提升,为突破微弱磁信号检测的信噪比瓶颈提供重要的参考与发展方向。

微弱磁场检测  /  磁通聚集器  /  软磁材料  /  微机电系统  /  磁传感器

Weak magnetic field detection plays a crucial role in biomedicine, resource exploration and national defense, industrial inspection, and frontier scientific research, and is one of the key technologies for acquiring magnetic signals with high sensitivity and high resolution. By enhancing the local magnetic flux density and optimizing the efficiency of magnetic signal coupling, flux concentrators can significantly improve the sensitivity and signal−to−noise ratio of sensors, and thus have become core components in high−precision weak magnetic field detection systems. This paper reviews recent advances in flux concentration technology, with an emphasis on the development of magnetic circuit theory, design strategies for magnetic materials with high permeability and low coercivity, and optimization methods for flux concentrator structures with low eddy−current loss. In addition, the current status and future trends of weak magnetic field sensor technologies based on flux concentration effects are analyzed, providing references and directions for improving the sensitivity and magnetic field resolution in weak magnetic signal detection.

weak magnetic field detection  /  flux concentrator  /  soft magnetic materials  /  MEMS  /  magnetic sensors
金珍虎, 张成龙, 陈嘉民. 微弱磁场检测传感器中的磁通聚集技术. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (9) : 75 -87 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00040
Zhenhu JIN, Chenglong ZHANG, Jiamin CHEN. Flux concentration techniques in weak magnetic field detection sensors[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (9) : 75 -87 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00040
微弱磁场检测技术赋予人类感知极其微弱磁信号的能力,在生物医学成像、地磁测量、无损检测及空间探测等领域具有重要应用价值:脑磁图和心磁图能够在非侵入条件下反映神经与心肌的电活动,通过高灵敏度、低噪声磁传感器获取人体心磁信号的时间、空间分布信息,对早期疾病的无创诊断具有独特意义[13];地磁与空间磁场测量是资源勘探、地质结构探测及行星磁层研究的重要技术手段,需要可在复杂环境下提供高磁场分辨率的小型磁传感器以满足航空磁测资源勘探、海洋磁测及近地轨道磁层探测的应用需求[46];在工业与国防领域,微弱磁场检测亦广泛应用于无损检测、磁异常识别,以及高精度姿态测量等[79]。此类应用对磁传感器提出了更高要求,须兼具宽动态范围与低噪声特性,用于满足复杂工作场景的需求。随着物联网、全屋智能与新能源汽车等新兴数字化系统的快速发展,磁传感器的角色由单一物理量测量技术提升为连接电能、运动与结构状态的关键感知技术。在全屋智能与消费电子中,磁传感器具备位置检测、旋转与速度感知、无线充电对位、微电机控制与故障诊断等功能,在保持磁传感器低成本、低功耗、小体积等优势的同时,还需要兼顾外界磁干扰环境下的高灵敏度与快速响应能力[1011];而在智能电网、新能源汽车与储能系统中,磁传感器可直接用于检测架空线路及电缆的安培级稳态、暂态电流,也可检测避雷器、绝缘子的毫安级漏电流,还可检测光伏、风电逆变器的输入、输出电流,以及测量储能站电池的充放电直流电流,这些工作场景中面临的强杂散磁场、宽温区、瞬态冲击等因素,对磁传感器的低噪声、宽动态范围、温漂抑制、封装一致性与可靠性提出了更高要求[1214]。以上传统及新兴的磁传感技术领域通常涉及微特斯拉(μT)至皮特斯拉(pT)级磁信号的感知,对传感器的灵敏度、噪声特性及温度稳定性提出了极高要求。目前,感应式、霍尔式及磁阻式磁传感技术通过引入新型磁敏感材料并优化传感元件结构,可以有效提高灵敏度并抑制本征噪声[15]。然而,在极弱磁场检测场景中,这些基于经典磁电转换机理的传感器仍受限于固有噪声与工作机理,导致磁场分辨率受限、信噪比偏低。相较而言,以超导量子干涉仪(superconducting quantum interference device,SQUID)、光泵磁强计(optically pumped magnetometer,OPM)及 无自旋交换弛豫光泵磁强计(spin–exchange relaxation–free optically pumped magnetometer,SERF–OPM)为代表的量子传感技术,凭借其超高灵敏度,能够探测皮特斯拉(pT)至飞特斯拉(fT)量级磁场变化,在生物磁成像、脑科学及基础物理等领域展现出广阔前景[1618]。然而,此类量子传感器仍面临空间分辨率不足、有效量程难以拓宽及外界磁噪声屏蔽难度大等方面的挑战。因此,在微弱磁场检测中如何实现灵敏度提升、噪声抑制与系统稳定性的协同提升,已成为目前各类磁传感器面临的关键问题[1920]
磁通聚集技术通过在传感芯片周围引入高磁导率软磁结构,将外部磁场聚集至传感单元,从而显著提高局部磁通密度与磁信号耦合效率,是提升磁传感器灵敏度与线性度的核心技术之一。根据磁路理论,磁通聚集器的性能主要取决于材料特性、几何结构及其与传感单元的耦合方式。理想的磁通聚集材料应具有高磁导率、低矫顽力、低涡流损耗,以及优异的温度稳定性,在低频与动态磁场条件下发挥高效、低噪声的磁通聚集作用。同时,合理的几何设计可进一步优化导磁效率与空间分布均匀性。研究表明,经过优化设计的磁通聚集器可使磁传感器灵敏度提升数个数量级,从而有效提升信噪比[2122]。本文将围绕磁路理论、高磁导率与低矫顽力材料选择、磁通聚集器结构设计与制备方法及其在高灵敏磁传感器中的应用展开系统论述,展示该领域的研究现状、关键技术挑战及未来发展趋势。
磁通聚集技术是基于高磁导率材料的磁通聚集器利用重构空间磁场分布,使磁通在传感器处更加密集,从而增强局部磁感应强度,达到提升对微弱磁场变化感知灵敏度的技术。磁通$ \phi $可表示为
$ \phi ={\iint }_{S}B\cdot \mathrm{d}S $
式中,B为磁感应强度,S为磁通聚集器有效横截面积。
基于经典磁路理论,磁通聚集器置于待测磁场中,其周围磁场分布主要由磁通聚集器自身磁阻与外部磁动势决定[2325]。磁动势F可表示为
$ {F}=\oint H\cdot \mathrm{d}l $
式中,H为待测磁场强度,l为磁通聚集器磁路等效长度。
而磁阻R为表征磁通在磁通聚集器材料中通过难易程度的物理量,类比于电路中的电阻,是磁通聚集器两端磁动势与流经磁通的比值,可表示为
$ {{R}}=\frac{{F}}{\phi }\approx \frac{l}{{\mu }_{0}{\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}S} $
式中,$ {\mu }_{0} $为真空磁导率;$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{r}} $为相对磁导率,其取决于材料本征性质、外界磁通密度及环境温度等因素。
由于磁通聚集器材料的磁导率远高于空气磁导率,磁力线将优先沿磁阻更小的路径通过磁通聚集器,并在传感器敏感区域内集中;而磁通聚集器的磁场增益系数则与材料特性及几何结构密切相关。当传感器感知外界均匀磁场$ {H}_{0} $时,空气中磁感应强度$ {B}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}} $
$ {B}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}}={\mu }_{0}{H}_{0} $
磁通聚集器内磁场强度$ {H}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $满足
$ {H}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}={H}_{0}-NM $
其中
$ M=\chi {H}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}=\left({\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}-1\right){H}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $
式中,N为磁通聚集器沿外界$ {H}_{0} $磁场方向退磁系数,与磁通聚集器几何尺寸和结构相关;M为磁通聚集器的磁化强度;$ \chi $为磁通聚集器材料的磁化率。
由式(4)~式(6)可得
$ {H}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}=\frac{{H}_{0}}{1+N\left({\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}-1\right)} $
则磁通聚集器内部磁感应强度$ {B}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $
$ {B}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}={\mu }_{0}{\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}{H}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $
相对空气来说,磁场增益放大系数$ {G}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}} $可表示为
$ {G}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}=\frac{{B}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{{B}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}}}=\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}}{1+N\left({\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}-1\right)} $
因此,$ {G}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}} $不仅取决于材料相关的$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{r}} $,还受到磁通聚集器几何尺寸、形状等因素的影响[2627]
根据磁通守恒原理,在不存在显著漏磁的条件下,通过高磁导率闭合磁路的总磁通保持恒定,因此,当磁路截面积减小时,局部磁场强度必须相应增大以保持总磁通恒定[28]。通过增大磁通聚集器的磁通输入与输出截面积比,可以有效提高气隙处的磁场强度,而采用对称型磁通聚集器并将其置于传感器磁敏感单元区周围,则可使传感器获得稳定、线性的局部磁场增强效果[29]。若在理想假设条件下可忽略漏磁,则根据磁通守恒可知
$ \Phi ={B}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{S}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}={B}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}}{S}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}} $
其中
$ {B}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}}={B}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}}{G}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}({{S}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}/{{S}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}}) $
式中,$ {S}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $为磁通进入磁通聚集器有效截面积,$ {S}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}} $为气隙处磁通聚集器的有效截面积,$ {B}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}} $为气隙处磁感应强度。
图1展示了对称结构磁通聚集器的等效磁路模型,用于说明其通过改变磁阻分配而增强气隙处磁场的机理。图1Φ为待测磁场磁通,Φair为旁路空气磁通,Φm为磁通聚集器内部磁通,Φgap为气隙处磁通,$ {{R}}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}} $为旁路空气磁阻,$ {{R}}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}} $为磁通聚集器磁阻,$ {{R}}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}} $为气隙磁阻。磁通聚集器利用高磁导率材料的低磁阻特性(通常$ {{R}}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}\ll {{R}}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}} $)形成优先导磁通道,从外界吸纳磁力线。基于磁通连续性条件,将捕获的磁通引导并压缩至截面较小的气隙区域,随着输入端与输出端截面积比$ {S}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $/$ {S}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}} $的增大,气隙处磁通密度可显著提高。因此,通过低磁阻材料设计与几何截面积比优化,可实现对待测磁场的高效放大,气隙处磁场增益$ {G}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}} $可表示为
$ G_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}}=\frac{B_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}}}{B_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}}}\approx\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{r}}}{1+N\left(\mu_{\mathrm{r}}-1\right)}\cdot\frac{S_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{S_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}} $
除了考虑磁通聚集器材料的磁导率之外,还需关注其磁化反转的难易程度,即矫顽力$ {H}_{\mathrm{c}} $的影响。对于大部分软磁材料,初始磁导率与矫顽力近似成反比关系。对于尺寸在微米以上的磁通聚集器,其内部通常呈多畴结构,初始磁化过程主要依赖畴壁运动,而矫顽力越小,畴壁越容易被外场驱动,$ \mathrm{d}B/\mathrm{d}H $越大,对应磁导率越高。尤其在微弱磁场检测的应用场景下,高磁导率且低矫顽力的铁磁材料能够形成低磁阻路径,更高效地聚集磁通,从而提升气隙处磁场强度,实现传感器灵敏度提高的目的。
对于高频磁场检测需求,还需要考虑外界磁场频域对磁通聚集器磁导率的影响[3032]。当待测磁场为交流磁场时,交流磁导率$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\omega \right) $可表示为
$ \mu_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\omega\right)=\mu'_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\omega\right)-\mathrm{j}\mu''_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\omega\right) $
式中,$ \omega $为角频率,其值为$ 2{\text{π}}f \,$$ {{\mu }'_{\mathrm{r}}}\left(\omega \right) $为实部磁导率;$ {{\mu }''_{\mathrm{r}}}\left(\omega \right)$为虚部磁导率。
$ {{\mu }'_{\mathrm{r}}}\left(\omega \right) $对应交流磁场下的有效导磁能力和磁场放大增益;$ {{\mu }''_{\mathrm{r}}}\left(\omega \right) $表征随频率变化的磁损耗与相位滞后,与材料在交流磁化过程中产生的磁滞、涡流及磁畴共振损耗密切相关,两者共同约束高频条件下的磁通聚集效率和可用频率范围。为提升交流磁场检测时的磁通增益,应选用具有高实部磁导率$ {{\mu }'_{\mathrm{r}}}\left(\omega \right) $铁磁材料,同时充分考虑$ \mathrm{j}\mu''_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\omega\right) $项所对应的磁滞损耗对$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\omega \right) $的抑制作用。磁滞损耗本质上取决于一个磁化周期内的能量积分,即材料磁滞回线的面积,而矫顽力$ H\mathrm{_c} $越小,磁滞回线越窄,表明每次磁化翻转需要克服的能量越小,相应损耗也越小。因此,材料矫顽力是面向交流磁场检测时磁通聚集器选材过程中重要的权衡指标之一。
此外,还需要通过优化磁路相关尺寸及结构来降低磁通聚集器的磁阻
$ {R}_{\mathrm{m}}\left(\omega\right)=\frac{l_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}}{\mu\left(\omega\right)A_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}\left(\omega\right)} $
式中,$ {A}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}\left(\omega \right) $为磁通聚集器沿磁通方向的有效截面积,$ {l}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}} $为磁通在磁通聚集器中沿路径方向的有效磁路长度。
由于趋肤效应,随外部磁场频率的升高,磁性材料内部感应的涡电流趋向于在材料表面聚集,从而导致有效导磁截面减小,此时导磁截面可近似表示为
$ {A}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}\left(\omega \right)\sim A\frac{\delta \left(\omega \right)}{t} $
其中
$ \delta =\sqrt{\frac{2}{\omega {\mu }_{0}{{\mu }'_{\mathrm{r}}}\left(\omega \right)\sigma }} $
式中,$ t $为磁通聚集器铁磁材料有效厚度,$ \delta $为趋肤深度,$ \sigma $为材料导电率。
对于软磁材料而言,高频磁通变化会在内部感应出闭合涡流环路,这些涡流产生的磁场方向与原磁场相反;当铁磁材料电导率越大、有效厚度$ t $越大、体积越大时,越容易在其表面形成强涡流,从而部分抵消外部交流磁场。因此,对于高频条件下工作的磁通聚集器,应选择磁导率较高、矫顽力较低且电阻率较高的铁磁材料,以减小磁滞及涡流损耗的影响。同时,可采用薄片化、叠层结构或小截面结构的磁通聚集器设计,使其几何尺寸小于趋肤深度,用于抑制涡流损耗带来的不利影响。
在材料体系确定的前提下,磁通聚集器的磁场增益与工作频率范围在很大程度上取决于其几何参数,包括长度与宽度、截面形状、气隙尺寸与数量、三维构型及与传感单元的相对位置等[3334]。磁路理论表明,聚集器在目标气隙区域的磁场放大倍数可近似表示为
$ {G}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}\left(\omega \right)\approx \frac{{B}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}}\left(\omega \right)}{{B}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}}\left(\omega \right)}\sim\frac{{l}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}}{\dfrac{{l}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\omega \right)}+{g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}} $
式中,$ {g}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}} $为等效气隙长度。
根据上述关系可知,增大等效导磁长度、减小有效气隙、降低退磁因子,以及改善$ {\mu }_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\omega \right) $参数是提升交流磁场增益的主要几何设计方向。
综上所述,对于微弱磁场检测需求,磁通聚集器在选材上应优先采用高磁导率、低矫顽力、低噪声的软磁材料,并在几何设计上适当采用较大导磁截面、较厚,甚至块体结构,以降低磁阻、提高磁通聚集增益。而对于交流磁场检测场景,还必须综合考虑材料电阻率、磁滞损耗及涡流损耗等因素,几何结构宜采用薄片化、叠层化及平面化设计,有效抑制磁滞和涡流损耗,兼顾磁场增益与工作频率范围,以满足高频磁场检测应用需求。
磁通聚集器作为提升磁传感器灵敏度的关键部件,其材料属性在很大程度上决定了磁场增益、工作带宽与运行稳定性等核心性能。目前广泛研究和应用的磁通聚集材料主要包括高磁导率软磁合金、非晶与纳米晶软磁材料、铁氧体及石榴石类高电阻软磁材料、软磁复合材料,以及近年来快速发展的超导磁通聚集器(superconducting flux concentrator)。不同材料体系在磁导率、矫顽力、磁滞损耗及导电率等方面存在显著差异,在弱磁检测与宽频段磁场测量中呈现出各自不同的优势。如Ni80Fe20、Ni77Fe14Cu4Mo5、Co90Zr5Nb5及Co40Fe40B20等软磁合金,是早期磁通聚集器研究中应用较为广泛的材料体系。此类材料具有较高磁导率、低矫顽力及良好的磁畴结构稳定性,可在直流至千赫兹频段显著降低磁通聚集器磁阻,提供有效的磁场增益。研究表明,Ni80Fe20等兼具高磁导率与低矫顽力的软磁合金是构建磁通聚集器的理想材料,可显著提高磁传感单元探测区的磁场增益[3536]。进一步通过几何尺寸优化,可在增益提升的基础上显著改善弱磁探测灵敏度与信噪比。此外,基于Co40Fe40B20的合成反铁磁结构薄膜可使磁通聚集器气隙处的磁场增益提升至10倍以上[37]。最新研究结果显示,通过对Co90Zr5Nb5薄膜厚度与退火工艺的优化,可使该薄膜材料获得高达1600以上相对磁导率及3.98 A/m以内矫顽力,从而为实现高磁场增益的磁通聚集器提供优异的材料基础[38]。然而,由于此类合金材料导电率较高,在高频磁场作用下易在材料表面产生较强涡电流,导致$ {{\mu }'_{\mathrm{r}}}\left(\omega \right) $下降和$ {{\mu }''_{\mathrm{r}}}\left(\omega \right) $增大,从而限制了其在高频磁场检测中的磁场增益效果。
针对交流磁场检测与弱磁增益需求,人们开始采用非晶与纳米晶软磁合金(如Fe–Si–B系、Co–Fe–Si–B系及Finemet类)作为磁通聚集器材料[3942]。该类材料依托无序非晶结构与纳米晶超细晶粒组织,可在低场下实现快速磁化与磁畴可逆转动,显著减小磁滞损耗;同时,其较高电阻率有助于抑制交流工况下的涡流损耗,从而在低频至较高频段维持更高的有效磁导率与更稳定的聚磁能力。该类材料不仅兼具高磁导率与极低矫顽力等软磁优势,且电阻率显著高于传统软磁合金,因而能够有效降低交流磁场作用下的磁滞与涡流损耗影响。当前,科研人员围绕材料成分设计与制备工艺优化,以及与微纳磁传感器的一体化集成展开系统研究,使这类材料在噪声特性、工作温度范围与微型化集成等方面实现进一步提升,从而持续改善磁通聚集器的整体性能。
铁氧体(MnZnFe2O4、Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4)与钇铁石榴石(yttrium iron garnet,YIG)等软磁材料,凭借其高电阻率(10~106 Ω·cm)成为具有重要潜力的磁通聚集材料。基于铁氧体的磁通聚集器能够在不显著引入$ {{\mu }''_{\mathrm{r}}}\left(\omega \right) $损耗的前提下保持相对稳定的$ {{\mu }'_{\mathrm{r}}}\left(\omega \right) $,可实现高频微弱磁场的高效放大,更从材料底层规避了涡流对传感器信噪比的干扰[4345]。Fescenko等[46]利用锥形铁氧体磁通聚集器,使金刚石氮−空位(nitrogen−vacancy,NV)磁力计的局部有效磁场实现约250倍放大,磁场分辨率提升至飞特斯拉量级,充分展示了基于铁氧体材料的磁通聚集器在超高灵敏度磁场检测中的灵敏度提升作用。部分研究表明,MnZn铁氧体与YIG石榴石分别从低频高导磁低损耗被动聚磁和高频低损耗集成磁通调控2个方向,为磁通聚集器关键材料基础与器件结构设计的协同优化提供了科研依据[4748]
基于Fe–Si–Insulated型软磁复合材料的磁通聚集器在交流磁场检测场景下可展现良好磁学性能。此类材料具有10量级的初始磁导率、几十至数百安培/米的矫顽力,并在10 kHz~1 MHz频段内兼具较低涡流损耗和相对稳定的交流磁导率,可提供平稳可靠的磁场增益,进一步优化结构设计,获得数倍至数十倍的磁场增益效果[49]。Périgo等[33]总结了通过粉末冶金制备的软磁复合材料,调控成分配比、改善压制、退火工艺对其磁场增益性能的作用,并提出涂层优化与增材制造等方法,进一步改善性能、拓宽应用范围。
在更高端的弱磁检测领域,超导型磁通聚集器依托迈斯纳效应与磁通守恒原理,可在结构收缩区域实现数百倍的磁场增益,使巨磁电阻(giant magnetoresistance, GMR)、隧穿磁电阻(tunneling magnetoresistance, TMR)等磁阻式传感器磁场分辨率逼近皮特斯拉量级水平。Yang等[50]、Wu等[51]和Han等52]的系列研究证明了磁阻式−超导复合磁传感器在低频微弱磁场检测中的优异性能。利用超导磁通聚集器的迈斯纳效应,其内部产生屏蔽电流在聚集器收缩区密度急剧上升,导致局部磁场被放大,增强了磁阻元件周围磁场强度,达到提升灵敏度的目的,使磁阻式传感器能够有效探测皮特斯拉乃至飞特斯拉级微弱磁场。为显著提升该类传感器性能,高温超导材料需要具备更高临界温度、临界电流密度、更优良材料表面粗糙度及更低交流损耗特性,从而在磁通聚集器的收缩区域实现高磁场增益、稳定、低噪声的磁场放大效果。
总之,磁通聚集器性能主要取决于其材料磁学参数,并呈现一定磁场频率范围的依赖性。低频应用更偏向采用高磁导率软磁合金,中频段更适合非晶与纳米晶软磁材料,高频段则以铁氧体和石榴石类高电阻软磁材料为主,而追求超高灵敏度时可以依赖超导材料(表1)。磁通增益效果受材料的复杂磁导率频响特性、矫顽力及导电率等因素的综合制约。未来发展趋势将主要集中在高电阻率、高磁导率的新型复合磁性材料制备,结合薄片化结构、三维微结构磁路设计或超导–固态混合集成方案,提升直流至高频范围的磁通增益效果,为改善传感器磁场分辨率提供材料基础。
基于磁路理论,磁通聚集器的几何尺寸、结构及形状对磁场增益具有显著影响。在导磁材料确定的前提下,磁通聚集器的磁场增益与工作频率范围很大程度上取决于其几何参数,包括长度与宽度、截面形状、气隙尺寸与数量、三维构型及与传感单元的相对距离等参数。根据式(17)可知,在材料磁导率一定的情况下,等效磁路长度$ {l}_{\text{eff}}、 $等效气隙长度$ {g}_{\text{eff}} $及有效导磁截面等参数直接决定了磁通聚集器在不同磁场频段的磁场增益效果。增大等效磁路长度、减小气隙、优化导磁截面等方法,可有效提升磁场增益。
近年来,针对磁通聚集器磁路有效长度、气隙以及导磁截面积比等参数的优化,普遍采用有限元仿真(finite element method,FEM)、参数扫描、灵敏度分析,以及多目标优化算法等方法,对磁通聚集器结构开展系统设计。基于FEM,通过改变长度、厚度、锥角、气隙宽度及曲率半径等参数,计算磁场增益、线性度和饱和场,进而选取磁通聚集器的最优结构。其中,Zhang等[53]研究了基于坡莫合金的平面磁通聚集器形状、尺寸参数及外加磁场强度对磁场增益的影响;吕忆玲等[54]、陈国彬等[55]则重点考察T字形磁通聚集器的磁场增益效果、间隙内磁场分布均匀性与矢量选择特性等因素。如图2[53]所示,使用FEM软件建立了包含T字型、漏斗型、宽条型等8种典型形状的二维模型,对比不同外形尺寸、导磁截面积比及气隙长度等因素对磁场增益的影响,通过实验验证仿真结果的有效性。图2lg为气隙宽度,do为磁通聚集器磁通导入截面宽度,t为磁通聚集器厚度。结果表明,磁通聚集器几何形状的变化,尤其是导入端有效截面积及等效磁路相关几何参数,会显著影响气隙内磁通密度的空间分布。图3[53]显示,T字型磁通聚集器在气隙处可获得最高的磁场增益峰值,但分布起伏显著,导致磁敏感单元的定位对灵敏度高度敏感;而宽条型等结构的增益较低但更平缓,可在气隙区域形成相对均匀的磁场分布。因此,磁通聚集器几何构型决定了气隙处最大磁场增益与空间分布均匀性之间的权衡关系。此外,围绕微型传感器与MEMS器件的研究开始探索通过拓扑优化与各向异性超材料对有效磁导率张量进行调控,以在有限体积内获得更高的方向性磁通聚集能力。Bjrk等[56]提出的各向异性超材料磁通聚集器,展示了利用人工结构实现等效磁导率提升、损耗降低及方向性增强的可行性。而Lamichhane等[57]提出惠斯通桥式TMR磁传感单元与磁通聚集器相结合的设计,通过FEM与实验验证结合的方法证实该设计有效优化了微型TMR传感芯片磁场分辨率至纳特斯拉量级。
采用锥形或双层结构压缩磁通聚集器的导磁截面,是提升气隙处磁场增益的有效途径之一。Guedes等[35]利用条形磁通导轨集成自旋阀传感器,实现了约20倍的磁场增益,并将低频磁场探测极限降低至几十皮特斯拉量级,验证了高磁导率条形导轨与窄气隙结构对磁场增益及传感器灵敏度提升的可行性。为进一步降低退磁效应,Marinho等[58]提出三维锥形磁通聚集器,将传感器嵌入具有纵向梯度的三维锥形磁导结构中,通过沿厚度方向截面渐变压缩,使磁通从大截面区域逐级聚集至传感器磁敏感单元附近,实验结果表明三维锥形结构可将平面磁通聚集器的磁场增益提升2个数量级。Valadeiro等[59]设计的一种双层纵向锥形结构,将上下2层锥形导磁体叠加,并在传感器附近形成较小的等效截面和气隙。该结构通过在长度和厚度方向同时压缩截面,在保持较低饱和场的前提下在气隙处实现了提升磁通密度的目的。实验结果显示不同结构配置下可获得约90倍的灵敏度提升效果,极限情况下场增益可接近400倍。上述工作表明,采用远端大截面收集、近端锥形压缩的纵向锥形及其多层变体是提升磁通聚集器性能的有效设计方法。Yang等[60]提出了一种层叠化微型磁通聚集器与TMR传感器元件相耦合的磁通导引架构,通过物理气相沉积方法制备的层叠化磁通聚集器可提供24倍的磁场增益。在微型化设计方面,Li等[61]提出纳米尺度球体构成的磁通聚集结构,用超薄、可阵列化的导磁单元在静态或准静态条件下重新构造局域磁场分布,用于提升传感单元磁场探测能力。
气隙是磁通聚集器磁路中磁阻最大的一部分,其尺寸和形状直接决定磁场增益倍数与传感器的线性工作范围。Hu等[62]针对TMR传感器提出双缝隙结构,优化了缝隙宽度、长度及相对位置,发现减小有效气隙宽度可显著提高磁场增益,但需要考虑抑制磁通聚集器局部饱和场以保证线性响应。该实验结果展示了优化后的双缝隙结构可使传感器灵敏度提升约10倍,且对本底噪声影响较小。多缝隙的对称结构在电力电流测量与复杂场分布检测中同样被证明是有效的磁通聚集器设计方法之一。Zhu等[63]针对多芯电力电缆周围的环向磁场分布,提出弯曲梯形磁通聚集器,将多个弧形条状单元组合成接近圆周的对称结构,以减小边缘磁通堆积和中间区域磁通密度不足的问题,优化后的几何设计显著提高了多芯电缆电流测量的灵敏度与线性范围,并改善了频率响应。Manceau等[64]通过微米级厚度坡莫合金结构结合极窄气隙的设计,使磁场增益提升约440倍,有效提升TMR传感器芯片的灵敏度,验证了通过微纳工艺来调控磁通聚集器气隙相关参数的方法是提升磁场增益的重要手段。
对于非均匀分布以及电缆、电机、人体生物磁源等产生的三维复杂场源,简单的平面条形磁通聚集器往往难以实现高效磁通聚集效果。Zhao等[65]提出在硅片上采用各向异性刻蚀工艺形成V形沟槽,并在坡面和底部沉积坡莫软磁薄膜用于形成斜坡式磁通导向结构,可有效提升气隙处GMR传感器的灵敏度。在新兴的量子传感技术领域,Fescenko等[46]利用2枚锥形铁氧体构成蝴蝶结形磁通聚集结构,将外部磁通集中到中间窄区的NV色心传感器磁敏感单元附近,实现了约250倍的磁场增益效果,使该磁力计在10 Hz~1 kHz频段的灵敏度改善至皮特斯拉量级。此外,在微型传感器芯片上集成薄膜聚磁器,并在芯片外部布置宏观块体或铁氧体聚磁体,通过这种多级磁通聚集结构形成片上与片外协同的工作方案可提升磁通聚集效果[66]。Han等[52]在软磁与超导磁通聚集器技术的研究中指出多级聚磁结构既能在保证片上集成度的同时显著提高整体磁场增益,还为低温环境下超导–磁阻复合磁传感器的设计提供了更大的自由度。
以上研究表明了在材料参数既定的条件下,基于FEM与拓扑优化的几何设计策略,通过截面压缩与锥形设计、气隙尺寸与多缝隙结构优化、三维共形结构与多级磁通聚集结构组合等手段,可将磁通聚集器的有效磁场增益提升至数十倍甚至数百倍,并在兼顾频率响应与线性范围的前提下实现磁传感器整体性能的全面提升。
磁通聚集器是改善各类磁传感器灵敏度和磁场分辨率的核心手段。对于传统感应式线圈或通过检测感应磁场的电流传感器而言,利用高磁导率软磁材料构成环形或梯形磁芯,可以显著放大导线周围的泄漏磁通,实现对多芯电力电缆和复杂磁路的非接触测量。而曲折梯形磁通聚集器被用于多芯电缆电流测量,可在保持一定测试距离的同时,将线圈处的有效磁场提高数倍,并改善被测区域内磁场分布的均匀性,提升信噪比,为电流反演和空间分布重建提供技术基础[61]。针对高灵敏磁传感器应用的磁通聚集技术得到了系统化发展:基于高磁导率非晶合金的微型一体化磁通聚集器可以将外磁场放大1~2个数量级,结合外部磁芯结构,可为霍尔传感芯片提供数倍以上的磁场增益;与外置的汇磁结构级联时,整体磁场增益可稳定提升至102~103倍。进一步通过三维磁路结构,可实现接近千倍的磁场增益效果,使霍尔传感器的灵敏度提升3个数量级,磁噪声功率谱密度有望下降至10 pT/√Hz@1 Hz左右[39,6768]。这类磁通聚集器还可以通过改变气隙宽度和磁通聚集结构等手段改变霍尔传感芯片周围磁场的空间分布,调控传感器有效量程。在磁阻式传感技术中,基于自旋电子学的磁阻式传感器充分结合了铁磁材料薄膜制备、微纳加工工艺及多维异质异构集成技术,拓展了微纳磁通聚集器应用范围。基于高磁导率软磁材料薄膜的片上磁通聚集结构,可为磁隧道结传感芯片提供约5倍的磁场增益,使器件的最小可检测磁场从数纳特斯拉量级进一步降低到皮特斯拉量级的水平。进一步通过优化双层锥形或双间隙结构,整体磁场增益倍数可达10量级;在此基础上,采用多级片上与片外聚集器级联的结构方法,可实现超过10的磁场总增益,并保持亚毫米量级的有效感应区域,有利于实现高空间分辨率的面扫描与生物磁标记检测[69]。Oogane等[70]、Kurashima等71]面向生物磁场检测领域研制了一款高灵敏TMR传感器,该器件集成了140 nm厚CoFeSiB软磁层,并在外部引入T字形磁通聚集器,形成多级聚磁结构,使传感器磁场分辨率改善至0.94 pT/√Hz@1 Hz。结合MEMS谐振结构的交流调制型磁通聚集器,还可以将准直流信号搬移到10~105 Hz的低噪声频段,使低频检测极限从数百nT/√Hz进一步降低至数十pT/√Hz,显著改善弱磁与低频信号的分辨率[72]
对于量子磁传感技术,磁通聚集器更多承担磁通—磁场变换器的角色。在NV色心磁强计领域,基于MnZn/NiZn系铁氧体或高磁导率合金制备的锥形、喇叭形磁通聚集器,能够在NV色心磁强计附近实现约250倍的局域磁场放大,使系统在低频(1 Hz)处的磁场分辨率由纳特斯拉提升到亚皮特斯拉量级的水平[46];集成式微型磁通聚集器还可将 NV 核自旋磁共振的检测灵敏度提升约4倍[73]。Shao等[74]采用小型化光纤化NV磁强计与锥形磁通聚集器相结合的方法提升磁场灵敏度约200倍。对于光泵原子磁力仪与SERF磁力仪,围绕气室布置高磁导率磁通导向片,可以在不显著增加本底噪声的前提下压缩有效感应体积、提高局域磁场幅值,有利于提升弱磁检测应用的空间分辨率[75]。对于超高灵敏度的超导–磁阻集成式磁敏传感器,其超导环形结构可为传统磁阻式传感芯片提供102~105倍的磁通增益效果,使整体探测灵敏度逼近32 fT/√Hz@1 Hz,并在77 K以下实现接近SQUID水平的超弱磁场检测[7678]。然而,超导磁通聚集器的磁通聚集机制依赖低温环境,低温制冷与系统集成的复杂性仍在一定程度上限制了该类型传感器的实际应用场景。
集成磁通聚集器的各类磁传感器磁场分辨率如图4所示。图中数据点旁数字为参考文献编号。在面向微弱低频磁场(<1 kHz)探测的霍尔式、磁阻式及量子磁传感器中,磁通聚集器可助力传感器有效提升灵敏度数百倍,可极大改善磁场分辨率。当前,以磁通聚集技术为核心,辅以调制降噪与微纳集成工艺,已成为推动磁传感器微弱磁场检测技术的关键路径[7981]。在聚集器微纳化趋势下,采用锥形、喇叭形及多级级联等结构设计,不仅能显著提升系统信噪比,还能有效调控磁敏感单元的等效体积,从而实现极弱信号探测能力与空间分辨率的协同优化。
基于磁路理论的分析表明,提升磁通聚集器性能的核心在于选用高磁导率、低矫顽力、低电导率的软磁材料,进一步优化材料与结构的等效磁阻,以最大化磁通收集效率,同时抑制高频涡流损耗。近年来,随着软磁合金、非晶与纳米晶带材、铁氧体及超导材料等高磁导率功能材料的持续发展,为构建低损耗、高增益的磁通聚集系统提供了多样化的材料选择。通过锥形、双气隙、盘状端面及三维复合结构等几何构型的优化设计,可显著提升聚磁效率、磁场均匀性与有效工作带宽,在弱磁场条件下实现接近3个数量级的磁场增益。目前,磁通聚集器已在多种磁传感技术中展现出显著的增益效果:在感应式与霍尔式传感器中,有效提升灵敏度并降低系统噪声;在磁阻式传感器中,助力实现皮特斯拉乃至飞特斯拉量级的磁场分辨率;在NV色心磁强计与光泵原子磁力仪等量子磁传感器中,更可将系统探测极限推进至飞特斯拉量级。总体而言,磁通聚集技术正逐步成为突破弱磁检测灵敏度瓶颈的关键支撑手段。未来,有望通过材料微结构调控、低损耗高频磁响应设计、超导−软磁异质集成以及微纳尺度几何工程等方向的协同创新,推动磁传感器在灵敏度、磁场分辨率与长期稳定性等方面的全面跃升。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB2407800)
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2026年第44卷第9期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00040
  • 接收时间:2025-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-05-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-08
  • 修回日期:2026-02-06
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB2407800)
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    1中国科学院空天信息创新研究院,传感器技术全国重点实验室,北京 100010
    2中国科学院大学电子电气与通信工程学院,北京 100049

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陈嘉民(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为自旋电子学器件及应用技术,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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