Article(id=1259534374454870045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00143, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767024000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-30, revisedDate=1773590400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778225995887, onlineDateStr=2026-05-08, pubDate=1777305600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778225995887, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778225995887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779263244783, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259534365424476487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777305600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778225993734, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1779872078796, updator='15210826404', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266438546735915246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266438546735915247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1259534365424476487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=87, endPage=97, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259534375151124512, articleId=1259534374454870045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Radiative cooling strategies for building surfaces under limited sky views, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In dense environments, parasitic thermal radiation from limited sky views severely restricts traditional omnidirectional radiative cooling. Addressing this, we systematically review directional thermal emission strategies. First, building upon theoretical models, we examine macroscopic geometrical optics strategies utilizing external concentrators and surface morphology engineering. Second, focusing on planar films and metasurfaces, we analyze mechanisms driving broadband and unidirectional emission—including surface wave excitation, ENZ Berreman modes, Fabry−Pérot coupling, and symmetry breaking—alongside dynamic regulation via magnetic deformation, phase−change materials, and hot−carrier effects. Finally, we summarize practical challenges like costly processing and dust−induced weatherability issues. We outline future directions including low−cost manufacturing, self−cleaning designs, and multi-spectral dynamic regulation with solar modulation capabilities, aiming to provide theoretical and technical pathways to enhance the all-scenario potential of radiative cooling.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qixiang CHEN, Dongliang ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongliang ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1259534383611035734, articleId=1259534374454870045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=有限天空视角下的建筑表面辐射制冷策略, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在建筑密集的环境中,有限的天空视角带来的环境寄生热辐射严重制约了传统全向辐射制冷材料的制冷性能。针对这一局限,介绍了面向有限天空视角场景的定向热辐射策略与关键进展。首先,回顾了有限视角下定向辐射制冷的理论探索工作,并探讨了利用外置聚光结构与表面形态工程实现定向辐射制冷的宏观几何光学策略;其次,聚焦多层平面薄膜和超表面,重点解析定向热辐射从窄带向宽带和单向演进的物理机制,涵盖表面波相干激发、近零介电常数材料的Berreman模式、法布里−珀罗谐振耦合及空间对称性破缺等机制,并梳理了基于磁致机械形变、相变材料及半导体热载流子效应的动态定向热辐射机制;最后,总结了该领域面临的高昂加工成本等规模化制造及灰尘沉积等环境耐候性难题,并对未来的发展方向进行了展望,提出应探索低成本制造工艺、开发兼顾太阳光调控能力的多光谱动态定向辐射制冷材料,旨在为提升辐射制冷技术的全场景应用潜力提供理论依据与技术路径。

, authors=

陈启祥,博士研究生,研究方向为微纳尺度热辐射调控,电子信箱:

, authorsList=陈启祥, 赵东亮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵东亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵东亮(通信作者),教授,研究方向为微纳尺度光热调控、可再生能源与建筑节能,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=0gvYBcqDURluD27klQSWVQ==, magXml=6XvMS1cyMx+vSmnul5oZXg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=80kQrDNU+zzDBW/yxxgRLw==, pdfFileSize=4855087, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=qKeH/XZ+qw5j8dw9ZYT28g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YA+uhwEcf1uYPs3vzUe7Hw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CHT=ArticleExt(id=1263884911803547917, articleId=1259534374454870045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CHT, title=null, columnId=null, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, authors=null, authorsList=null, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1259534386777735286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=chenqixiang@seu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1259534387331383422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, authorId=1259534386777735286, language=EN, stringName=Qixiang CHEN, firstName=Qixiang, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1259534387775979651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, authorId=1259534386777735286, language=CN, stringName=陈启祥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096, bio={"content":"

陈启祥,博士研究生,研究方向为微纳尺度热辐射调控,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

陈启祥,博士研究生,研究方向为微纳尺度热辐射调控,电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259534384965795934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534384974184543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534384965795934, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534384995156065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534384965795934, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096)])]), Author(id=1259534388178632840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=dongliang_zhao@seu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1259534388602257550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, authorId=1259534388178632840, language=EN, stringName=Dongliang ZHAO, firstName=Dongliang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
2Institute of Science and Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
3Institute for Carbon Neutral Development, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1259534389961212049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, authorId=1259534388178632840, language=CN, stringName=赵东亮, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096
2东南大学碳中和科学技术研究院,南京 210096
3东南大学碳中和发展研究院,南京 210096, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259534384965795934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534384974184543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534384965795934, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534384995156065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534384965795934, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259534385985011811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386039537765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534385985011811, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Science and Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386098258023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534385985011811, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2东南大学碳中和科学技术研究院,南京 210096)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259534386421219437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386433802349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534386421219437, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Institute for Carbon Neutral Development, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386505105520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534386421219437, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3东南大学碳中和发展研究院,南京 210096)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1259534390439362711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=radiative cooling), Keyword(id=1259534390854598812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=directional thermal emission), Keyword(id=1259534391106257055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=limited sky view), Keyword(id=1259534391416635555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=building energy efficiency), Keyword(id=1259534391693459622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=thermal emission control), Keyword(id=1259534392096112810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=辐射制冷), Keyword(id=1259534392402297006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=定向热辐射), Keyword(id=1259534392867864756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=有限天空视角), Keyword(id=1259534393392152764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=建筑节能), Keyword(id=1259534393706725567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=热辐射调控)], refs=[Reference(id=1259534403001303322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=郭晨玥, 潘浩丹, 徐琪皓, journalName=制冷学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭晨玥, 潘浩丹, 徐琪皓, . 天空辐射制冷技术发展现状与展望[J]. 制冷学报, 2022, 43(3): 1-14., articleTitle=天空辐射制冷技术发展现状与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534403349430557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=206, issue=null, pageStart=109570, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Somasundaram S, Chong A, Wei Z, journalName=Energy and Buildings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Somasundaram S, Chong A, Wei Z, et al. Energy saving potential of low−e coating based retrofit double glazing for tropical climate[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2020, 206: 109570., articleTitle=Energy saving potential of low−e coating based retrofit double glazing for tropical climate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534403651420448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=208, issue=null, pageStart=83, pageEnd=96, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Wang J L, Shi D L, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang J L, Shi D L. Spectral selective and photothermal nano structured thin films for energy efficient windows[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 208: 83-96., articleTitle=Spectral selective and photothermal nano structured thin films for energy efficient windows, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534403869524261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=6, pageStart=13, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=徐第开, 盛茗峰, 杨荣贵, journalName=制冷学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐第开, 盛茗峰, 杨荣贵, . 天空辐射制冷规模化应用对我国建筑的减碳作用研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2023, 44(6): 13-21., articleTitle=天空辐射制冷规模化应用对我国建筑的减碳作用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534404205068585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=511, issue=7508, pageStart=216, pageEnd=219, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Zhao L, Lee X, Smith R B, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao L, Lee X, Smith R B, et al. Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands[J]. Nature, 2014, 511(7508): 216-219., articleTitle=Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534404708385068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=16, issue=3, pageStart=182, pageEnd=190, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Fan S H, Li W, journalName=Nature Photonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan S H, Li W. Photonics and thermodynamics concepts in radiative cooling[J]. Nature Photonics, 2022, 16(3): 182-190., articleTitle=Photonics and thermodynamics concepts in radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534405207507249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=13, issue=4, pageStart=1457, pageEnd=1461, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Rephaeli E, Raman A, Fan S H, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rephaeli E, Raman A, Fan S H. Ultrabroadband photonic structures to achieve high−performance daytime radiative cooling[J]. Nano Letters, 2013, 13(4): 1457-1461., articleTitle=Ultrabroadband photonic structures to achieve high−performance daytime radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534405492719927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=3, issue=1, pageStart=111, pageEnd=123, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Zhao D L, Aili A, Zhai Y, journalName=Joule, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao D L, Aili A, Zhai Y, et al. Subambient cooling of water: Toward real−world applications of daytime radiative cooling[J]. Joule, 2019, 3(1): 111-123., articleTitle=Subambient cooling of water: Toward real−world applications of daytime radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534405689852218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=114, issue=null, pageStart=108610, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Chen Q X, Lu Y H, Zhang J P, journalName=Nano Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Q X, Lu Y H, Zhang J P, et al. Flexible structural polyethylene films for dynamically tunable energy harvesting from the sun and outer space[J]. Nano Energy, 2023, 114: 108610., articleTitle=Flexible structural polyethylene films for dynamically tunable energy harvesting from the sun and outer space, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534406155419968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=2, issue=4, pageStart=100090, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Pan H D, Ren W, Li X Y, journalName=Nexus, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pan H D, Ren W, Li X Y, et al. Radiative−cooled hierarchical wearable thermoelectric generator: A nexus of thermal, electrical, and mechanical synergy[J]. Nexus, 2025, 2(4): 100090., articleTitle=Radiative−cooled hierarchical wearable thermoelectric generator: A nexus of thermal, electrical, and mechanical synergy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534406293832006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=3, issue=12, pageStart=101198, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Wang J Y, Tan G, Yang R G, journalName=Cell Reports Physical Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang J Y, Tan G, Yang R G, et al. Materials, structures, and devices for dynamic radiative cooling[J]. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2022, 3(12): 101198., articleTitle=Materials, structures, and devices for dynamic radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534406474187079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=15, issue=12, pageStart=16277, pageEnd=16287, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Huang T Z, Chen Q X, Huang J H, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang T Z, Chen Q X, Huang J H, et al. Scalable colored subambient radiative coolers based on a polymer−tamm photonic structure[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023, 15(12): 16277-16287., articleTitle=Scalable colored subambient radiative coolers based on a polymer−tamm photonic structure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534406688096589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=16, issue=17, pageStart=21807, pageEnd=21817, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Chen Q X, Huang X M, Lu Y H, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Q X, Huang X M, Lu Y H, et al. Mechanically tunable transmittance convection shield for dynamic radiative cooling[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2024, 16(17): 21807-21817., articleTitle=Mechanically tunable transmittance convection shield for dynamic radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534406881034577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=253, issue=null, pageStart=472, pageEnd=479, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Chen Q X, Huang T Z, Cheng J, journalName=Solar Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Q X, Huang T Z, Cheng J, et al. Translucent−colored radiative coolers based on localized surface plasmon resonances for energy−efficient windows[J]. Solar Energy, 2023, 253: 472-479., articleTitle=Translucent−colored radiative coolers based on localized surface plasmon resonances for energy−efficient windows, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534407032029523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=364, issue=6442, pageStart=760, pageEnd=763, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Li T, Zhai Y, He S M, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li T, Zhai Y, He S M, et al. A radiative cooling structural material[J]. Science, 2019, 364(6442): 760-763., articleTitle=A radiative cooling structural material, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534407124304214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=362, issue=6412, pageStart=315, pageEnd=319, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Mandal J, Fu Y K, Overvig A C, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mandal J, Fu Y K, Overvig A C, et al. Hierarchically porous polymer coatings for highly efficient passive daytime radiative cooling[J]. Science, 2018, 362(6412): 315-319., articleTitle=Hierarchically porous polymer coatings for highly efficient passive daytime radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534407292076378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=374, issue=6574, pageStart=1501, pageEnd=1504, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Wang S C, Jiang T Y, Meng Y, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang S C, Jiang T Y, Meng Y, et al. Scalable thermochromic smart windows with passive radiative cooling regulation[J]. Science, 2021, 374(6574): 1501-1504., articleTitle=Scalable thermochromic smart windows with passive radiative cooling regulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534407422099805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=374, issue=6574, pageStart=1504, pageEnd=1509, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Tang K C, Dong K C, Li J C, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang K C, Dong K C, Li J C, et al. Temperature−adaptive radiative coating for all−season household thermal regulation[J]. Science, 2021, 374(6574): 1504-1509., articleTitle=Temperature−adaptive radiative coating for all−season household thermal regulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534407543734625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=365, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Wang T, Wu Y, Shi L, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang T, Wu Y, Shi L, et al. A structural polymer for highly efficient all−day passive radiative cooling[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 365., articleTitle=A structural polymer for highly efficient all−day passive radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534407636009317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=388, issue=6751, pageStart=1044, pageEnd=1049, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Fei J P, Zhang X, Han D, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fei J P, Zhang X, Han D, et al. Passive cooling paint enabled by rational design of thermal−optical and mass transfer properties[J]. Science, 2025, 388(6751): 1044-1049., articleTitle=Passive cooling paint enabled by rational design of thermal−optical and mass transfer properties, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534407803781482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=119, issue=17, pageStart=e2120557119, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Ao X Z, Li B W, Zhao B, journalName=PNAS, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ao X Z, Li B W, Zhao B, et al. Self−adaptive integration of photothermal and radiative cooling for continuous energy harvesting from the Sun and outer space[J]. PNAS, 2022, 119(17): e2120557119., articleTitle=Self−adaptive integration of photothermal and radiative cooling for continuous energy harvesting from the Sun and outer space, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534408059634029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=10, issue=5, pageStart=1624, pageEnd=1632, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Zhang X P, Cheng Z M, Yang D L, journalName=ACS Photonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang X P, Cheng Z M, Yang D L, et al. Scalable bio−skin−inspired radiative cooling metafabric for breaking trade−off between optical properties and application requirements[J]. ACS Photonics, 2023, 10(5): 1624-1632., articleTitle=Scalable bio−skin−inspired radiative cooling metafabric for breaking trade−off between optical properties and application requirements, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534408651030895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=19, pageStart=9034, pageEnd=9041, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Dong Y, Meng W F, Wang F Q, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dong Y, Meng W F, Wang F Q, et al. "Warm in winter and cool in summer": Scalable biochameleon inspired temperature−adaptive coating with easy preparation and construction[J]. Nano Letters, 2023, 23(19): 9034-9041., articleTitle="Warm in winter and cool in summer": Scalable biochameleon inspired temperature−adaptive coating with easy preparation and construction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534408822997361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=515, issue=7528, pageStart=540, pageEnd=544, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Raman A P, Abou Anoma M, Zhu L X, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Raman A P, Abou Anoma M, Zhu L X, et al. Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight[J]. Nature, 2014, 515(7528): 540-544., articleTitle=Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534409171124597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=273, issue=null, pageStart=116443, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Xuan Q D, Zhao B, Wang C Y, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xuan Q D, Zhao B, Wang C Y, et al. Development, testing, and evaluation of the daylighting, thermal, and energy−saving performance of semitransparent radiative cooling glass in cooling−dominated regions[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 273: 116443., articleTitle=Development, testing, and evaluation of the daylighting, thermal, and energy−saving performance of semitransparent radiative cooling glass in cooling−dominated regions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534409481503096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=6, issue=2, pageStart=021306, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Zhao D L, Aili A, Zhai Y, journalName=Applied Physics Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao D L, Aili A, Zhai Y, et al. Radiative sky cooling: Fundamental principles, materials, and applications[J]. Applied Physics Reviews, 2019, 6(2): 021306., articleTitle=Radiative sky cooling: Fundamental principles, materials, and applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534409657663867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=117, issue=26, pageStart=14657, pageEnd=14666, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Zhang H W, Ly K C S, Liu X H, journalName=PNAS, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang H W, Ly K C S, Liu X H, et al. Biologically inspired flexible photonic films for efficient passive radiative cooling[J]. PNAS, 2020, 117(26): 14657-14666., articleTitle=Biologically inspired flexible photonic films for efficient passive radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534409766715773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=2, issue=8, pageStart=718, pageEnd=724, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Zhou L, Song H M, Liang J W, journalName=Nature Sustainability, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou L, Song H M, Liang J W, et al. A polydimethylsiloxane−coated metal structure for all−day radiative cooling[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2019, 2(8): 718-724., articleTitle=A polydimethylsiloxane−coated metal structure for all−day radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534409854796160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=112, issue=40, pageStart=12282, pageEnd=12287, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Zhu L X, Raman A P, Fan S H, journalName=PNAS, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu L X, Raman A P, Fan S H. Radiative cooling of solar absorbers using a visibly transparent photonic crystal thermal blackbody[J]. PNAS, 2015, 112(40): 12282-12287., articleTitle=Radiative cooling of solar absorbers using a visibly transparent photonic crystal thermal blackbody, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534410039345537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=355, issue=6329, pageStart=1062, pageEnd=1066, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Zhai Y, Ma Y G, David S N, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhai Y, Ma Y G, David S N, et al. Scalable−manufactured randomized glass−polymer hybrid metamaterial for daytime radiative cooling[J]. Science, 2017, 355(6329): 1062-1066., articleTitle=Scalable−manufactured randomized glass−polymer hybrid metamaterial for daytime radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534410282615172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=382, issue=6671, pageStart=691, pageEnd=697, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Lin K X, Chen S R, Zeng Y J, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin K X, Chen S R, Zeng Y J, et al. Hierarchically structured passive radiative cooling ceramic with high solar reflectivity[J]. Science, 2023, 382(6671): 691-697., articleTitle=Hierarchically structured passive radiative cooling ceramic with high solar reflectivity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534410525884805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=382, issue=6671, pageStart=684, pageEnd=691, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Zhao X P, Li T Y, Xie H, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao X P, Li T Y, Xie H, et al. A solution−processed radiative cooling glass[J]. Science, 2023, 382(6671): 684-691., articleTitle=A solution−processed radiative cooling glass, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534410756571527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=29, issue=6, pageStart=8376, pageEnd=8386, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Jeon S, Shin J, journalName=Optics Express, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jeon S, Shin J. Directional radiation for optimal radiative cooling[J]. Optics Express, 2021, 29(6): 8376-8386., articleTitle=Directional radiation for optimal radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534410911760777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=5, issue=7, pageStart=102065, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Mandal J, Anand J, Mandal S, journalName=Cell Reports Physical Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mandal J, Anand J, Mandal S, et al. Radiative cooling and thermoregulation in the Earth's glow[J]. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2024, 5(7): 102065., articleTitle=Radiative cooling and thermoregulation in the Earth's glow, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534411243110795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=19, pageStart=1925002, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=李强, 应云斌, 仇旻, journalName=光学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李强, 应云斌, 仇旻. 热辐射方向调控研究进展[J]. 光学学报, 2024, 44(19): 1925002., articleTitle=热辐射方向调控研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534412987941263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=2, issue=8, pageStart=663, pageEnd=664, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Yang R G, Yin X B, journalName=Nature Sustainability, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang R G, Yin X B. Passive cooling in an urban setting[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2019, 2(8): 663-664., articleTitle=Passive cooling in an urban setting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534413122158994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=372, issue=6540, pageStart=393, pageEnd=397, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Xu J, Mandal J, Raman A P, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu J, Mandal J, Raman A P. Broadband directional control of thermal emission[J]. Science, 2021, 372(6540): 393-397., articleTitle=Broadband directional control of thermal emission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534413256376725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=9, issue=6, pageStart=101956, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Degeorges M, Anand J, Tsang Y C A, journalName=Joule, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Degeorges M, Anand J, Tsang Y C A, et al. Beyond cooling: Radiative thermoregulation in the Earth's glow with micropatterned directional emitters[J]. Joule, 2025, 9(6): 101956., articleTitle=Beyond cooling: Radiative thermoregulation in the Earth's glow with micropatterned directional emitters, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534413440926104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=386, issue=6723, pageStart=788, pageEnd=794, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Xie F, Jin W L, Nolen J R, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie F, Jin W L, Nolen J R, et al. Subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces[J]. Science, 2024, 386(6723): 788-794., articleTitle=Subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534413789053340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=7, issue=12, pageStart=2830, pageEnd=2844, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Zhou J W, Chen T G, Tsurimaki Y, journalName=Joule, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou J W, Chen T G, Tsurimaki Y, et al. Angle−selective thermal emitter for directional radiative cooling and heating[J]. Joule, 2023, 7(12): 2830-2844., articleTitle=Angle−selective thermal emitter for directional radiative cooling and heating, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534413944242590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=13, issue=6, pageStart=064052, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Qu Y R, Pan M Y, Qiu M, journalName=Physical Review Applied, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qu Y R, Pan M Y, Qiu M. Directional and spectral control of thermal emission and its application in radiative cooling and infrared light sources[J]. Physical Review Applied, 2020, 13(6): 064052., articleTitle=Directional and spectral control of thermal emission and its application in radiative cooling and infrared light sources, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534414044905889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=11, issue=16, pageStart=3709, pageEnd=3717, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Chamoli S K, Li W, Guo C L, journalName=Nanophotonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chamoli S K, Li W, Guo C L, et al. Angularly selective thermal emitters for deep subfreezing daytime radiative cooling[J]. Nanophotonics, 2022, 11(16): 3709-3717., articleTitle=Angularly selective thermal emitters for deep subfreezing daytime radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534414221066660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=307, issue=null, pageStart=113922, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Dan Y, Hu M K, Suhendri S, journalName=Energy and Buildings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dan Y, Hu M K, Suhendri S, et al. Harnessing the characteristic of compound parabolic concentrators for directional concentration of emitted thermal radiation and solar shielding in building−integrated radiative cooling[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2024, 307: 113922., articleTitle=Harnessing the characteristic of compound parabolic concentrators for directional concentration of emitted thermal radiation and solar shielding in building−integrated radiative cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534414443364775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=244, issue=null, pageStart=122622, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Dan Y, Wang Q L, Hu M K, journalName=Renewable Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dan Y, Wang Q L, Hu M K, et al. A novel radiative cooling system with a dissimilar material−based compound parabolic concentrator for mitigating daytime solar radiation impact[J]. Renewable Energy, 2025, 244: 122622., articleTitle=A novel radiative cooling system with a dissimilar material−based compound parabolic concentrator for mitigating daytime solar radiation impact, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534414527250858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=1, issue=3, pageStart=100028, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=Cheng Q L, Gomez S, Hu G Z, journalName=Nexus, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng Q L, Gomez S, Hu G Z, et al. Realizing optimal radiative cooling walls in building−energy nexus via asymmetric emissivity[J]. Nexus, 2024, 1(3): 100028., articleTitle=Realizing optimal radiative cooling walls in building−energy nexus via asymmetric emissivity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534414829240750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=416, issue=6876, pageStart=61, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Greffet J J, Carminati R, Joulain K, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Greffet J J, Carminati R, Joulain K, et al. Coherent emission of light by thermal sources[J]. Nature, 2002, 416(6876): 61-64., articleTitle=Coherent emission of light by thermal sources, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534414967652784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=16, issue=8, pageStart=2200018, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Ying Y B, Ma B Z, Yu J B, journalName=Laser & Photonics Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ying Y B, Ma B Z, Yu J B, et al. Whole LWIR directional thermal emission based on ENZ thin films[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2022, 16(8): 2200018., articleTitle=Whole LWIR directional thermal emission based on ENZ thin films, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534415299002804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=17, issue=11, pageStart=2300407, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Ying Y B, Yu J B, Qin B, journalName=Laser & Photonics Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ying Y B, Yu J B, Qin B, et al. Directional thermal emission covering two atmospheric windows[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2023, 17(11): 2300407., articleTitle=Directional thermal emission covering two atmospheric windows, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534415466774965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=13, issue=5, pageStart=749, pageEnd=761, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Bae M, Kim D H, Kim S K, journalName=Nanophotonics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bae M, Kim D H, Kim S K, et al. Transparent energy−saving windows based on broadband directional thermal emission[J]. Nanophotonics, 2024, 13(5): 749-761., articleTitle=Transparent energy−saving windows based on broadband directional thermal emission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534415609381303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=45, pageStart=2302478, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Yu J B, Qin R, Ying Y B, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu J B, Qin R, Ying Y B, et al. Asymmetric directional control of thermal emission[J]. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35(45): 2302478., articleTitle=Asymmetric directional control of thermal emission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534415710044601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=19, issue=2, pageStart=2400716, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Ma Y, Wang J W, Li L N, journalName=Laser & Photonics Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma Y, Wang J W, Li L N, et al. Broadband unidirectional thermal emission[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2025, 19(2): 2400716., articleTitle=Broadband unidirectional thermal emission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534417396154811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=17, issue=11, pageStart=10442, pageEnd=10451, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Cho J W, Lee Y J, Kim J H, journalName=ACS Nano, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cho J W, Lee Y J, Kim J H, et al. Directional radiative cooling via exceptional Epsilon−based microcavities[J]. ACS Nano, 2023, 17(11): 10442-10451., articleTitle=Directional radiative cooling via exceptional Epsilon−based microcavities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534417593287102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abraham D E, Cui D, Liang B L, et al. Directional thermal emission across both polarizations in planar photonic architectures[EB/OL]. (2025−05−06) [2025−12−30]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.03905., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534417849139648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=4544, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Fan Z W, Hwang T, Lin S, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan Z W, Hwang T, Lin S, et al. Directional thermal emission and display using pixelated non−imaging micro−optics[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 4544., articleTitle=Directional thermal emission and display using pixelated non−imaging micro−optics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534418218238402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2026, volume=26, issue=5, pageStart=1647, pageEnd=1654, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Chen Q X, Wang Z N, Zhao X Y, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Q X, Wang Z N, Zhao X Y, et al. A transparent directional thermal emitter[J]. Nano Letters, 2026, 26(5): 1647-1654., articleTitle=A transparent directional thermal emitter, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534418499256772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=12, issue=15, pageStart=2416437, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=Chen Q X, Li C C, Huang X M, journalName=Advanced Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Q X, Li C C, Huang X M, et al. Ultrabroadband directional tunable thermal emission control based on vanadium dioxide photonic structures[J]. Advanced Science, 2025, 12(15): 2416437., articleTitle=Ultrabroadband directional tunable thermal emission control based on vanadium dioxide photonic structures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534418763497926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=190, issue=null, pageStart=113224, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Huang J L, Chen X Y, Zheng S W, journalName=Optics & Laser Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang J L, Chen X Y, Zheng S W, et al. Switchable directional thermal emitter based on Epsilon near zero films and phase−change material vanadium dioxide[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2025, 190: 113224., articleTitle=Switchable directional thermal emitter based on Epsilon near zero films and phase−change material vanadium dioxide, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259534418989990344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=25, issue=19, pageStart=8064, pageEnd=8071, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Hwang J S, Xu J, Raman A P, journalName=Nano Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hwang J S, Xu J, Raman A P. Thermally tunable angular selectivity of broadband directional thermal emission[J]. Nano Letters, 2025, 25(19): 8064-8071., articleTitle=Thermally tunable angular selectivity of broadband directional thermal emission, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1259534400014958860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, awardId=52276178, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52276178), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259534400304365839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, awardId=BE2023854, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项(BE2023854), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259534400635715858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, awardId=BE2023090, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项(BE2023090), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259534401524908308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, awardId=52421003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目(52421003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259534402468626710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, awardId=5003002407, language=CN, fundingSource=东南大学学科交叉青年特支计划项目(5003002407), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259534384965795934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534384974184543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534384965795934, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534384995156065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534384965795934, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259534385985011811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386039537765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534385985011811, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Science and Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386098258023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534385985011811, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2东南大学碳中和科学技术研究院,南京 210096)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259534386421219437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386433802349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534386421219437, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Institute for Carbon Neutral Development, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386505105520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534386421219437, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3东南大学碳中和发展研究院,南京 210096)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259534394583335115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DgRRwwqVPSWDEU1sK3Pg8Q==, figureFileBig=qKeH/XZ+qw5j8dw9ZYT28g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534394872742092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, label=图1, caption=定向PDRC的理论模型与仿真分析, figureFileSmall=DgRRwwqVPSWDEU1sK3Pg8Q==, figureFileBig=qKeH/XZ+qw5j8dw9ZYT28g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534395719991513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=d5mvxVysNMZRW/PjL6J0Dg==, figureFileBig=Q+l+QVEuJKlYiNhipA7qVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534396093284573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于宏观几何光学的定向PDRC策略, figureFileSmall=d5mvxVysNMZRW/PjL6J0Dg==, figureFileBig=Q+l+QVEuJKlYiNhipA7qVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534396307194085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KxIbCktLrqCNsuFSKJEp0g==, figureFileBig=NZTmBfwx/x9hAHsmxeDwSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534396751790315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于亚波长结构的定向热辐射调控策略, figureFileSmall=KxIbCktLrqCNsuFSKJEp0g==, figureFileBig=NZTmBfwx/x9hAHsmxeDwSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534396957311215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HqlYogjgxdsaxbn8qIYfAw==, figureFileBig=Cc5d7UGCwEsGQHhAk5V/Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534397141860595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, label=图4, caption=偏振无关与单向热辐射策略, figureFileSmall=HqlYogjgxdsaxbn8qIYfAw==, figureFileBig=Cc5d7UGCwEsGQHhAk5V/Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534397376741625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sMXlQSrTJ05hf4UlJSXuTA==, figureFileBig=4kBgY2yPp8SSUZ9YROr81w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534397842309372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于微纳几何光学的定向热辐射, figureFileSmall=sMXlQSrTJ05hf4UlJSXuTA==, figureFileBig=4kBgY2yPp8SSUZ9YROr81w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534399062851842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EzrQei3bIvzFd45758Gy3w==, figureFileBig=S/c9Fn0s6A1t6Vpa4HWGyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259534399222235397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, language=CN, label=图6, caption=动态可重构定向热辐射调控策略, figureFileSmall=EzrQei3bIvzFd45758Gy3w==, figureFileBig=S/c9Fn0s6A1t6Vpa4HWGyw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1125356956822126595, delFlag=0, nameCn=科技导报, nameEn=Science & Technology Review, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1000-7857, eissn=, cn=11-1421/N, coden=null, periodic=3, language=CN, oaType=0, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Sci Technol Rev, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1784015846012, createdBy=null, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=K, firstLetterEn=K, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=自然科学, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, picEn=yjSfclmpNm7ihn9NbTZ69g==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1283818766098219763, language=CN, name=科技导报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=中国科学技术协会, sponsoredBy=中国科学技术协会, publishedBy=科技导报社, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/home, createdTime=1784015846037, updatedTime=1784015846037, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/CN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kjdbauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionReviewUrl=https://kjdbauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.cast.org.cn/webm/, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1283818766144357108, language=EN, name=Science & Technology Review, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/EN/home, createdTime=1784015846048, updatedTime=1784015846048, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=http://www.kjdb.org/EN/column/column7.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://kjdbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionReviewUrl=https://kjdbauthor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://kjdbeditor.manuscriptcloud.com/login, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146031591421210625, websiteList=[Website(id=1146104741081231361, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031591421210625, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751182263881, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1751778001962, updateBy=18614031015, name=科技导报, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=科技导报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148021146403992296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751639170504, updateTime=1751639170504, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146378826469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751639170498, updateTime=1751639170498, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146366243556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=9GHSf7eGlIPH0Tv/OOdstA==, createTime=1751639170495, updateTime=1751639170495, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146395603687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751639170502, updateTime=1751639170502, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148021146387215078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146104741081231361, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751639170500, updateTime=1751639170500, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1146105254833139715, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031591421210625, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1751182386363, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753500121937, updateBy=18614031015, name=科技导报, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Science & Technology Review, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155838567709528217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753502988984, updateTime=1753502988984, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567692750998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753502988980, updateTime=1753502988980, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567688556693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic?fileId=9GHSf7eGlIPH0Tv/OOdstA==, createTime=1753502988979, updateTime=1753502988979, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567705333912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1753502988983, updateTime=1753502988983, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155838567701139607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1146105254833139715, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1753502988982, updateTime=1753502988982, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=科技导报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Science & Technology Review, journalPhotoCn=wfghvu3bhh/dKxuZ+ucVHA==, journalPhotoEn=yjSfclmpNm7ihn9NbTZ69g==, journalFirstLetter=K, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=1, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=0.91, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00143, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00143, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00143, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/PDF/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00143, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1777305600000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
有限天空视角下的建筑表面辐射制冷策略
收藏切换
PDF下载
陈启祥 1 , 赵东亮 1, 2, 3, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(8): 87-97
收起
收藏切换
科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (8) : 87 -97
有限天空视角下的建筑表面辐射制冷策略
全屏
[Author(id=1259534386777735286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=chenqixiang@seu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1259534387331383422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, authorId=1259534386777735286, language=EN, stringName=Qixiang CHEN, firstName=Qixiang, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1259534387775979651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, authorId=1259534386777735286, language=CN, stringName=陈启祥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096, bio={"content":"

陈启祥,博士研究生,研究方向为微纳尺度热辐射调控,电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

陈启祥,博士研究生,研究方向为微纳尺度热辐射调控,电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259534384965795934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534384974184543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534384965795934, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534384995156065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534384965795934, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096)])]), Author(id=1259534388178632840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=dongliang_zhao@seu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1259534388602257550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, authorId=1259534388178632840, language=EN, stringName=Dongliang ZHAO, firstName=Dongliang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
2Institute of Science and Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
3Institute for Carbon Neutral Development, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1259534389961212049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, authorId=1259534388178632840, language=CN, stringName=赵东亮, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, *, address=1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096
2东南大学碳中和科学技术研究院,南京 210096
3东南大学碳中和发展研究院,南京 210096, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259534384965795934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534384974184543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534384965795934, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534384995156065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534384965795934, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259534385985011811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386039537765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534385985011811, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Science and Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386098258023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534385985011811, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2东南大学碳中和科学技术研究院,南京 210096)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259534386421219437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386433802349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534386421219437, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Institute for Carbon Neutral Development, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259534386505105520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1259534374454870045, companyId=1259534386421219437, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3东南大学碳中和发展研究院,南京 210096)])])]
陈启祥1 , 赵东亮1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096
  • 2东南大学碳中和科学技术研究院,南京 210096
  • 3东南大学碳中和发展研究院,南京 210096
通讯作者:
赵东亮(通信作者),教授,研究方向为微纳尺度光热调控、可再生能源与建筑节能,电子信箱:
Radiative cooling strategies for building surfaces under limited sky views
Qixiang CHEN1 , Dongliang ZHAO1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
  • 2Institute of Science and Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
  • 3Institute for Carbon Neutral Development, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
出版时间: 2026-04-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00143
文章导航
收藏切换

在建筑密集的环境中,有限的天空视角带来的环境寄生热辐射严重制约了传统全向辐射制冷材料的制冷性能。针对这一局限,介绍了面向有限天空视角场景的定向热辐射策略与关键进展。首先,回顾了有限视角下定向辐射制冷的理论探索工作,并探讨了利用外置聚光结构与表面形态工程实现定向辐射制冷的宏观几何光学策略;其次,聚焦多层平面薄膜和超表面,重点解析定向热辐射从窄带向宽带和单向演进的物理机制,涵盖表面波相干激发、近零介电常数材料的Berreman模式、法布里−珀罗谐振耦合及空间对称性破缺等机制,并梳理了基于磁致机械形变、相变材料及半导体热载流子效应的动态定向热辐射机制;最后,总结了该领域面临的高昂加工成本等规模化制造及灰尘沉积等环境耐候性难题,并对未来的发展方向进行了展望,提出应探索低成本制造工艺、开发兼顾太阳光调控能力的多光谱动态定向辐射制冷材料,旨在为提升辐射制冷技术的全场景应用潜力提供理论依据与技术路径。

辐射制冷  /  定向热辐射  /  有限天空视角  /  建筑节能  /  热辐射调控

In dense environments, parasitic thermal radiation from limited sky views severely restricts traditional omnidirectional radiative cooling. Addressing this, we systematically review directional thermal emission strategies. First, building upon theoretical models, we examine macroscopic geometrical optics strategies utilizing external concentrators and surface morphology engineering. Second, focusing on planar films and metasurfaces, we analyze mechanisms driving broadband and unidirectional emission—including surface wave excitation, ENZ Berreman modes, Fabry−Pérot coupling, and symmetry breaking—alongside dynamic regulation via magnetic deformation, phase−change materials, and hot−carrier effects. Finally, we summarize practical challenges like costly processing and dust−induced weatherability issues. We outline future directions including low−cost manufacturing, self−cleaning designs, and multi-spectral dynamic regulation with solar modulation capabilities, aiming to provide theoretical and technical pathways to enhance the all-scenario potential of radiative cooling.

radiative cooling  /  directional thermal emission  /  limited sky view  /  building energy efficiency  /  thermal emission control
陈启祥, 赵东亮. 有限天空视角下的建筑表面辐射制冷策略. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (8) : 87 -97 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00143
Qixiang CHEN, Dongliang ZHAO. Radiative cooling strategies for building surfaces under limited sky views[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (8) : 87 -97 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00143
全球气候变暖和城市化进程加速,推动了制冷需求持续增长。当前制冷系统消耗了全球约15%的电力,并占建筑总能耗的20%[1]。这不仅导致电网负荷持续攀升,也加剧了温室气体排放,形成了“气候升温—制冷需求攀升—能耗增长—排放增加—气候进一步升温”的恶性循环,这与碳中和目标背道而驰[23]。根据国际能源署预测,这一趋势若无法得到有效控制,到2050年全球制冷能耗将增长到目前的3倍,这对全球能源结构和减排目标是严峻挑战。传统依赖电力驱动的主动制冷技术难以从根本上解决这一难题[45]。因此,探索零能耗被动式制冷技术,从源头降低能耗,对于碳减排至关重要。
被动日间辐射制冷(passive daytime radiative cooling,PDRC)为减碳提供了一条创新路径[614]。其核心在于PDRC表面独特的光谱选择性:太阳光波段(0.3~2.5 μm)的高反射率能够最大限度地减少热量输入,同时大气透明窗口波段(8~13 μm)的高发射率最大限度将物体热量通过热辐射传递至低温宇宙,从而实现无需任何外部能源输入的零能耗制冷[9,11,1523]。自2014年Raman等[24]实现亚环境PDRC以来,该技术引起了全球研究人员广泛关注[6,8,15,2429]。2017年,Zhai等[30]提出了一种玻璃微球−聚合物结构的PDRC超材料,并通过卷绕式设备首次实现了规模化制造。此后,研究人员陆续研发出了涂料、多孔散射体等多种形式的低成本/规模化PDRC产品[15,3132]。这些产品在机场、变电站和粮仓等场景中的示范性应用展现出了可观的效益,证实了PDRC技术作为一种绿色制冷方式的可行性及其在降低碳排放方面的巨大潜力。
然而,在实际应用中,PDRC效果受表面空间取向、天空视角因子以及周围环境热辐射场分布等因素的耦合影响,削弱了制冷性能,甚至可能产生净热负荷[3336]。例如,在建筑密集的城市场景中,天空视角因周围遮挡极其受限,大部分辐射热流反而指向周围高温环境而非低温宇宙。这限制了当前开发的PDRC产品在全场景中的推广与应用[3740]。破解这一难题的关键在于,根据表面取向和天空视角选择性地将辐射热流导向天空。本文将聚焦有限天空视角下的PDRC策略,梳理定向热辐射领域的发展脉络,旨在为下一代PDRC材料设计提供理论与方法指导。
在有限天空视角下,PDRC表面会不可避免地与周围建筑、地面及大气发生复杂辐射交换,由此产生的环境寄生热吸收会显著削弱制冷效果。一些理论层面的研究率先探究了控制PDRC表面热辐射方向的必要性。
Qu等[41]建立了考虑建筑遮挡的传热模型,并提出通过控制热辐射方向以避免建筑物寄生热吸收的策略。如图1(a)[41]所示,该策略的核心在于面向天空的角度范围内保持高发射率以进行PDRC,而面向周围建筑物的遮挡角度范围保持全反射以屏蔽环境寄生热辐射。基于此,研究者设计了一种图1(b)[41]所示的由底部宽带发射器和顶部角度选择器构成的定向热发射器。计算结果表明(图1(c)[41]),在非辐射热损耗较低且开阔角度为40°的情况下,定向热发射器的平衡温度始终显著低于传统宽带发射器;在30℃的环境温度下,其可额外带来12℃的温降。这一结果表明,在有限天空视角下,通过调整表面热辐射角度分布可提升PDRC性能。
除建筑遮挡外,大气本身的角度相关辐射特性也会限制PDRC性能。Jeon等[33]对比不同温度黑体与不同角度大气的辐射度发现,低温下大天顶角方向的大气辐射度在8~13 μm的透明窗口内甚至超过了热发射体自身的辐射度,这意味着该方向的辐射交换由净散热转为净吸热(图1(d)[33])。制冷功率分析进一步表明,宽带和选择性发射器都会因大天顶角方向的大气热辐射导致净制冷功率衰减,并随着发射器自身温度降低逐渐逆转为净加热(图1(e)[33])。该研究表明,深低温PDRC须阻隔大天顶角方向的大气辐射热交换。进一步地,Chamoli等[42]设计一种能够同时调控热辐射角度和波段的器件。该器件由顶部BaF2/LiF多层膜角度滤光片和底部选择性发射器组成,如图1(f)[42]所示,该器件通过热辐射的角度和波段选择性共同提高PDRC性能。模拟的发射率光谱(图1(g)[42])显示了其在波段和方向2个维度的选择性;热性能分析结果表明,在理想绝热条件下,该定向发射器的稳态温度理论上可低于环境温度60℃(图1(h)[42])。
总体来看,上述理论研究从不同角度证明:在有限天空视角下,热辐射方向控制是突破传统全向PDRC性能受限的关键。鉴于传统全向PDRC表面在有限天空视角下的性能受限难题,最直观的工程解决方案是引入宏观尺度的几何光学结构,对热辐射进行反射、屏蔽和准直。
针对有限视角下的环境寄生热负荷问题,宏观几何光学结构提供了直观的解决方案。该策略通过外置光学结构或表面几何形态人为阻断环境寄生热吸收,并将发射体的热辐射准直于天空视角方向,以最大化辐射制冷效果。以下从外置式聚光结构与表面形态工程2个维度梳理其关键技术进展,并探讨其实际工程应用中的潜力与局限。
针对受限视角下周边建筑遮挡及太阳辐射加热问题,Zhou等[28]基于光束整形原理设计了一种锥形波导架构。如图2(a)[28]所示,其内壁在吸收太阳光的同时对热辐射保持高反射率以形成热波导。图2(b)[28]的模拟结果直观证实了该结构对热辐射的准直能力,它能将底部发射体的热辐射集中于天顶角方向,减少其与周围环境的热耦合。实验测试表明(图2(c)[28]),即便在严格遮挡的环境下,该装置仍能实现6℃的亚环境降温。这一结果证明了定向热辐射能降低PDRC表面对环境遮挡的敏感性,拓宽了其全场景适用性。Dan等[43]通过一系列工作展示了复合抛物面聚光器(compound parabolic concentrator,CPC)对PDRC性能的提升作用。如图2(d)~(e)[43]所示,研究者首先构建了一种由2个对称的高反射铝制抛物面组成的CPC,其具有2倍的几何聚光比和30°的最大半接收角。图2(f)[43]中的实验数据表明,CPC能带来约30%的降温性能提升。鉴于CPC在日间聚焦太阳光导致的加热问题,研究团队进一步提出了一种具有非对称异质结构的基于异质材料复合抛物面聚光器的PDRC(dissimilar material−based compound parabolic concentrator−based radiative cooling,DCPC−RC)系统。如图2(g)~(h)所示[44],其创新之处在于透光−聚热分离机制:朝北侧采用覆盖透明红外反射层的透明框架,允许阳光穿透模块而非反射;朝南侧则保留了反射镜面框架以准直热辐射。该结构在继承CPC聚光优势的同时,又规避了太阳光加热问题,为全天候PDRC提供了更具普适性的解决方案。
与上述利用热波导结构来汇聚热流的策略不同,另一类宏观几何光学策略尝试直接利用表面形貌的非对称性,在建筑围护表面上构建方向选择性热辐射特征。Cheng等[45]针对建筑立面场景,提出了一种基于表面几何形态的非对称锯齿墙体。如图2(i)[45]所示,该墙体利用表面锯齿结构来实现角度选择性,其朝向天空的锯齿面使用聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)作为发射层,以最大化PDRC,而朝向地面的锯齿面使用镀铝膜作为反射体,以阻断来自高温地面的寄生热辐射。户外测试数据表明,在地面温度高达56℃的正午时段,垂直放置的非对称锯齿墙体仍能维持低于1.2℃的亚环境降温,其降温性能始终优于传统全向PDRC表面。该工作将宏观几何光学原理巧妙地融入墙体表面,为解决立面墙体过热问题提供了一种新的解决方案。
上述基于宏观几何光学方法的定向热辐射策略,成功验证了热辐射方向控制在有限天空视角下对PDRC性能的提升潜力。然而,这些宏观结构体积庞大且难以规模化集成的缺点限制了其实际应用。因此,如何在保持方向调控能力的同时,实现器件的薄型化、轻量化与高集成化,成为该领域进一步发展的关键。基于此,研究者开始转向利用亚波长结构和微纳制造手段,在更小尺度上实现对热辐射方向的精细操控。
早期的定向热辐射研究集中于表面波的相干激发。例如,Greffet等[46]开创性地提出了一种基于SiC光栅实现热辐射相干发射的机制。如图3(a)[46]所示,该机制利用SiC光栅提供的倒格矢量将非辐射表面声子极化激元耦合为传播波,从而实现了定向热辐射。实验测试结果表明(图3(b)[46]),周期为0.55λ的SiC光栅在11.36 μm的单波长处打破了传统热源的朗伯分布,表现出类似于天线的极窄角瓣发射模式。尽管该研究证实了热辐射在特定方向上的空间相干性,但该机制仅能在极窄波段实现定向热发射,这极大地限制了发射器在半球空间的热辐射功率,难以满足PDRC的需求。
为扩展定向热发射的带宽以提升热辐射效率,Xu等[37]提出了基于梯度介电常数近零(epsilon−near−zero,ENZ)材料的宽带定向热发射策略。如图3(c)[37]所示,他们通过堆叠多种具有不同ENZ波长的极性氧化物材料(依次为MgO/Ta2O5/TiO2),在沿薄膜从上向下的深度方向上构建了梯度变化的ENZ波长,这种梯度ENZ结构能在10~14 μm的宽光谱范围内支持Berreman模式与自由空间辐射模式耦合。Berreman模式本质上是在ENZ频率附近激发的漏模,当P偏振光以特定角度入射时,其垂直于薄膜界面的电场分量会在薄膜内部引发强烈的电场局域增强,进而呈现为特定角度的高吸收/发射率。这种梯度ENZ材料可在宽波段内拓展这一共振机制。光谱测量结果表明(图3(d)[37]),其在10.0~14.3 μm波段和60°~75°的角度范围具有高于0.7的发射率(P偏振),从而有效提高了定向热发射的整体热辐射效率。
在此基础上,Ying等[47]进一步通过模式级联机制扩展了定向热辐射的带宽。研究者提出了一种“梯度ENZ薄膜(SiO2/SiO/Al2O3)/介质间隔层(Ge)/梯度ENZ薄膜(TiO2/Ta2O5)”的三明治结构,将间隔层激发的法布里−珀罗(F−P)共振与梯度ENZ层的Berreman模式进行耦合,将定向热辐射的工作波段扩展到了8~14 μm(图3(e)[47])。随后,Ying等[48]结合F−P共振与布鲁斯特效应(Brewster effect),设计了一种由顶层Ge介质层和底部辐射基底组成的平面双层结构(图3(f)[48]),该结构实现了覆盖3~5 μm和8~14 μm波段的定向热辐射。测量的P偏振光下的光谱表明,这种双层结构在76°~84°的角度范围内具有大于0.9的高发射率。
上述研究主要关注发射器在中红外波段的角度分布,而不考虑其可见光采光性能,这无法满足窗户等建筑透明构件的需求。针对这一限制,Bae等[49]基于梯度ENZ概念提出了一种可见光透明的定向PDRC玻璃。如图3(g)[49]所示,定向PDRC玻璃由沉积在玻璃基底上的ITO/Si3N4/Al2O3膜组成。其中,ITO层在保持高可见光透过率的同时,作为中红外反射层以支持ENZ薄膜的Berreman模式。测试结果显示,该发射器在法线方向的平均发射率约为0.11,而在60°~70°的大角度范围内发射率升高至0.25以上。夏季炎热城市环境中的测试结果表明,该发射器实现了比普通玻璃低约1.5℃的温降,为节能窗的设计提供了新思路。
总体来看,基于平面薄膜和超表面的定向热辐射策略,已从早期的单波长表面波耦合,发展到通过梯度ENZ材料和光学谐振腔实现宽带及透明定向热发射。然而,上述策略普遍存在强烈的偏振依赖性,并在空间辐射分布上通常保持镜像对称,这仍然限制了其整体热辐射效率。为进一步提高热辐射效率及方向操纵能力,研究者开始探究偏振无关和单向热辐射设计策略。
在定向热辐射研究中,空间对称性和偏振敏感性是制约器件性能提升的2个关键因素。针对热辐射固有的空间对称性局限,Yu等[50]提出了一种非对称定向热发射策略,其核心是通过破坏超表面的几何镜像对称性,解除正负角度辐射通道简并,从而实现单向热发射。图4(a)[50]展示了其在12.6 μm波长(P偏振)处的热发射特性:在+30°的观测角具有高达0.61的发射率,而在镜像对称的−30°方向及其他角度的发射率均被抑制在0.3以下。
为进一步实现宽带且方位角可控的单向辐射,Ma等[51]提出了一种磁光−ENZ结构(图4(c)),该结构由3层梯度掺杂的InAs薄膜、各向异性间隔层和金属基底组成。其中梯度掺杂InAs能够拓宽ENZ工作带宽,各向异性间隔层则引入了模式耦合,通过在外部施加磁场能够打破系统的洛伦兹互易性。图4(d)[51]中的计算结果表明,在22~26 μm的波段内,该结构可在极化角64.5°~73.5°和方位角180°的方向呈现高发射率,在其他空间角度呈现低发射率。这种基于非互易性的宽带单向辐射机制,为开发定向PDRC材料提供了新途径。
除单向辐射,偏振依赖性是限制热辐射效率的另一难题。Cho等[52]设计了一种双层氧化物壳层中空微腔结构,以实现偏振无关的定向热辐射。如图4(e)[52]所示,六边形排列的中空微腔结构可在2个正交偏振态下同时支持声子极化激元共振。实验结果表明(图4(f)[52]),该结构可在近法线方向维持约0.3的低发射率,而在60~75°的大角度方向,非偏振平均发射率可增加至0.51~0.62,形成类似抛物面天线的定向热辐射。Abraham等[53]则通过构建同时具备介电常数和磁导率近零响应的“epsilon−and−mu−near−zero(EMNZ)”双曲超材料,解决了传统梯度ENZ策略固有的单一偏振问题。图4(g)[53]展示了所设计的EMNZ双曲超材料,该设计利用不同掺杂浓度InAs层的等离子体频率差异以及掺杂层与本征层的交替排列,在特定波段实现了介电常数和磁导率同时近零响应。光谱测量结果(图4(h)[53])证实,该结构在76°的大角度方向上实现了高达0.81的非偏振发射率,克服了传统平面ENZ器件仅支持单一偏振的局限。
与依赖表面波和共振模式的亚波长策略不同,微纳几何光学结构主要通过微尺度形貌对热辐射进行反射、遮挡和空间重分配,天然具备宽带和偏振无关优势。近年来,这类方法逐渐成为连接宏观几何光学与微纳光子学的重要桥梁。
Fan等[54]基于光学扩展量守恒原理,提出了一种微米级像素化定向微发射器(pixelated directional micro−emitter,PDME)。该设计将宏观的复合抛物面聚光器缩小至微米尺度(图5(a)[54]),以阵列形式在平面上实现热辐射准直。根据扩展量守恒原理,从底部小孔径发射的热辐射经抛物面反射后,角分布会被压缩至窄接收角范围。由密排六边形的像素单元组成的PDME最大化了有效热辐射面积(图5(b)[54]),测试结果表明(图5(c)[54]),PDME在±16°的角度范围内具有大于0.8的高发射率,且表现出宽带和偏振无关特性。该研究在极大程度上缩小了宏观几何抛物面结构体积的同时保证了热辐射准直性能。
面向建筑垂直表面的热管理需求,Zhou等[40]开发了一种非对称微锯齿阵列结构。如图5(d)[40]所示,该结构利用微锯齿PDMS基底和非均匀沉积的铝层来实现热辐射方向控制:垂直放置时,在朝向天空的方向,PDMS固有的高吸收特性使其表现出高发射率;而在朝向地面的方向,铝层阻隔了PDMS的热发射,使其呈现低发射率(图5(e)[40])。户外测试结果表明,该结构与太阳光高反射率的纳米聚乙烯(nanoPE)薄膜结合后,能够有效提升垂直表面的PDRC性能。
值得注意的是,大深宽比的微锯齿结构在特定角度可能会由于多次反射产生陷光效应,放大材料的太阳光吸收,功能解耦的复合设计是可行的解决方案。Xie等[39]通过nanoPE+锯齿微结构的复合设计实现了垂直表面在太阳光直射下的亚环境PDRC,其朝向天空方向锯齿面的Ag/SiN层可进行大气窗口选择性热辐射,而朝向地面锯齿面的Ag层呈现低发射率。此外,顶层nanoPE在保证红外透明度的同时能够强烈反射太阳光(图5(f)~(g)[39])。这种复合设计在保证定向热辐射的同时极大地降低了太阳光吸收,解耦了太阳光吸收率与热辐射方向控制,为高效定向PDRC提供了可行路径。实验表明,在正午阳光直射的条件下,该发射器在垂直条件下仍能实现比环境温度低约2.5℃的亚环境制冷。进一步地,针对透明围护结构,Chen等[55]突破了传统定向热发射器不透明的局限,基于折射率匹配原理提出了一种透明定向热发射器(图5(h)~(i)[55]),该发射器由定向沉积ITO层的聚合物微锯齿结构和填充锯齿结构的可见光−中红外透明聚合物组成。这种可见光透过率与热辐射方向控制解耦的设计实现了高达0.83的可见光透过率,同时兼具“朝向天空高发射、朝向地面低发射”的非对称热辐射特性,为有限视角下的建筑透明围护结构的热管理提供了新思路。
总体来看,微纳几何光学策略兼具宏观几何光学的直观方向控制能力和微纳结构的高集成化优势。从极化光栅和梯度ENZ到引入对称性破缺和非互易性的单向辐射器件,再到基于几何光学的微锯齿结构,这些策略实现了器件的扁平化与轻量化,并在带宽、偏振独立性及光谱选择性上取得了显著突破。然而,上述策略都集中于静态的辐射方向控制。在实际建筑应用中,环境条件是动态变化的。例如,在寒冷的冬季,持续的定向PDRC可能会增加垂直墙面的供暖负荷。因此,如何赋予定向辐射材料动态调控特性,使其能根据环境需求调节辐射方向或强度,是该领域未来的发展方向。
相较于静态定向发射器,动态与可重构热辐射结构更有望适应实际建筑环境中昼夜、季节及气候条件的持续变化。近年来,研究者围绕机械形变、相变材料和载流子调控等机制,探索了热辐射方向与强度的可切换设计策略。
Zhou等[40]基于磁致结构形变提出了一种热辐射方向动态调控策略。研究者通过构建垂直排列的微楔形阵列,并在楔形表面沉积磁性材料,赋予热辐射角度对外部磁场的响应特性(图6(a)[40])。在磁场作用下,微楔形结构发生受控弯曲,其倾斜角度随磁场方向改变,从而动态调整了对特定角度入射辐射的吸收截面。量化的角度依赖性测试(图6(b)[40])表明,该结构的峰值发射率角度可在0°~±30°之间连续切换。这为开发具有自适应能力的定向PDRC材料提供了新思路。
除机械形变,利用相变材料的折射率突变特性控制热辐射的方向是另一可行路径。Chen等[56]基于二氧化钒(VO2)的金属−绝缘体相变特性,结合金属态VO2的伪布鲁斯特效应,提出了一种超宽带定向可调热发射器。其工作原理在于:在低温绝缘态下,VO2对红外光透明,器件表现为全向低发射;而在高温下,VO2转变为金属态,此时其在伪布鲁斯特角处反射率(P偏振)最小,意味着该角度处吸收率最大(图6(c)[56])。实验测量的光谱表明(图6(d)[56]),相变前后器件在73°~83°的角度范围内的发射率从0.07激增至0.78,成功实现了宽带定向热发射的热致开关。Huang等[57]基于ENZ薄膜和VO2设计了一种动态定向热发射器(图6(e)[57]),该设计结合了ENZ材料的Berreman模式与F−P谐振。在低温下,VO2中红外高透明的特性无法激发F−P谐振及ENZ薄膜的Berreman模式,因此结构处于低发射状态;而在高温下,VO2相变为金属态作为反射背板,与Ge介质层构成F−P谐振腔,并激发多层ENZ薄膜的Berreman模式,从而实现了8~14 μm波段的宽带定向高发射。模拟结果(图6(f)[57])表明,该器件在相变前后在特定角度的发射率能从0.41增加至0.75,证实了其定向热辐射的动态调控能力。
不同于上述主要调节“开/关”状态的相变策略,Hwang等[58]提出了一种基于重掺杂InAs梯度ENZ结构的热辐射方向可调发射器,旨在通过温度调节热辐射的波束形状。该研究利用Ⅲ−Ⅴ族半导体中的热自由载流子效应:随着温度升高,载流子浓度增加,导致材料的介电常数分布发生改变。图6(g)[58]展示了不同浓度梯度的掺杂InAs层分布,这种设计使得结构在宽温区内均能支持Berreman模式。实验结果表明(图6(h)[58]),在285 K时,高发射率的角范围较窄且角度选择性较高;而当温度升至425 K时,高发射率的波瓣宽度显著展宽且角度选择性下降,这一结果验证了根据热负载需求动态重构辐射波束空间分布的可能性。
总体来看,微纳光子学结构在定向热辐射调控领域有长足的发展,从利用光栅与超表面激发表面波和Berreman模式的亚波长结构,到引入对称性破缺与非互易性以实现单向辐射的进阶设计,再到结合微纳几何光学原理的宽带、偏振无关结构,热光子学策略展示了对热辐射前所未有的操控能力。最后探讨的动态调控策略标志着该领域正从静态向动态迈进。无论是通过磁场驱动微结构形变,还是利用VO2相变与半导体载流子效应,这些工作都赋予了定向热发射器动态响应的能力,为下一代PDRC材料的设计奠定了坚实基础。
本文回顾了针对有限天空视角建筑表面的PDRC策略及定向热辐射方法,从理论层面的量化分析,到宏观几何光学结构、微纳光子学平面器件以及微纳几何表面的具体实现,全面梳理了该领域的最新进展。尽管现有的定向热辐射策略已展现出克服环境寄生热的巨大潜力,但将其转化为能够应用于建筑的规模化产品,仍面临诸多挑战。该领域未来的研究重心应从单一的性能验证向工程化和多功能化方向转移。未来的发展将主要聚焦于以下4个方面。
1) 低成本规模化制造技术。当前的定向PDRC策略大都依赖超精密加工或多层真空镀膜等精加工工艺,难以实现规模化制造,严重限制了其实际应用潜力。应进一步探索基于卷对卷压印等工艺的规模化制造方法,以快速复制微结构阵列;此外,基于VO2的动态定向热辐射结构通常依赖于高真空工艺及严苛的后处理条件,这使其大面积制造极具挑战性。探索低成本的溶液法加工工艺是提升其应用潜力的关键。
2) 多维动态热辐射调控策略。现有的动态定向PDRC研究虽引入了相变材料或磁场调控,但仍存在调节范围有限、响应灵敏度低等问题。未来的发展方向在于开发高灵敏度、大开关比的动态调节机制。例如,设计能根据太阳高度角或环境热源位置自动偏转辐射波瓣的自适应热发射器,使其在夏季正午能避开地面热辐射,而在冬季则能转换为吸收模式,从而主动适应实时变化的外部气候。
3) 结构精简且兼顾耐候性的设计策略。为实现极致的角度选择性,当前策略往往采用复杂的结构设计。这种复杂性不仅增加了制造难度,其精细形貌在真实的户外长期部署时,更面临着严峻的耐候性挑战。如空气中的灰尘、气溶胶等颗粒物极易沉积并填堵微结构,破坏原有几何形态,导致光学性能衰减。因此,未来的设计趋势应化繁为简,探索单层或少层结构的定向发射器;同时,将耐候性纳入前期设计考量,以确保器件在全生命周期内维持稳定的性能。
4) 太阳光−中红外双波段解耦调控。对于建筑节能而言,太阳光波段热管理至关重要。当前的定向PDRC研究大多聚焦于中红外波段,尚未协同考虑可见光与近红外波段的调控。未来应探索将定向PDRC与太阳光调控功能集成的设计策略。这种多光谱能量管理策略有望最大化挖掘PDRC技术的节能潜力。
综上所述,有限天空视角下的PDRC正处于从实验验证迈向实际应用的转折期。虽然挑战重重,但微纳制造、材料科学及光子学理论的交叉融合为解决这些问题提供了契机。这些技术的突破,不仅将为建筑节能提供全新的解决方案,也有望为缓解全球变暖、实现碳中和目标做出贡献。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52276178)
  • 江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项(BE2023854)
  • 江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项(BE2023090)
  • 国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目(52421003)
  • 东南大学学科交叉青年特支计划项目(5003002407)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
郭晨玥, 潘浩丹, 徐琪皓, . 天空辐射制冷技术发展现状与展望[J]. 制冷学报, 2022, 43(3): 1-14.
[2]
Somasundaram S, Chong A, Wei Z, et al. Energy saving potential of low−e coating based retrofit double glazing for tropical climate[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2020, 206: 109570.
[3]
Wang J L, Shi D L. Spectral selective and photothermal nano structured thin films for energy efficient windows[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 208: 83-96.
[4]
徐第开, 盛茗峰, 杨荣贵, . 天空辐射制冷规模化应用对我国建筑的减碳作用研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2023, 44(6): 13-21.
[5]
Zhao L, Lee X, Smith R B, et al. Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands[J]. Nature, 2014, 511(7508): 216-219.
[6]
Fan S H, Li W. Photonics and thermodynamics concepts in radiative cooling[J]. Nature Photonics, 2022, 16(3): 182-190.
[7]
Rephaeli E, Raman A, Fan S H. Ultrabroadband photonic structures to achieve high−performance daytime radiative cooling[J]. Nano Letters, 2013, 13(4): 1457-1461.
[8]
Zhao D L, Aili A, Zhai Y, et al. Subambient cooling of water: Toward real−world applications of daytime radiative cooling[J]. Joule, 2019, 3(1): 111-123.
[9]
Chen Q X, Lu Y H, Zhang J P, et al. Flexible structural polyethylene films for dynamically tunable energy harvesting from the sun and outer space[J]. Nano Energy, 2023, 114: 108610.
[10]
Pan H D, Ren W, Li X Y, et al. Radiative−cooled hierarchical wearable thermoelectric generator: A nexus of thermal, electrical, and mechanical synergy[J]. Nexus, 2025, 2(4): 100090.
[11]
Wang J Y, Tan G, Yang R G, et al. Materials, structures, and devices for dynamic radiative cooling[J]. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2022, 3(12): 101198.
[12]
Huang T Z, Chen Q X, Huang J H, et al. Scalable colored subambient radiative coolers based on a polymer−tamm photonic structure[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023, 15(12): 16277-16287.
[13]
Chen Q X, Huang X M, Lu Y H, et al. Mechanically tunable transmittance convection shield for dynamic radiative cooling[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2024, 16(17): 21807-21817.
[14]
Chen Q X, Huang T Z, Cheng J, et al. Translucent−colored radiative coolers based on localized surface plasmon resonances for energy−efficient windows[J]. Solar Energy, 2023, 253: 472-479.
[15]
Li T, Zhai Y, He S M, et al. A radiative cooling structural material[J]. Science, 2019, 364(6442): 760-763.
[16]
Mandal J, Fu Y K, Overvig A C, et al. Hierarchically porous polymer coatings for highly efficient passive daytime radiative cooling[J]. Science, 2018, 362(6412): 315-319.
[17]
Wang S C, Jiang T Y, Meng Y, et al. Scalable thermochromic smart windows with passive radiative cooling regulation[J]. Science, 2021, 374(6574): 1501-1504.
[18]
Tang K C, Dong K C, Li J C, et al. Temperature−adaptive radiative coating for all−season household thermal regulation[J]. Science, 2021, 374(6574): 1504-1509.
[19]
Wang T, Wu Y, Shi L, et al. A structural polymer for highly efficient all−day passive radiative cooling[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 365.
[20]
Fei J P, Zhang X, Han D, et al. Passive cooling paint enabled by rational design of thermal−optical and mass transfer properties[J]. Science, 2025, 388(6751): 1044-1049.
[21]
Ao X Z, Li B W, Zhao B, et al. Self−adaptive integration of photothermal and radiative cooling for continuous energy harvesting from the Sun and outer space[J]. PNAS, 2022, 119(17): e2120557119.
[22]
Zhang X P, Cheng Z M, Yang D L, et al. Scalable bio−skin−inspired radiative cooling metafabric for breaking trade−off between optical properties and application requirements[J]. ACS Photonics, 2023, 10(5): 1624-1632.
[23]
Dong Y, Meng W F, Wang F Q, et al. "Warm in winter and cool in summer": Scalable biochameleon inspired temperature−adaptive coating with easy preparation and construction[J]. Nano Letters, 2023, 23(19): 9034-9041.
[24]
Raman A P, Abou Anoma M, Zhu L X, et al. Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight[J]. Nature, 2014, 515(7528): 540-544.
[25]
Xuan Q D, Zhao B, Wang C Y, et al. Development, testing, and evaluation of the daylighting, thermal, and energy−saving performance of semitransparent radiative cooling glass in cooling−dominated regions[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 273: 116443.
[26]
Zhao D L, Aili A, Zhai Y, et al. Radiative sky cooling: Fundamental principles, materials, and applications[J]. Applied Physics Reviews, 2019, 6(2): 021306.
[27]
Zhang H W, Ly K C S, Liu X H, et al. Biologically inspired flexible photonic films for efficient passive radiative cooling[J]. PNAS, 2020, 117(26): 14657-14666.
[28]
Zhou L, Song H M, Liang J W, et al. A polydimethylsiloxane−coated metal structure for all−day radiative cooling[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2019, 2(8): 718-724.
[29]
Zhu L X, Raman A P, Fan S H. Radiative cooling of solar absorbers using a visibly transparent photonic crystal thermal blackbody[J]. PNAS, 2015, 112(40): 12282-12287.
[30]
Zhai Y, Ma Y G, David S N, et al. Scalable−manufactured randomized glass−polymer hybrid metamaterial for daytime radiative cooling[J]. Science, 2017, 355(6329): 1062-1066.
[31]
Lin K X, Chen S R, Zeng Y J, et al. Hierarchically structured passive radiative cooling ceramic with high solar reflectivity[J]. Science, 2023, 382(6671): 691-697.
[32]
Zhao X P, Li T Y, Xie H, et al. A solution−processed radiative cooling glass[J]. Science, 2023, 382(6671): 684-691.
[33]
Jeon S, Shin J. Directional radiation for optimal radiative cooling[J]. Optics Express, 2021, 29(6): 8376-8386.
[34]
Mandal J, Anand J, Mandal S, et al. Radiative cooling and thermoregulation in the Earth's glow[J]. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2024, 5(7): 102065.
[35]
李强, 应云斌, 仇旻. 热辐射方向调控研究进展[J]. 光学学报, 2024, 44(19): 1925002.
[36]
Yang R G, Yin X B. Passive cooling in an urban setting[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2019, 2(8): 663-664.
[37]
Xu J, Mandal J, Raman A P. Broadband directional control of thermal emission[J]. Science, 2021, 372(6540): 393-397.
[38]
Degeorges M, Anand J, Tsang Y C A, et al. Beyond cooling: Radiative thermoregulation in the Earth's glow with micropatterned directional emitters[J]. Joule, 2025, 9(6): 101956.
[39]
Xie F, Jin W L, Nolen J R, et al. Subambient daytime radiative cooling of vertical surfaces[J]. Science, 2024, 386(6723): 788-794.
[40]
Zhou J W, Chen T G, Tsurimaki Y, et al. Angle−selective thermal emitter for directional radiative cooling and heating[J]. Joule, 2023, 7(12): 2830-2844.
[41]
Qu Y R, Pan M Y, Qiu M. Directional and spectral control of thermal emission and its application in radiative cooling and infrared light sources[J]. Physical Review Applied, 2020, 13(6): 064052.
[42]
Chamoli S K, Li W, Guo C L, et al. Angularly selective thermal emitters for deep subfreezing daytime radiative cooling[J]. Nanophotonics, 2022, 11(16): 3709-3717.
[43]
Dan Y, Hu M K, Suhendri S, et al. Harnessing the characteristic of compound parabolic concentrators for directional concentration of emitted thermal radiation and solar shielding in building−integrated radiative cooling[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2024, 307: 113922.
[44]
Dan Y, Wang Q L, Hu M K, et al. A novel radiative cooling system with a dissimilar material−based compound parabolic concentrator for mitigating daytime solar radiation impact[J]. Renewable Energy, 2025, 244: 122622.
[45]
Cheng Q L, Gomez S, Hu G Z, et al. Realizing optimal radiative cooling walls in building−energy nexus via asymmetric emissivity[J]. Nexus, 2024, 1(3): 100028.
[46]
Greffet J J, Carminati R, Joulain K, et al. Coherent emission of light by thermal sources[J]. Nature, 2002, 416(6876): 61-64.
[47]
Ying Y B, Ma B Z, Yu J B, et al. Whole LWIR directional thermal emission based on ENZ thin films[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2022, 16(8): 2200018.
[48]
Ying Y B, Yu J B, Qin B, et al. Directional thermal emission covering two atmospheric windows[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2023, 17(11): 2300407.
[49]
Bae M, Kim D H, Kim S K, et al. Transparent energy−saving windows based on broadband directional thermal emission[J]. Nanophotonics, 2024, 13(5): 749-761.
[50]
Yu J B, Qin R, Ying Y B, et al. Asymmetric directional control of thermal emission[J]. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35(45): 2302478.
[51]
Ma Y, Wang J W, Li L N, et al. Broadband unidirectional thermal emission[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2025, 19(2): 2400716.
[52]
Cho J W, Lee Y J, Kim J H, et al. Directional radiative cooling via exceptional Epsilon−based microcavities[J]. ACS Nano, 2023, 17(11): 10442-10451.
[53]
Abraham D E, Cui D, Liang B L, et al. Directional thermal emission across both polarizations in planar photonic architectures[EB/OL]. (2025−05−06) [2025−12−30]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.03905.
[54]
Fan Z W, Hwang T, Lin S, et al. Directional thermal emission and display using pixelated non−imaging micro−optics[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 4544.
[55]
Chen Q X, Wang Z N, Zhao X Y, et al. A transparent directional thermal emitter[J]. Nano Letters, 2026, 26(5): 1647-1654.
[56]
Chen Q X, Li C C, Huang X M, et al. Ultrabroadband directional tunable thermal emission control based on vanadium dioxide photonic structures[J]. Advanced Science, 2025, 12(15): 2416437.
[57]
Huang J L, Chen X Y, Zheng S W, et al. Switchable directional thermal emitter based on Epsilon near zero films and phase−change material vanadium dioxide[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2025, 190: 113224.
[58]
Hwang J S, Xu J, Raman A P. Thermally tunable angular selectivity of broadband directional thermal emission[J]. Nano Letters, 2025, 25(19): 8064-8071.
2026年第44卷第8期
PDF下载
6583
3373
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00143
  • 接收时间:2025-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-05-08
  • 出版时间:2026-04-28
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-30
  • 修回日期:2026-03-16
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52276178)
江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项(BE2023854)
江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项(BE2023090)
国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目(52421003)
东南大学学科交叉青年特支计划项目(5003002407)
作者信息
    1东南大学能源与环境学院,南京 210096
    2东南大学碳中和科学技术研究院,南京 210096
    3东南大学碳中和发展研究院,南京 210096

通讯作者:

赵东亮(通信作者),教授,研究方向为微纳尺度光热调控、可再生能源与建筑节能,电子信箱:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00143
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏