Article(id=1254112855515665258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1254112841712206109, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00073, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1752422400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-14, revisedDate=1772294400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776933405045, onlineDateStr=2026-04-23, pubDate=1776009600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776933405045, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776933405045, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776933405045, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1254112841712206109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776009600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776933401732, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1776934002915, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1254115363315191985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1254112841712206109, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1254115363315191986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1254112841712206109, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=44, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1254112858170659697, articleId=1254112855515665258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=The relationship between human−computer interaction and artificial intelligence, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2020 is regarded as a significant watershed in the development of information technology. From 1960 to 2020, information technologies centered on personal computers (PC) and the internet ushered in six decades of remarkable progress. Today, humanity urgently calls for a new generation of information technologies to open a new chapter in the information age. Human−Computer Interaction (HCI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), both focused on humans as the central subject, have become key domains in this new technological era. As closely related sister disciplines, they must develop in a coordinated manner. Historical experience also shows that the collaborative development and effective integration of HCI and AI are critical to ensuring the healthy and sustainable development of information technology. This paper, perspective of human−computer symbiosis, analyzes the issues in the historical and current development of AI and HCI, and proposes a technical vision for the New User Interface (New UI). The main contents include: new insights into human–computer interaction in evolving computational environments, critical considerations regarding artificial intelligence, the academic relationship between HCI and AI, and a preliminary conceptualization of the New UI.

, authors=null, authorsList=Guozhong DAI, Wenhui KANG, Feng TIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1254112862377546625, articleId=1254112855515665258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=人机交互与人工智能的关系, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2020年被视为信息技术发展的重要分水岭。1960—2020年是以个人计算机(personal computer,PC)为代表的PC时代,这一时期以个人电脑与互联网为核心的信息技术,造就了长达一甲子的辉煌。如今,人类正呼唤新一代信息技术,以创造下一个信息时代的新篇章。以人为研究对象的人机交互(human−computer interaction,HCI)和人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)正是新一代信息技术的典型代表。作为密切相关的学科,二者必须协同发展。历史经验也表明,HCI与AI的协同演进与有效融合,是保障信息技术健康可持续发展的关键。从“人机共生”的视角出发,分析了历史和当下AI和CHI发展中存在的问题,提出了新用户界面(new user interface,New UI)的技术设想。主要内容包括:对新计算环境下人机交互的新认识、对人工智能的若干认识、人机交互与人工智能的学术关系,以及关于New UI的初步设想。

, authors=

戴国忠,研究员,研究方向为人机交互、计算机图形学,电子信箱:

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戴国忠,研究员,研究方向为人机交互、计算机图形学,电子信箱:

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戴国忠 , 康文惠 , 田丰
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(7): 44-51
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人机交互与人工智能的关系
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戴国忠 , 康文惠, 田丰
作者信息
  • 中国科学院软件研究所,北京 100190
The relationship between human−computer interaction and artificial intelligence
Guozhong DAI , Wenhui KANG, Feng TIAN
Affiliations
  • Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2026-04-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00073
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2020年被视为信息技术发展的重要分水岭。1960—2020年是以个人计算机(personal computer,PC)为代表的PC时代,这一时期以个人电脑与互联网为核心的信息技术,造就了长达一甲子的辉煌。如今,人类正呼唤新一代信息技术,以创造下一个信息时代的新篇章。以人为研究对象的人机交互(human−computer interaction,HCI)和人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)正是新一代信息技术的典型代表。作为密切相关的学科,二者必须协同发展。历史经验也表明,HCI与AI的协同演进与有效融合,是保障信息技术健康可持续发展的关键。从“人机共生”的视角出发,分析了历史和当下AI和CHI发展中存在的问题,提出了新用户界面(new user interface,New UI)的技术设想。主要内容包括:对新计算环境下人机交互的新认识、对人工智能的若干认识、人机交互与人工智能的学术关系,以及关于New UI的初步设想。

人机交互  /  人工智能  /  交互范式  /  笔式用户界面

2020 is regarded as a significant watershed in the development of information technology. From 1960 to 2020, information technologies centered on personal computers (PC) and the internet ushered in six decades of remarkable progress. Today, humanity urgently calls for a new generation of information technologies to open a new chapter in the information age. Human−Computer Interaction (HCI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), both focused on humans as the central subject, have become key domains in this new technological era. As closely related sister disciplines, they must develop in a coordinated manner. Historical experience also shows that the collaborative development and effective integration of HCI and AI are critical to ensuring the healthy and sustainable development of information technology. This paper, perspective of human−computer symbiosis, analyzes the issues in the historical and current development of AI and HCI, and proposes a technical vision for the New User Interface (New UI). The main contents include: new insights into human–computer interaction in evolving computational environments, critical considerations regarding artificial intelligence, the academic relationship between HCI and AI, and a preliminary conceptualization of the New UI.

human−computer interaction  /  artificial intelligence  /  interaction paradigm  /  pen−based user interface
戴国忠, 康文惠, 田丰. 人机交互与人工智能的关系. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (7) : 44 -51 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00073
Guozhong DAI, Wenhui KANG, Feng TIAN. The relationship between human−computer interaction and artificial intelligence[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (7) : 44 -51 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00073
2020年为信息技术发展的分水岭。1960—2020年是以个人计算机(personal computer,PC)为代表的PC时代,这一时期以个人计算机+互联网为代表的信息技术造就了长达一甲子的辉煌。尽管如此,信息革命远未结束,人类正呼唤新一代信息技术,以创造下一个信息时代的辉煌。
第一代信息技术高潮被称为“数字化1.0时代”,其核心是将办公自动化和数字技术引入桌面工作场景,极大提升了办公的生产力,同时造就了“信息空间”这一全新人类活动领域。21世纪后,学术界围绕新旧信息技术展开深入讨论,焦点逐渐从以机器为中心转向以人为本。数字化2.0时代的目标是实现计算的普适化与智能化,使计算更贴近人的需求与能力。
在这一历史脉络下,新一代信息技术的典型代表逐渐显现,即以人为研究对象的人机交互(human−computer interaction,HCI)和人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)。作为密切相关的姐妹学科,二者必须协同发展,携手推动以人为本的技术创新进程。值得注意的是,AI的发展曾经历过两次低潮,而恰恰在每一次AI陷入停滞之际,HCI却迎来了繁荣与突破。这种“此消彼长”的历史轨迹揭示出一个重要事实:HCI与AI之间并非单向依赖,而是呈现出互补性与协同共进的动态耦合关系。
正因如此,当下亟需在更系统的框架下审视二者的协同逻辑,即人机交互与人工智能的关系(“2I”关系)。这一关系不仅关乎学科自身的发展定位,更直接关系到新一代信息技术的健康演进。当前面临2大关键挑战:一是如何有效推进数字化2.0时代的转型升级;二是如何构建符合人本理念的交互范式,实现以大模型为核心的智能技术的落地应用。
为了应对这一挑战,新一代信息技术必须关注“用户想做什么”,遵循技术发展必须紧密契合用户需求,实现真正的人机协同,确保技术普惠而非成为少数人的特权。实现这一目标的关键路径在于打造自然的用户界面,提升面向大众的普适可用性,同时采用以人为中心的设计方法和创新性的理论框架。
历史经验表明,人机交互与人工智能协同发展是保证信息技术健康演进的关键,但这一问题尚未引起学术界重视。为此,本文提出并强调“2I”关系健康发展的核心,为下一代信息技术的发展提供思考框架。
自1960年“人机共生”概念被提出以来[1],人机交互始终以“人与计算机协作完成任务”为核心,聚焦于人与系统在行为、认知和社会性层面的交互机制研究。然而,随着新一代信息技术的快速迭代发展,人机交互的核心驱动力正由单一的技术驱动转向由社会生产需求、技术综合进步与个人社交需求等多元因素共同推动的复杂机制,具体表现为:(1) 社会生产需求推动人机交互成为现代社会生产生活的必要行为,人类在机器参与社会生产中扮演着关键角色;(2) 技术综合进步推动人机协同成为常态,人与机器互补能够提高内容生产的效率,更好满足市场需求;(3) 随着数字社交的普及,个人社交需求使人机传播逐渐演变为人际传播的重要形式。这些转变标志着人机交互正在迈向更加社会化、智能化与融合化的新阶段。
尽管人机交互近年来随着新兴技术不断拓展其研究深度与应用边界,但其发展基础仍深受传统基础模型的影响。图灵机(一种抽象的计算模型,用于形式化地描述“可计算性”)和冯·诺依曼(John von Neumann)体系(现代计算机硬件的标准结构)为现代计算奠定了坚实的理论与结构基础。然而,这些基础模型在设计之初主要关注计算的可行性与逻辑实现,较少考虑人与系统间的实时交互需求[2]。图灵机中交互缺失,限制用户对系统行为的即时理解与控制,难以满足新技术条件下人类对自然、高效人机交互的需求。
人机交互的发展离不开交互范式的演进。技术革新推动交互范式的变迁,而范式的演化又反过来促进技术的发展,二者相辅相成、相互驱动。在这一过程中,关键的人物、事件与思想也发挥了重要作用,能够深刻影响交互范式的演进。将交互范式用于具体应用时,必须充分关注人的心理与认知特性。人的认知过程通常在心理模型中被抽象为感知、认知与行为3个处理器[3],而人机交互可被视为机器与人类在这3个处理器之间进行信息交换的过程。在这一过程中,人机界面作为交互媒介承担信息传递的核心功能。因此,应用系统的输入设计应该符合人的习惯,而输出应以降低人的认知成本和学习成本为目标,尽可能贴合人的认知机制。
21世纪以来,新的信息技术迅速发展,计算环境从单一的桌面计算,发展成多种计算环境,包括:可穿戴计算、普适计算、信息空间利用、虚拟现实和机器人等。图形用户界面(graphical user interface,GUI)+WIMP(window、icon、menu、pointer)界面范式难以满足新计算环境的需求,亟需发展新的交互设备、新的交互范式和新的界面开发平台。在这一发展与演进过程中,新范式和界面平台应在保证原有性能的基础上,呈现系统的决策逻辑与行为机制[4],通过增强可解释性推动人机协同[59],并促进人机能力的共生发展。
与此同时,人机交互的内涵已超越传统意义上人对桌面计算机的命令操作,逐渐拓展为具有人类意图表达和感知能力的“智能机器人”与能够同计算机实现自然交互的“交互人”之间的协同交互。一方面,智能机器人不仅能够获取包括人类行为的互联网数据和人类作业的物联网数据,还能采集来自自然环境的多模态信息,从而更精准地感知人类意图和用户状态;另一方面,人类则通过视觉、听觉、触觉等多感官渠道接收信息,并通过自然用户界面完成与计算机的交互,成为具备交互能力的“交互人”。在这一过程中,交互人和智能机器人应在感知、认知与行为3个层面实现协同与互相促进,构建起物理世界(自然界)与数字空间(互联网、物联网)之间的无缝交互桥梁。
人工智能自1956年达特茅斯夏季研讨会首次提出以来,经历了2次高峰与2次低谷的发展周期[10]。从理论演进来看,人工智能最初源于图灵对“具有独立思维能力的机器”的设想,逐步演变为一门以图灵理论为基础的系统性学科。尽管实现路径不断演进,其核心问题始终围绕“机器是否能够思考”这一融合认知科学与技术实现的根本命题展开。
迄今为止,人们仍无法充分理解人类在解决问题过程中大脑的运行原理、认知过程,乃至心理发展,以及它们之间的相互影响机制。这种未知不仅使得“计算机如何模拟人类思维”成为人工智能研究的核心难题,也使得理清“脑−心灵−计算机”三元关系面临前所未有的复杂性挑战。
随着深度学习与大语言模型的发展,人工智能研究与认知科学之间的关系受到广泛关注。不同于早期以符号计算和形式逻辑为核心的人工智能范式,当代AI的若干核心机制在功能与方法论层面上,与认知科学关于注意、学习、预测与表征等问题的理论讨论呈现出一定的呼应关系[1115]。这种呼应并不意味着人工智能系统在机制或功能上实现了人类认知,而更多体现为方法论和功能层面的类比;认知科学通过提供问题视角和理论启发参与人工智能的发展,而人工智能研究进展反过来促使认知科学反思其理论假设。
在这一背景下,不得不重新思考和发问:人类对大脑究竟了解了多少?人类大脑是如何进化而来的?以及为什么神经科学没有在AI浪潮中发展出大模型?人类大脑被认为是宇宙中最复杂的系统之一,精确协同以支持人的感知、认知与行为。无论这一假说是否完全成立,它都揭示了一个不可回避的事实:神经数据极其复杂且难以解析。神经活动不仅依赖情境,还呈现出显著的动态性、非线性、随机性、高维度与多样性等特征,这也进一步凸显了“脑−心灵−计算机”关系中跨学科融合的难度。
尽管对人类大脑的理解仍处于初级阶段,但基于对大脑与人工智能的持续探索,学者已提出了诸多认知计算理论与模型[16]。早在1937年,丘奇(Alonzo Church)与图灵(Alan Mathison Turing)就分别提出了人的思维能力与递归函数计算能力等价的假说,认为若某个问题无法由图灵机解决,则人类思维同样无法解决这一问题。与此相对,哲学家德雷福斯(Hubert Dreyfus)等则坚决反对这一观点,认为基于图灵机的计算模型无法模拟人类智能,因为数字计算机只能进行形式化的信息处理,而人类智能活动未必可形式化,也不一定属于信息处理范畴。
围绕上述问题,学界逐渐将讨论进一步引向对形式系统内在局限性的反思。哥德尔(Kurt Gdel)在20世纪初提出的不完备性定理正是这一反思的逻辑起点。该定理指出[17]:对于任何一个形式的系统,只要包括了简单的初等数论描述,而且是自治的,它必定包含某些系统内所允许的方法既不能证明真,又不能证伪的命题。自提出至今已逾90年,这一定理不仅在逻辑学和数学基础研究中具有划时代意义,也深刻影响了计算机科学与人工智能的发展,成为现代计算机科学和人工智能理论的基石。从哲学和认知科学的角度来看,哥德尔不完备性定理不仅揭示了形式系统的内在局限,也促使人们重新审视“计算”与“智能”的边界问题,并成为人工智能哲学讨论中不可回避的重要命题。
人工智能与人机交互为计算机科学中2个密切关联,但侧重点在不同的子领域。人工智能侧重于从算法和模型层面解决认知计算问题,试图模拟或重建人的智能过程;而人机交互则强调以人为中心的交互设计,着眼于人的感知、认知与行为特征,致力于通过理论与实践融合,构建自然、高效的人机协同体系。尽管两者在实现路径与方法论上各有侧重,协同构成了从智能建模到交互设计的系统性研究框架,但在目标层面具有高度一致性,即理解和服务于“人”的认知与行为需求。
基于这一认识,本文将AI与HCI的关系概括为“2I”关系,用于刻画智能系统从内部认知建模到外部人机协同实现的技术链条。“2I”关系强调一种功能上的互补:人工智能侧重于提供计算层面的智能能力,而人机交互关注这些能力如何被嵌入具体应用场景并转化为可感知、可操作的系统行为。从这一关系出发,可以更系统地讨论人工智能技术从模型层面的突破走向稳定应用形态所面临的影响因素,以及智能系统由相对封闭的自动化形态向交互式、协作式形态演进的内在机制。
作为推动下一代信息时代发展的关键技术,“2I”关系对计算机科学领域的健康发展具有深远影响。然而,历史上这2个领域长期被独立关注,导致资源配置上的竞争与不平衡:在人工智能发展相对缓慢的时期,人机交互迅速发展;而在人工智能进入高速发展阶段后,人机交互的发展则显得滞后,最终造成前2次人工智能浪潮均因应用落地不足而告一段落[18]
2022年ChatGPT的问世加速了生成式人工智能的发展进程,并被视为第3次人工智能浪潮中的重要阶段性节点[1920]。有学者认为,以ChatGPT为代表的大语言模型标志着一种全新人机交互范式的形成,并在一定程度上推动了计算模式、认知协作方式与人机交互形态的协同变革。从技术演进路径来看,这类大语言模型经历了从大语言到多模态模型,再到智能体与具身智能的演化过程。在人机交互领域,这一进程分别对应着交互范式的变革、多模态交互机制的形成、认知模型的构建,以及具身环境中的交互设计探索。其所代表的大语言模型代表了一种全新的人机交互范式,正在引领计算范式革命、认知协作革命及人机交互革命的同步推进。认为其代表了一种全新的人机交互范式。
大语言模型是一种新的交互范式,而多通道交互和多模态大模型、具身交互和具身智能,体现了人机交互和人工智能在学术上的紧密关系和阶段分工。这一技术轨迹反映出2个核心趋势:一是,人们正在努力寻找实现大模型实际落地的关键路径,其中“交互范式”正成为连接技术与应用的桥梁;二是,这一演化清晰地揭示了人工智能与人机交互的内在学术关系,包括通向通用人工智能(artificial general intelligence,AGI)与增强智能这2条不同技术路线之间的差异、人机交互作为人工智能低级阶段的基础地位,以及当前技术仍主要定位在“交互”层面的现实状况。这是一个极具潜力的开端,显示出人工智能正在从封闭式智能向交互式智能演进的趋势。然而,实际发展中投入人机交互的资源仍然有限,至今尚未形成新的交互方式和交互范式。
早在21世纪初,人机交互领域就提出了“自然人机交互”概念,作为机器智能演进的重要起点和第1个奇点,强调如何让机器更准确地理解人类意图,更自然地辅助人类完成任务,乃至于让人类在使用过程中“忘记”机器的存在。这种高度自然的协作状态,一直是人机交互领域的重要目标与技术挑战。
随着AI的高速发展,AI与HCI的关系正经历从割裂对立到融合协同的演化[18]。AI在机器学习、自然语言处理与多模态理解等方面取得突破,使“自然交互”“情境感知”等曾被视为前沿设想的能力逐步落地,推动HCI从传统的“响应式交互”转向“预测与引导式交互”[21]。在此基础上,机器开始具备与人类共同感知、推理和决策的能力,形成人–AI协同(human–AI collaboration)或人智组队(human–AI teaming)的交互模式[2224],强调人机双方在认知与行为层面的优势互补,使交互系统由“工具逻辑”向“伙伴逻辑”转变[25]
在这一演化过程中,AI已由后台算力转变为重塑交互范式的核心驱动力。因此,当前的关键在于如何推动人工智能快速转化为显性的科技能力,并进一步融合人机交互的发展路径,共同催生下一代用户界面(即新交互范式)。正如GUI曾是人工智能成功落地的重要体现,它不仅解放了用户操作的复杂性,也使人类回归图形化思维。“AI+HCI = New UI”正成为一个重要命题,期待新一代的用户界面出现,以真正契合人类认知和行为习惯。每一种界面范式必须有相应的交互工具:人们经历过以键盘为主的字符用户界面时代和以鼠标为核心的图形用户界面时代。而在即将到来的“意图交互”新界面时代,必然也需要更契合这一范式的交互工具。笔作为人类最早的学习工具,是思维采集最有效的载体。同时,笔交互包含了输入和指点功能。根据对笔式用户界面近30年的研究和实践发现[26],笔式交互将会是新界面时代的核心交互工具之一。这一判断也在笔式用户界面平台中得到了具体体现。该平台体现了“2I”关系协同发展的应用实践:一方面,人工智能与大模型为草图识别等底层感知任务提供智能能力;另一方面,通过平台架构与agent(智能体)机制对界面结构与交互流程进行设计与增强,以弥补单纯智能算法在复杂任务理解、用户意图表达及交互连续性方面的不足,从而提升整体系统的可用性与交互效率。
从更长远的视角看,人工智能的目标不应局限于(或主要是)替代人类劳动,更应聚焦于让人回归到“人的脑力劳动”。在实际应用中,人类在知识构建、意义理解与价值创造中的作用仍不可替代,未来的人工智能发展应以“赋能人类”为核心取向。因此,人机交互与人工智能不仅是学术上的并行学科,更在技术落地与应用推广中互为支撑。它们的关系与协同程度,直接影响整个计算机科学领域的健康发展。
在新信息技术快速演进的当下,UI已不再是信息呈现与交互的静态媒介,而正演化为人机共生的认知枢纽。伴随AI在感知、理解、推理与可视化等技术的突破[27],HCI的核心理念由“工具性”向“智能协同性”转型。这一变革不仅重塑了UI的功能定位,也对其设计原则与认知逻辑提出了全新要求——以智能融合、认知共构与动态演化为核心。
因此,“AI+HCI=New UI”的“New”不仅关乎视觉与交互形式的革新,更体现在设计理念、交互范式、智能属性与认知结构的系统性变革,标志着UI从“界面”向“认知模型”和“智能体”的跃迁。在此界定下,“New UI”并非对既有界面形态的重新命名,而是对一种新兴界面范式的概括性指称,其区分性特征在于对用户意图、任务语境与认知状态的持续建模能力,并由此重塑人机协作的组织方式。相较于以操作可视化、交互自然化或单一模型驱动为核心的既有界面范式,“New UI”更强调人工智能能力与交互机制在系统层面的协同演化。
这一范式转变在交互层面上体现为从显式指令逻辑向意图导向交互的过渡。传统HCI范式中,交互建立在显式命令逻辑上,强调用户输入与系统响应的确定映射。而在AI赋能或普适计算的人机共生语境下,UI须具备语境感知、意图识别与动态调节的能力,实现以语义理解为核心的意图交互[2829]。这种新型交互突破了传统操作层的边界,通过自然语言、多模态输入及语境建模,重构了人机理解链条[30]。UI由“被动响应”的容器转变为具备理解与共感能力的交互主体,在语义、情境与认知层面实现智能协同。
从设计哲学层面看,“New UI”的理论根基已由“以人为中心”转向“以人机共智为中心”。早期HCI强调以用户任务与体验为核心,而AI的引入使系统具备学习、自适应与共创能力,交互目标由“优化体验”扩展为“增强智能”。界面不再是单向服务对象,而是用户认知的参与者与外化体。借助AI画像、动态建模与持续学习等技术,系统可根据用户特征与任务语境动态演化,实现“千人千界”的自适应交互,从而构建认知增强型共智体系[31]
在技术路径上,AI的深度介入推动了UI从“人工设计”迈向“自主演化”。借助无代码平台、生成式设计与交互反馈学习机制[32],“New UI”具备根据任务复杂度、用户状态与环境变化进行自我重构与进化的能力。这一能力使UI由“静态产品”转为“可持续演化的交互生态”,实现“在使用中学习、在交互中进化”的逻辑[33],标志着软件生命周期的范式跃迁,即UI成为持续演化的“智能体”,软件则转化为动态生成的“共生系统”。
从研究脉络上看,“New UI”并非孤立提出,而是延续了合作式认知界面、混合主动界面与意图感知界面等研究方向[3436]中关于界面主动参与认知分工与决策支持的思想。随着生成式人工智能与持续学习机制的引入,界面逐步由任务执行的媒介转向参与人类认知过程外化与扩展的系统组件。由此,“AI+HCI=New UI”并非技术要素的简单叠加,而是对智能能力与交互机制协同重塑界面角色的概念性概括。
在认知理论层面,“New UI”的认知内涵正从传统的“信息加工”范式,迈向以扩充心智与分布式认知为理论支撑的认知共构框架[3738]。在这一框架下,UI不再是单纯的信息传递媒介,而是人类认知系统的外化载体与智能伙伴。通过与AI的深度融合,UI参与用户的思维组织、语义建构与策略生成,形成动态协同的认知机制,实现从“显示层”到“认知层”的跃升,成为支撑人机共生的“认知外骨骼”。
“New UI”的终极形态体现为混合智能驱动的共智界面[39]。在此形态下,UI兼容人类的创造性与价值判断,以及AI的计算与生成能力,不再是指令执行的终点,而是智能共构的起点。它以“共智逻辑”为核心,推动人机关系由“主客体”走向“共生体”,由“操作逻辑”迈向“认知共构”的智能逻辑。
自1960年约瑟夫·利克莱德(J.C.R. Licklider)提出“人机共生”理念以来,人类对人与机器关系的理解不断深化。他所设想的深度协同,并非以计算机替代人类为目标,而是致力于在人类智能与机器能力之间建立高效互补关系。
人机关系的理解与实践不断深化。从早期以文字为工具的“字符式交互”,到GUI实现的人机命令式操作,再到当下由人工智能驱动的“协同交互”与“智能代理”,人机交互逐渐从“命令界面”转向“认知伙伴”。在此过程中,人工智能的融入使系统具备环境感知、用户建模与情境理解等能力,推动HCI由被动响应转向主动预测与动态协同,实现了在“智能化”与“人性化”2个维度的同步突破。
纵观人机交互的发展,从利克莱德的“人机共生”理念,到恩格尔巴特的增强人类智慧(augmenting human intellect,即提升一个人处理复杂问题情境、获得符合其特定需求的理解,以及推导出问题解决方案的能力)[40],再到任向实提出的“人机共协计算”(human−engaged computing,HEC)[41],以及当代自然用户界面(natural user interface,NUI)的演进,皆指向同一目标:通过技术激发并增强人类的感知、认知与行为潜能,促进人机智能的协同共进。
然而,进入21世纪以来,尽管人机交互在产业与应用层取得了显著成就,但在思想创新、理论体系、范式建构等方面仍显薄弱。传统的交互范式已难以满足智能系统日益复杂、动态且多模态的用户需求,迫切需要重塑人机交互与人工智能的关系,推动新一代智能交互范式的构建。基于“HCI+AI=New UI”的理念,推动界面从静态的视觉窗口转变为智能代理与用户之间的动态对话空间,进而实现“人机共生”。这不仅是技术层面的突破,更是对人与技术、人与社会关系的系统性再定义。
人机交互研究应跳脱狭义技术视角,从人类文明是否存亡的角度去思考和理解。作为一门具有深远人文意义的学科,人机交互有能力引导技术发挥其积极作用,规避其潜在的负面影响。同时,站在技术与人文的交汇点上,更应以全球视野看待人机交互的未来发展。过去100年间西方文明主导了科技发展,而在充满不确定性的当今时代,东方“和而不同、共生共长”的思想开始凸显其价值。唯有在人文与技术、东西方智慧、科学与艺术之间建立对话机制,才能真正走向一个人与技术共融共生的未来世界。
  • 中国科学院软件研究所重大项目(ISCAS−ZD202401)
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2026年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.07.00073
  • 接收时间:2025-07-14
  • 首发时间:2026-04-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-14
  • 修回日期:2026-03-01
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中国科学院软件研究所重大项目(ISCAS−ZD202401)
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    中国科学院软件研究所,北京 100190
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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