Article(id=1254112855217865025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1254112841712206109, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748880000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-03, revisedDate=1772294400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776933404973, onlineDateStr=2026-04-23, pubDate=1776009600000, pubDateStr=2026-04-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776933404973, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776933404973, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776933404973, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1254112841712206109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776009600000', pubDateStr='2026-04-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776933401732, creator='13041195026', updateTime=1776934002915, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1254115363315191985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1254112841712206109, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1254115363315191986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1254112841712206109, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=69, endPage=79, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1254112857935774022, articleId=1254112855217865025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Rhythm−based synergized interactions, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Human–engaged computing (HEC) opens up new research directions for the study of ideal human–computer relationships. A key concept within HEC—synergized interactions—has emerged as a primary research focus. However, how synergized interactions occur, sustain, and can be systematically realized in concrete interactive processes remains insufficiently articulated. Our study introduces a perspective of rhythm to reveal the critical role of rhythm in achieving synergized interactions. We propose that rhythm-based synergized interactions are observable and computable, and construct a comprehensive theoretical framework comprising three components: (1) state definition: we define synergized rhythms as a determinable state of synergized interactions, and establish a computational framework that includes human rhythms, computer rhythms, interaction rhythms, and synergized coefficients, (2) regulation mechanisms: we propose two types of regulatory pathways: time–point–based synergized rhythms and time–interval–based synergized rhythms, and (3) design principles: we design feedbacks for shallow detection based on time-point adjustments and deep detection based on time-interval adjustments. Our study provides a practical framework and developmental pathways for future theoretical extensions and system design in the field of synergized interactions.

, authors=null, authorsList=Peng TAN, Zixue CHENG, Xiangshi REN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangshi REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1254112864084623699, articleId=1254112855217865025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=基于节奏的共协交互, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

人机共协计算(human−engaged computing,HEC)为理想的人机关系的研究开辟了新的研究方向。其中的一个重要概念——共协交互(synergized interactions)正在成为研究的关注点。然而,共协交互在具体交互过程中如何发生、如何维持以及如何被系统地实现,仍缺乏清晰界定。本研究通过引入节奏(rhythm)视角,揭示了节奏在实现共协交互中的关键作用,提出基于节奏的共协交互可被观察和计算,并从定义、机制与原则3个方面构建了综合的理论框架:(1)在状态定义上,界定共协节奏(synergized rhythms)为共协交互的可判定状态,建立包含人的节奏、计算机的节奏、交互节奏与共协系数的计算框架;(2)在节奏调节机制上,提出基于时间点的共协节奏与基于时间间隔的共协节奏两类调节路径;(3)在设计原则上,设计基于时间点调整的浅层探测反馈与基于时间间隔调整的深层探测反馈。通过步行创造力系统(WalkMe)与跑步冥想系统(RunMe)2项实证研究,验证了基于节奏的共协交互调节机制能够显著提升交互效率和人的能力(创造力与专注力)。研究为共协交互领域的未来理论扩展与系统设计提供了实践框架与发展路径。

, authors=

檀鹏,博士,研究方向为共协交互与数字健康,电子信箱:

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任向实(通信作者),教授,研究方向为人机交互、人机共协计算,电子信箱:
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檀鹏 1, 2 , 程子学 3, 4 , 任向实 1, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(7): 69-79
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基于节奏的共协交互
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檀鹏1, 2 , 程子学3, 4, 任向实1, *
作者信息
  • 1高知工科大学信息学院,日本高知 7828502
  • 2复旦大学粤港澳大湾区精准医学研究院(广州),广州510000
  • 3会津大学计算机理工学部,日本福岛 9658580
  • 4上海工程技术大学,上海 201620
通讯作者:
任向实(通信作者),教授,研究方向为人机交互、人机共协计算,电子信箱:
Rhythm−based synergized interactions
Peng TAN1, 2 , Zixue CHENG3, 4, Xiangshi REN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Informatics, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 7828502, Japan
  • 2Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
  • 3School of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Aizu, Fukushima 9658580, Japan
  • 4Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
出版时间: 2026-04-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00008
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人机共协计算(human−engaged computing,HEC)为理想的人机关系的研究开辟了新的研究方向。其中的一个重要概念——共协交互(synergized interactions)正在成为研究的关注点。然而,共协交互在具体交互过程中如何发生、如何维持以及如何被系统地实现,仍缺乏清晰界定。本研究通过引入节奏(rhythm)视角,揭示了节奏在实现共协交互中的关键作用,提出基于节奏的共协交互可被观察和计算,并从定义、机制与原则3个方面构建了综合的理论框架:(1)在状态定义上,界定共协节奏(synergized rhythms)为共协交互的可判定状态,建立包含人的节奏、计算机的节奏、交互节奏与共协系数的计算框架;(2)在节奏调节机制上,提出基于时间点的共协节奏与基于时间间隔的共协节奏两类调节路径;(3)在设计原则上,设计基于时间点调整的浅层探测反馈与基于时间间隔调整的深层探测反馈。通过步行创造力系统(WalkMe)与跑步冥想系统(RunMe)2项实证研究,验证了基于节奏的共协交互调节机制能够显著提升交互效率和人的能力(创造力与专注力)。研究为共协交互领域的未来理论扩展与系统设计提供了实践框架与发展路径。

人机交互  /  人机共协计算  /  共协交互  /  节奏  /  共协节奏

Human–engaged computing (HEC) opens up new research directions for the study of ideal human–computer relationships. A key concept within HEC—synergized interactions—has emerged as a primary research focus. However, how synergized interactions occur, sustain, and can be systematically realized in concrete interactive processes remains insufficiently articulated. Our study introduces a perspective of rhythm to reveal the critical role of rhythm in achieving synergized interactions. We propose that rhythm-based synergized interactions are observable and computable, and construct a comprehensive theoretical framework comprising three components: (1) state definition: we define synergized rhythms as a determinable state of synergized interactions, and establish a computational framework that includes human rhythms, computer rhythms, interaction rhythms, and synergized coefficients, (2) regulation mechanisms: we propose two types of regulatory pathways: time–point–based synergized rhythms and time–interval–based synergized rhythms, and (3) design principles: we design feedbacks for shallow detection based on time-point adjustments and deep detection based on time-interval adjustments. Our study provides a practical framework and developmental pathways for future theoretical extensions and system design in the field of synergized interactions.

human−computer interaction  /  human−engaged computing  /  synergized interactions  /  rhythm  /  synergized rhythms
檀鹏, 程子学, 任向实. 基于节奏的共协交互. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (7) : 69 -79 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00008
Peng TAN, Zixue CHENG, Xiangshi REN. Rhythm−based synergized interactions[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (7) : 69 -79 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00008
节奏(rhythm)在工程控制、运动科学、设计、音乐、认知神经科学或数字医疗等多个学科领域中,一直被赋予高度的重要性,其掌握、理解与控制具有关键意义[1]。节奏不仅体现为外显的动作模式,如音乐节拍、步态节奏、呼吸节律,也深刻影响着认知、情绪与行为调节[2]。例如,在运动科学中,研究表明步行时的节奏调节为心智活动创造了动态适配的内在节律,能够显著激发创造性思维[3]。在音乐领域,节奏与和声的结合被证明能够增强音乐的表现力和情感共鸣[4]。此外,节奏的调节在生物运动的视听整合中也发挥了重要作用,如人脑神经振荡能够追踪并编码生物运动中的层级节律结构,这种节律的一致性显著提升了视觉搜索的效率[5]
在人机交互(human−computer interaction,HCI)领域,节奏已被作为互动过程中的关键设计元素/品质,促进用户感知和动作的动态适配[1]。若在交互任务中缺乏对节奏的把握,往往会导致任务执行效率下降、交互体验紊乱,乃至系统故障等问题[6]。例如,过度依赖智能节奏提示的运动训练系统可能削弱用户自身的节奏感知与调整能力[7]。不难发现,节奏的失控不仅影响交互的效率,更对人的能力有潜在消极作用。特别是在当下人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)技术(如ChatGPT、大语言模型)迅猛发展,人们愈发关注机器智能增强的同时也在反思AI浪潮对人类自身能力体系的潜在冲击[89]。例如,AI成瘾和过度依赖导致生活节律失调,还在HCI中引发了信息过量以及输入输出节奏不适配等问题[1012]。传统的HCI方法已不足以应对这些挑战,需要引入新的方法来解决这些问题。因此,如何在人、机之间建立新的理想平衡关系,实现HCI的节奏动态适配,已经成为时下AI时代亟待研究的关键议题。
值得注意的是,近年来,理想的人机关系一直都在被探索,如人机融合(human−computer integration)[13]、人智协同(human−AI collaboration)[14]、人机共协计算(human−engaged computing,HEC)[1516]。其中,HEC提出了具体的理论体系[16],HEC包含5个框架概念[17],本研究将聚焦于其中的共协交互(synergized interactions),去实现这一理想关系的路径揭示。共协交互提供了一个哲学视角,旨在实现人与机之间的“中庸式的平衡(right balance)”[15]。这种“中庸式的平衡”并非指比例上的绝对平等,而是指在交互中为双方合理分配比例。这种交互模式的目标是为双方创造一种共协效应(synergy),即整体大于部分之和[16]
然而,共协交互作为一个新颖的概念和理论,无论是理论本身的发展还是基于理论的具体实现路径都需要不断地去探索,也为更多理论和实践的创新带来机遇。本研究尝试提出并论证基于节奏的共协交互框架和机制,主张以节奏为切入点,提出共协交互节奏(synergized rhythms,共协节奏)是实现共协交互的一个路径,探索迈向人机共协的节奏调节机制(rhythm adjustment mechanism),通过实证研究逐步搭建起可行的理论模型与应用策略,期望为当前及未来的人机关系研究提供新的启示与实践方向。
从更广泛的历史与系统视角来看,人类与自然、环境、他人及人工物之间的协同关系,始终伴随着节奏的生成与调节。从农耕文明的“日出而作、日落而息”的自然节律,到工业时代流水线协作的标准化协作节拍,再到数字时代高度互联的实时计算系统,这些不同形态的协作关系本质上均依赖于节奏对行为、认知与组织方式的约束与协调。节奏通过物理层面的时间组织、心理层面的注意与心智调节,以及社会层面的规范与价值引导,为复杂系统的演进提供了一种动态适配的范式。因此,从节奏的生成机制与调节规律入手,理解人与技术系统间如何逐步形成稳定而有效的共协关系,为共协交互的实现提供理论线索。
关于节奏的研究,亨利·列斐伏尔(Henri Lefebvre)提出节奏是一切运动在时间上的组织,既体现客观现象的延续性、顺序性和规律性,又包含人对时间的知觉与体验[18]。这一视角揭示了节奏作为动态适配媒介的本质。在HCI领域该视角得到进一步深化,布里吉特·科斯特洛(Brigid Costello)强调理解用户与系统在动态时间流中的节奏共振,并指出优良的交互系统应如同爵士乐队的伴奏者,既能感知主旋律的节奏特征,又能通过动态调整形成支持性呼应[2]。当用户的操作频率因任务变化产生波动时,系统界面响应延迟的智能调节;当多用户协作产生节奏冲突时,系统通过可视化节拍器促进群体同步[3,19]。这些实践都印证了节奏调节作为共协交互核心机制的可行性。
将这一视角映射到共协交互的场景,例如,在节奏游戏的任务中,从用户操作的数字节拍与系统响应频率的动态适配,到长期使用中行为模式的渐进调适,本质上都是通过节奏调节构建共协关系的过程。在人(认知的、行为的、心智的)节奏与数字系统运行节奏的持续校准与适配过程中,唯有建立动态适配的节奏交互机制,才能实现最终的共协交互。共协交互实现路径之一或许在于人和机(广义地讲,包括智能机器人和其他智能服务和应用)交互式地调整各自的节奏这一动态过程。这种持续的反馈以及行动模式和时间点的相互适应,维持了整个交互过程中的动态平衡节奏。而这个过程的实现得益于如何有效调节交互中的节奏使之逐步迈向共协态下的节奏。需要强调的是,在HEC框架里的共协交互包含2个层面[17],一个是广义上的共协交互,表示人类和技术整体(计算媒介、AI或任何交互式人工物)的共协交互;另一个是狭义的共协交互,即单人和单机的共协交互。本研究是对狭义的共协交互的理论与实证探索。
近年来,节奏与时间性(temporality)逐渐成为人机交互领域的重要研究视角。相关研究主要集中在4个方向[2021]:(1) “temporality in HCI”关注用户在交互过程中对时间流逝、节奏变化与交互节拍的主观感知及其体验意义,强调时间体验如何影响用户对任务进程、认知负荷与情境意义的理解;(2) “rhythmic interaction”强调交互过程中节奏一致性与节奏感的表达方式,探讨节奏匹配如何增强用户的参与感、流畅性与沉浸体验[22];(3) “adaptive feedback models”从系统调节视角出发,研究系统如何依据用户操作频率、行为模式或任务状态,对反馈的时机、频率与强度进行动态调整[23];(4) “bio−rhythmic HCI”则进一步引入心率、呼吸、步态等生理节律信号,使交互系统能够感知并适配人的内在生理节奏,以支持更具个体差异性的交互过程[24]
上述研究在改善交互体验、提升系统响应灵敏度和个体化适配方面取得了重要进展。然而,这些研究在理论层面普遍存在一个共同特征,即将节奏视为交互过程中的体验属性、调节变量或适应性输入信号,而较少将其上升为一种用于实现特定人机关系目标的核心机制。换言之,现有研究主要关注系统如何在既定目标下更高效地响应或适应人的节奏,而并未明确节奏在交互过程中是否对应某种可被判定的关系状态,亦未讨论节奏调节如何驱动人机关系在时间进程中发生结构性变化。
这一差异在共协交互的相关研究中尤为突出[17,25]。在HEC框架中,共协交互被提出作为一种理想的人机关系形态,其目标并非单向适应或体验优化,而是通过持续的双向调节,实现人与机在能力、负荷与决策层面的协同放大。然而,现有研究多停留在对共协交互价值取向与哲学立场的讨论层面,对于共协交互在具体交互过程中如何发生、如何维持以及如何被系统地实现,仍缺乏清晰界定。
具体而言,现有研究尚未在操作层面回答以下关键问题:(1) 共协交互是否对应某种可被识别与判定的交互状态;(2) 系统应依据哪些可观测的交互特征或调节变量来判断是否进入共协状态;(3) 在人机持续互动的时间进程中,这种状态应遵循怎样的调节规则与操作流程。上述问题实质上指向共协交互在交互协议(interaction protocol)层面的缺位,即缺乏一套能够描述人机如何通过连续调节逐步迈向共协状态的可执行机制。这一缺失也容易导致“共协交互”在实践中被泛化为结果性描述,从而在概念使用上产生一定程度的混淆。
本研究提出的“共协节奏”及其相应的节奏调节机制,正是针对上述理论空缺展开探索。与既有节奏相关HCI研究不同,本研究并不将节奏仅视为体验品质或适应性反馈的输入变量,而是将其界定为共协交互状态的判定依据与调节中介。在这一视角下,节奏不仅反映系统对人类节律的被动响应,更体现为人机双方在时间结构、行动节拍与调节速率上的持续协调过程,并由此构成一套可被描述和复用的交互协议,为共协交互的实现提供操作性基础。
人与计算机之间的交互天然涉及节奏。如图1所示,在人机交互中一般包括了3种节奏:人的节奏(如跑步时的步频)、计算机的节奏(如跑步时耳机交互系统提供适应性的音频反馈)和交互节奏(即涉及人与计算机动态“纠缠”(entanglement)状态下所涌现或塑造的节奏)[1]。例如,在跑步场景中,运动软件根据跑者的生理数据(如心率)实时推荐音乐,其节拍与人的步频、心率相互影响、动态适配,形成一种紧密纠缠的互交互节奏状态。在交互初期,双方的输入节奏往往并不匹配,需要通过持续互动逐步实现相互适应或同步[18]。需要强调的是,本研究中的同步与适配均为相对概念,而非绝对一致。节奏中的微小差异往往会对交互行为产生累积性影响,并进一步塑造交互过程[26]。通过人与机之间的持续适应,其节奏行为可逐步形成动态平衡,从而实现由“纠缠”到“有序”的转变[1920]。基于此,本研究提出一个基于节奏调整的共协交互框架[25],围绕3个方面展开:(1) 界定共协交互的状态;(2) 提出实现共协节奏的调节机制;(3) 总结基于节奏的共协交互设计原则。
共协节奏是指在交互过程中,通过持续调整人和机的节奏,使其逐步形成动态适配并产生协同增效的交互状态。该状态强调节奏调节的过程性与历史依赖性,即当前节奏并非孤立生成,而是在既往交互基础上不断优化的结果。在共协节奏状态下,人机系统呈现出一种“共振式”的协同关系,从而更有效地完成任务,减少资源消耗并提升整体效率。
为形式化描述这一过程,将人的节奏表示为RH(human rhythm),将机的节奏表示为RC(computer rhythm)。二者在交互中共同构成交互节奏RI(interaction rhythm),其关系可表示为
$ {R}_{\mathrm{I}}=f\left({R}_{\mathrm{H}},{R}_{\mathrm{C}}\right) $
当交互节奏经调节后趋近于理想的共协状态时,对应的节奏记为RSI。为刻画共协程度,引入共协系数ωω>0),其拟合关系表示为
$ \omega =f\left({R}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{I}},{R}_{\mathrm{I}}\right) $
在具体分析中,本文关注基于时间点与时间间隔的节奏动态适配,将上述关系简化为
$ \omega ={R}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{I}}/{R}_{\mathrm{I}} $
式中,ε表示RSIRI的节奏实现共协交互的允许偏差范围,当|ω − 1| ≤ εε>0)时,认为交互节奏达到共协状态。该调节过程既可以由机发起以适应人的节奏,也可以由人适应机的节奏,直至双方形成相互可持续的动态理想节奏。
实现交互中的共协节奏,需要构建明确的节奏调节机制。本研究区分2种基础但相互关联的调节状态:同步(synchronization)与适应性同步(adaptive synchronization)。其中,同步主要指交互双方在时间点层面的节奏对齐,而适应性同步则强调在交互过程中,双方基于时间间隔的持续调整而形成的动态对齐关系。2种状态并非线性阶段,而是在交互过程中以循环方式反复出现,通过持续反馈与修正维持人机节奏的动态适配。共协节奏所关注的,并非单一时刻的精确对齐,而是交互过程中对“提前”(ahead of time)与“延迟”(delay)等时间差的持续处理[2728]。通过节奏调节,系统能够在检测到节奏偏离期望状态时,为后续行动点提供自适应反馈,使交互逐步趋近于理想的共协状态。为此,本文提出2类互补的节奏调节路径,对应于不同层级的节奏控制需求(图2)。
1) 基于时间点的共协节奏,强调在交互过程中,通过对关键行动时间点的精确调整,实现人与机节奏的初步协同。这一机制适用于节奏结构相对明确、可被离散化的交互情境。例如,在节奏游戏中,系统通过判定玩家触击与预设节拍的偏差并提供反馈,实现“机随人动”或“人随机动”的离散调节。在该阶段,主要涉及2种基本调节机制:机制1(机适应人)中,将RSI设定为等同于人的节奏RH,机的节奏RC持续伴随并响应人的节奏变化;机制2(人适应机)中,则将RSI设定为等同于机的节奏RC,人通过感知系统反馈逐步调整自身节奏。这两种机制均以时间点对齐为核心目标,为共协交互提供最低限度但必要的节奏基础。
2) 基于时间间隔的共协节奏。相比之下,基于时间间隔的共协节奏关注的是节奏单元(unit of rhythm)之间的持续时间结构,其核心目标在于实现更深层次的适应性同步。这一机制更适用于节奏连续变化、难以通过单一时间点描述的交互场景。例如,在节奏游戏中,系统通过分析玩家操作的节奏状态,并引导其回归目标韵律,实现操作流与音乐流之间更深层的动态平衡与自适应同步。该阶段主要对应机制3(混合调节机制)。在这一机制中,RHRC均不再作为唯一的协同标准,而是引入一个独立的协同节奏RSI。调节过程通常分为2个相互衔接的步骤:首先,在时间点层面建立初始协同;随后,在节奏单元层面对时间间隔进行持续微调,使双方节奏逐步逼近RSI。通过这一过程,共协节奏不再表现为瞬时对齐,而是体现为可持续的动态平衡。
在上述共协节奏框架与调节机制的基础上,本研究进一步提出基于节奏的共协交互设计原则,以支持共协交互在具体系统中的实现。这些原则并非针对特定应用场景,而是为HCI设计者提供一组可迁移的节奏调节思路,用于在计算层面观察、实现并平衡人机之间的共协关系。如图3所示,本研究将基于节奏的共协交互设计概括为2种基本路径:基于时间点调整的浅层探测反馈设计与基于时间间隔调整的深层探测反馈设计。二者分别对应不同深度的节奏感知与调节需求,并在实际系统中可形成互补关系。
1) 基于时间点调整的浅层探测反馈设计。该设计强调在交互过程中识别并利用关键时间点,实现人与机节奏对齐。系统通过检测人在这些时间点上的节奏差(deference of rhythm),提供即时反馈,引导节奏向共协方向调整。该设计支持机适应人或人适应机2种调节路径,适用于节奏结构清晰、反馈需要快速生效的交互场景。在设计时,允许一定范围内的动态适配区间,以容纳节奏的自然波动,而非追求绝对点对齐。同时,反馈应具有即时性与可感知性,使用户能在不增加额外认知负担的情况下完成节奏调整。
2) 基于时间间隔调整的深层探测反馈设计。深层探测反馈设计侧重于对节奏时间结构的持续感知与调节,通过分析节奏单元之间的时间间隔,实现更稳定的适应性同步。系统在建立初始时间点协同后,进一步通过对时间间隔的动态微调,引导交互节奏持续逼近RSI,从而支持长期、可持续的共协交互。该设计强调相对节奏关系的调整,而非瞬时对齐结果。反馈不仅用于指出偏差,更用于塑造用户与系统对节奏的整体判断方式。在此过程中,系统需要具备一定的稳定与缓冲机制,以避免因过度调节而引发节奏振荡。
本节通过2个实证研究实例,展示第2节提出的基于节奏的共协交互框架如何实现共协交互系统与验证。不同于将节奏仅作为体验属性或调节变量的既有研究,这2个案例均以“共协节奏(RSI)是否形成”为核心分析视角,并明确对应第2节中提出的3种节奏调节机制。本研究聚焦于日常生活中的基本身体活动(走路和跑步),探讨在人机持续交互过程中,人类节奏(RH)与系统节奏(RC)如何通过节奏调节机制逐步逼近并形成稳定的交互节奏(RI),并最终迈向共协节奏状态(RSI)。分别以作者团队研发的步行创造力系统[29]与跑步冥想系统[19]为例对原理进行说明。
步行创造力是关于步行时激发人创造力的探索。随着移动与可穿戴技术的发展,步行过程中聆听声音已成为日常行为,一系列研究发现,节奏音乐、环境音或白噪声等声音刺激能够帮助行者调节注意力状态,从而促进放松与创造性思维的产生。然而,尽管“步行”与“声音”分别被证明与创造力相关,二者在节奏层面如何形成可被调节的交互关系,仍缺乏系统性探索。为此,本研究提出并研究“步声交互”(footsteps and sound interactions,FSI),以考察不同节奏映射方式对步行创造力的影响。
需要指出的是,在本研究语境中,“创造力”并非指特定任务产出的效率提升,而是指个体在持续步行过程中,通过身心协同,尤其是借助步行节奏与声音节奏的交互,所激发的发散性思维能力。尽管HCI领域关于创造力支持工具的研究已持续20余年,但多数工作聚焦于静态或任务导向情境,针对步行这一连续、节奏化的日常行为,且以节奏交互为核心变量的研究仍十分有限。因此,本研究并非仅比较不同声音类型的效果,而是试图揭示步行节奏与系统反馈节奏在时间结构上的互动方式。
此外,环境因素对步行创造力的影响也为节奏调节提出了额外挑战。已有研究表明,户外环境中的多重感官刺激可能导致注意力分散,而过度集中或过度分心均不利于发散性思维的发展。注意力与创造力之间呈现出高度动态且非线性的关系,其变化往往与运动节奏及外部刺激的时间特征密切相关。这一复杂背景进一步凸显了在步行场景中引入“基于时间点的节奏调节机制”的必要性,以帮助个体在变化环境中维持可持续的注意力—创造力平衡。
基于上述研究动机,设计了一个FSI框架,开发了集成式节奏脚步–声音交互系统(WalkMe),如图4[29]所示。系统包含3种交互模式:以步频驱动声音节奏的“footstep−driven sound stimulation”(FSS)、以声音节奏引导步频的“sound−driven footstep regulation”(SFR),以及作为对照条件的“random footstep and sound interactions”(RFSI)。3 种声步交互节奏模式被嵌入到移动端系统与界面中。该系统整合了手机(终端平台)、手表(心率与步频数据的实时探测)和耳机(音频素材的反馈)。随后,开展了一项包含64名参与者的用户研究,对不同FSI模式在室内与室外环境中的效果进行比较评估。
从第2节提出的共协节奏理论视角来看,FSS与SFR分别对应于“基于时间点的共协节奏调节机制”中的机制1(机适应人)与机制2(人适应机)。在FSS模式中,系统以用户的步行节奏(RH)为参考,通过在关键时间点生成同步的声音反馈,使机的节奏(RC)持续贴合人的节奏;在SFR模式中,则以系统设定的声音节奏为基准,引导用户在时间点层面调整步频。这2种模式均体现了第2节所定义的“基于时间点调整的浅层探测反馈设计”:系统通过对关键行动时间点的实时感知与反馈,促成人与机在局部时间结构上的同步,而不涉及对时间间隔或独立协同节奏(RSI)的持续建模。为此,制定了4个研究问题(RQ)来指导研究。RQ1:如何设计与开发一个映射当前FSI模式并支持步行创造力的系统?RQ2:哪种FSI模式在步行时更有效地提升创造力?RQ3:不同的FSI模式对步行创造力期间的持续表现有何影响?RQ4:室内和室外环境分别对步行创造力期间的各种FSI模式产生何种影响?
实验结果表明,FSS与SFR在调节注意力与创造力方面呈现出互补特征。SFR模式通过强化对声音节奏的关注,有助于提升当下体验与注意力稳定性;FSS模式则通过将声音嵌入自然步行节奏,降低认知负担,更有利于激发创造性联想。然而,2种模式也分别暴露出局限性:FSS更容易出现注意力游离,而SFR则可能引发紧张或控制感过强的问题。这一发现从实证层面揭示了仅依赖单向同步机制难以维持长期、稳定的理想交互状态。此外,结果显示,两种环境并未改变FSS与SFR在功能上的基本差异,但显著放大了其各自的优势与局限:在室外环境中,FSS模式更易与环境刺激形成自然融合,从而促进创造性联想;而在室内相对受限的空间中,SFR模式对注意力的结构化调节作用更为突出。该结果表明,环境因素并非独立作用,而是通过与节奏反馈模式的耦合,共同塑造步行过程中的注意力—创造力平衡。因此,本研究进一步提出,理想的节奏交互模式应融合FSS与SFR的优势,通过在关键时间点实现双向调节,以缓解单一同步路径的局限。需要强调的是,步行创造力系统并未直接构建或维持一个独立的共协节奏(RSI),而是作为一种探索性案例,用于验证机制1与机制2在基于时间点调节中的作用边界。这一结果为后续引入基于时间间隔的适应性同步机制(机制3)奠定了经验基础,并直接引出了在更复杂情境中实现完整共协节奏的需求。
跑步冥想是关于跑步时增强用户冥想实践的探索。冥想作为一种被广泛认可的正念实践,可以通过注意力和身体调节来改善心理健康和福祉。尽管静态冥想(如内观和坐禅)已经被广泛研究,但人们对动态冥想(如太极拳、瑜伽和步行冥想)的潜在益处也越来越感兴趣。随着交互技术的发展,许多研究利用虚拟现实设备或基于正念的移动应用程序,探索了坐姿或步行环境中的动态冥想。然而,对于跑步冥想这一相对较新的冥想形式,研究还相对较少。鉴于跑步已成为一种流行的日常生活方式,以及久坐生活方式和心理健康问题的普遍性,探索创新方法如跑步冥想既及时又相关。跑步冥想代表了体育锻炼和冥想实践的一种新颖融合。然而,研究发现很少有研究调查声音和脚步交互在正念冥想中的重要性。尽管一些研究探索了声音和脚步交互在步行冥想中的积极作用,但这些研究主要关注单向反馈,缺乏对双向自适应系统的深入探索。此外,跑步作为一种剧烈且复杂的活动,引入了诸如步态和心率不稳定等挑战,这些挑战经常干扰个体的注意力和正念状态。这与步行或保持坐姿时更宁静的环境形成了鲜明对比。跑步的独特性质对跑步冥想中声音和脚步交互的适用性提出了新的挑战。
本研究调查了跑步冥想的适应性声音系统的设计、实施和用户评估,探索其在移动环境中增强正念、注意力集中和身体意识的潜力。研究聚焦于3个关键设计挑战,而这些挑战源自跑步动力学和交互式冥想技术的既有研究的综合分析。首先,在设计刺激机制层面:跑步冥想对刺激技术的设计提出了独特且具有挑战性的要求,例如,在移动环境中响应跑步者的精神和身体表现的变化。跑步冥想中的刺激机制可以根据用户意识和行为的变化进行调整。此外,刺激机制可以在不同状态下提供不同的反馈。其次,在设计调节机制层面:调节机制旨在借助技术支持维持用户冥想状态的动态平衡。调节技术可以帮助用户将心率和步频适应于其生物和行为刺激的节奏。这需要选择合适的技术来调整并确定哪种刺激最适合跑步者在跑步环境中的自我调节。最后,在实现适应性数据交互层面:以往的研究主要关注单向适应,例如,根据脚步推荐合适的音乐。然而,本研究提出了一种更具交互性和双向适应的方法,其中系统不仅响应用户输入,而且根据用户的生理和环境变化动态响应和调整。这种双向适应在维持系统刺激与用户自我调节之间的平衡方面至关重要,特别是在生理参数不稳定或外部环境因素引入干扰和分心的情况下。这3个设计挑战在机制层面共同指向一种以持续节奏调节为核心的交互结构,其关键并不在于某一瞬时行为是否与系统同步,而在于跑步过程中节奏单元(如步频周期、心率变化周期)之间的时间间隔能否维持在一个动态可调的稳定区间内。这一特征使跑步冥想区别于步行或坐姿冥想,也为其与第2节提出的基于时间间隔的共协节奏调节机制建立了直接关联。
研究开发了一个名为RunMe的自适应声音系统(图5[19],旨在通过调节用户的跑步节奏和心率来支持冥想实践。
RunMe包含3种机制:(1) 刺激机制通过设备的数据探测给予适应性的听觉刺激;(2) 调节机制系统在探测到用户基于听觉刺激响应后的动态机制调节;(3) 数据交互的实时性来形成适应性音频系统的刺激−反馈闭环。RunMe系统通过实时监测用户的心率和步频,动态调整音频反馈,帮助用户在跑步过程中保持专注和放松。RunMe的核心机制在于实现人与机之间的共协节奏,通过节奏的调节促进用户的身(跑步)与心(冥想)之间的协同。从第2节提出的共协节奏框架来看,RunMe并未将人的节奏(RH)或系统的节奏(RC)作为唯一参照标准,而是通过持续监测跑步过程中节奏单元之间的时间间隔变化,引入一个动态更新的协同节奏目标(RSI)。系统通过逐步调节音频节奏结构,RHRC在时间间隔层面持续逼近RSI,对应于第2节所定义的机制3:基于时间间隔的混合节奏调节机制。这一过程体现的是适应性同步而非瞬时同步。
系统通过智能手表检测用户的心率和步频,并根据这些数据实时调整音频的节奏和类型。例如,当用户的心率过高时,系统会播放舒缓的音乐以帮助用户放松;当步频过快时,系统会通过调整音频节奏来引导用户放慢步伐。这种动态调节不仅帮助用户维持在一个理想的生理状态,还促进了用户的身体与心智之间的共协节奏。这一调节过程体现了第2节提出的基于时间间隔调整的深层探测反馈设计原则:系统并非在单一时间点发出纠正信号,而是通过对连续节奏单元的趋势性分析,逐步影响用户对节奏的判断与调节,从而在更深层次上实现人机节奏的动态适配。
用户研究结果表明,RunMe组在注意力调节、身体意识和冥想状态方面显著优于其他组(如非自适应声音组、用户偏好音乐组和无声音组)。参与者报告称,在使用RunMe时,其能够更容易地进入一种深度专注的状态,并且在跑步过程中感受到一种身心合一的体验。这种体验不仅提升了冥想的效果,还增强了用户的整体跑步体验。需要指出的是,本研究对共协节奏的实现仍处于初步阶段。RunMe目前仅在单一模态(声音)、单人—单机的交互语境下实现了对共协节奏(RSI)的近似建模与调节,尚未涉及多模态整合或多主体协作情境。然而,该系统为验证基于时间间隔的共协节奏在动态高强度活动中的可行性提供了关键实例。
以上探索不仅验证了通过节奏调节实现共协交互的潜力,还展示了其在提升人能力(如创造力和专注力)方面的实际应用价值。通过优化人机之间的节奏互动,共协交互为未来交互技术的设计提供了新的思路和方法。无论是步行创造力还是跑步冥想,共协交互都通过动态调节节奏,实现了人与机系统、身体与心智之间的共协,为用户提供了更加丰富和高效的体验。这种探索不仅推动了HCI领域的理论发展,也为实践设计师提供了具体的设计原则和指导,促进了人能力的提升和人机关系的共协发展。
基于前文提出的基于节奏的共协交互框架(第2节)及其在步行创造力系统与跑步冥想系统中的验证(第3节),进一步从理论拓展与应用前景2个层面,讨论节奏作为一种核心调节机制,对未来共协交互研究的启示。本节将关注节奏在不同学科语境下的解释潜力,以及其在真实复杂情境中的扩展价值。
基于节奏的跨学科特性,本研究从“气”、涌现(emergence)与共振(resonance)3个视角,对共协交互进行理论延展。这3个视角分别对应于节奏的整体感知状态、过程生成机制与理想稳定形态,在不同层级上补充了共协节奏的理论内涵。
1) “气”的视角,节奏作为整体流动状态。“气”的视角强调一种整体性、连续性与动态平衡的交互感知方式,可被视为对共协节奏在体验层面的隐喻性描述[3031]。在中国传统思想中,“气”被理解为贯穿个体与环境的流动能量,其核心并非离散事件,而是整体流畅性与要素之间的动态适配。引入这一视角,并非停留在文化隐喻层面,而是为共协节奏的状态感知提供直观解释路径。在HCI语境下,“气”的流动可对应于信息流的连贯性与交互过程中的能量消耗。当交互节奏频繁中断或反馈失衡时,往往伴随着认知负荷上升与体验破坏[32]。因此,可通过眼动、操作序列连贯性等指标,对“节奏流畅度”进行量化建模,并与第2节提出的时间点层面的浅层调节机制形成呼应。
2) 涌现视角,节奏调节中的过程生成性。涌现视角关注的是共协节奏如何在持续调节过程中生成,而非被一次性设定[3334]。在复杂系统理论中,涌现描述了简单局部互动如何在时间积累中形成宏观结构,这一特性与第2节中“适应性同步”的过程逻辑高度一致。在共协交互中,人与机之间基于节奏的反复调节,可能在未被明确设计的情况下形成新的共协模式或冲突结构。例如,多人协作系统中,个体节奏的微小差异可能放大为整体工作流的变化。这表明,共协节奏不应仅被视为一个目标状态(RSI),而应被理解为一个可发生相变的动态过程。从设计角度看,该视角强调对节奏临界点与稳定区间的关注,与第2节中基于时间间隔的深层调节机制形成理论补充,为预测系统稳定性与失稳风险提供依据。
3) 共振视角,共协节奏的理想稳定形态。共振视角为共协节奏提供了一个理想但需谨慎对待的目标状态[3536]。在物理系统中,共振描述了系统在特定频率耦合下能量被放大的现象;在共协交互中,这一放大效应可体现为效率提升、沉浸增强或体验跃迁。当人的行为节奏与系统反馈节奏在相位与频率上达成动态适配时,交互可能进入一种高效且低摩擦的状态,这与第2节中RSI所描述的“共协状态”高度一致。然而,共振同时也意味着风险:过强的耦合可能导致正反馈失控或系统僵化。因此,共协节奏的设计不应追求最大共振,而应关注可调节、可回退的动态平衡。这一视角进一步强调了在共协交互中引入实时监测与耦合强度调节机制的必要性,为后续应用设计提供边界条件。
在人工智能与交互技术快速发展的背景下,当前人机系统在个性化、智能化、自动化与情感交互等方向上虽已取得显著进展,但其核心局限高度一致:多数系统仍依赖静态参数、规则触发或离散状态建模,难以刻画人与环境在真实情境中的持续变化与时间结构。基于节奏的共协交互为这一瓶颈提供了一种统一而底层的解决思路,即如何通过持续感知与调节人与机之间的时间点与时间间隔关系,使交互系统在动态变化中保持协同稳定(RSI)。
从这一视角看,个性化不再是基于用户标签或偏好的静态匹配,而是通过长期捕捉个体的生物与行为节奏,形成可随情境变化而更新的“节奏画像”。例如,心率变异、步态周期、注意力波动等节奏特征,为系统提供了比传统特征更具连续性与预测性的个体描述,使个性化从“参数选择”转向“过程适配”[3739]。在此基础上,智能化也不再仅依赖规则推理或语义理解,而是体现为系统对跨模态节奏关系的理解与预测能力——系统通过对语音、动作、眼动等多通道节奏的耦合分析,推断人的隐含状态与意图,从而实现更具前瞻性的响应[40]。进一步地,自动化在共协节奏框架下被重新定义为一种动态协同过程:机器不再按照预设流程独立运行,而是通过实时调节自身节奏,与人的操作节奏形成互相牵引与修正的关系,从而降低失配与冲突风险,提高整体系统稳定性[41]。最后,情感化交互也不再局限于情绪识别与情感表达,而是通过节奏共振建立一种非显性的情感联结——当系统在节奏层面与人形成动态适配时,情感体验往往作为一种“副产物”自然涌现,而非被显式触发[4243]
因此,个性化、智能化、自动化与情感交互方向并非彼此割裂,而是共同指向一个核心问题:如何通过节奏调节,使交互系统在时间维度上与人形成中庸式平衡的共协关系。在这一意义上,共协节奏不仅是一种具体的设计策略,更是一种将这4个交互方向统一于同一时间与节奏结构中的交互计算范式。该范式为复杂情境下人机系统的设计提供了可扩展的理论基础,也为后续多模态、多主体的共协交互研究明确了发展路径。整体而言,本研究有助于推动HCI领域在理论建构与应用实践之间形成更深层次的贯通,并为相关研究在更广泛技术与社会场景中的落地提供了坚实支点。
本研究提出了一个基于节奏的共协交互的系统理论框架与实践路径,并通过实证研究验证了基于节奏的调节机制在提升交互效率和能力增强方面的有效性。结果发现,人与机的节奏差异是当前交互中的关键问题,而通过节奏调节实现共协交互是解决这一问题的有效途径之一。本研究还从多个视角探讨了节奏在共协交互中的理论与应用作用,为未来人机关系的发展提供了新的方向。

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2026年第44卷第7期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.06.00008
  • 接收时间:2025-06-03
  • 首发时间:2026-04-23
  • 出版时间:2026-04-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-03
  • 修回日期:2026-03-01
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    1高知工科大学信息学院,日本高知 7828502
    2复旦大学粤港澳大湾区精准医学研究院(广州),广州510000
    3会津大学计算机理工学部,日本福岛 9658580
    4上海工程技术大学,上海 201620

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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