Article(id=1251559143883097015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00833, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720368000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-08, revisedDate=1767801600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776324552745, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=1774627200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776324552745, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776324552745, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776324552745, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251559134307500754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='112', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774627200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776324550463, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776332259412, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251591468125733729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251591468125733730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1251559134307500754, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=100, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251559145376269254, articleId=1251559143883097015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Detection and control measures for low, slow, and small targets, columnId=1150494643415773491, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Policy Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The low−altitude economy, as a national strategic emerging industry, is becoming a new engine driving future economic development. It is characterized by heterogeneity, high density, high frequency, and high complexity. In response to this trend, low−altitude security urgently needs to shift from key area protection to comprehensive security management, addressing not only unauthorized drone flights but also the integrated supervision of cooperative and non−cooperative targets. However, domestic capabilities in detecting and controlling UAVs remain inadequate, posing serious challenges to both public safety and national security. This paper first analyzes the key challenges in detecting low, slow, and small (LSS) targets, including coping with agile and unpredictable targets, swarm−flying targets, as well as new types of drones such as fully autonomous and infrared/fiber−optic guided models. Then the paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of existing detection technologies, noting current problems such as the difficulty of adapting to different scenarios when using a single detection technology, and the inefficiency of coordination when combining multiple detection devices. Based on this analysis, it proposes measures for detecting and managing LSS targets, including focusing on the development of technologies such as wideband imaging and integrated sensing−communication, as well as using multi−source and multi−platform information fusion to build a networked collaborative detection system, thereby achieving real−time awareness of the low−altitude airspace. Furthermore, it explores integrated approaches combining technological tools with regulatory frameworks to enable efficient supervision of LSS targets through a combination of technological and policy measures. These include the formulation of laws and regulations, the enforcement of penalties for violations, and the establishment of regulatory systems. Finally, the paper proposes starting from pilot programs, with a planned and phased approach to the development and utilization of low−altitude airspace, all aimed at ensuring the healthy development of the low−altitude economy and maintaining the security and controllability of low−altitude airspace.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jun ZHOU, Baode LIN, Xing LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xing LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1251559149482491945, articleId=1251559143883097015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=低慢小目标探测与管控措施, columnId=1150494643549991220, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=政策建议, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

低空经济作为国家战略新兴产业,正成为推动未来经济发展的新引擎,其特征表现为异构性、高密度、高频率和高复杂度。面对这一趋势,低空安防亟需从重点区域防护转变为全域安全管控,不仅要应对“黑飞”无人机,还要综合监管合作与非合作目标。然而,国内在无人机探测与管控方面存在滞后,已成为影响公共和国防安全的重大隐患。首先分析低慢小目标探测面临的主要难点,包括应对灵活多变目标、集群飞行目标以及全自主和红外/光纤引导型等新型无人机目标。然后对比现有探测技术的优缺点,当前主要存在单种探测技术难以应对不同场景、多种探测设备结合难以有效协同等问题。在此基础上,提出低慢小目标探测与管控措施,主要包括重点发展宽带成像、通感一体等技术,以及采用多源多平台信息融合构建网络化协同探测体系,实现对低空全域态势的实时感知。同时,聚焦如何通过技术手段与政策手段的结合,实现对低慢小目标的高效监管,包括法律法规建设、违规行为处罚、监管系统构建等手段。最后提出从局部试点入手,有计划、分阶段开发和利用低空的设想,旨在为低空经济的健康发展提供保障,确保低空空域安全可控。

, authors=

周军,副研究员,研究方向为前沿科技趋势与成果转化,电子信箱:

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李杏(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为光子信号处理及雷达成像技术,电子信箱:
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技术
手段
输出目标信息优势劣势
雷达方位、距离、
高度、速度、
目标成像等
 全天时全天候;探测距离远,最高可达10 km;探测精度高,角度、高度、距离等信息准确;可同时跟踪多目标; 成像雷达可成像 需要发射电磁波,辐射大;单台成本高;对低空地杂波、环境等敏感;较难探测慢速或悬停目标
光电方位、距离、
高度、速度、
目标成像等
 可成像,便于识别;目标探测跟踪精度高;被动光学隐蔽性强 受气候影响较大;高精度光电设备成本极高,而低成本设备精度有限,性能和价格无法平衡;探测范围有限,一般2~3 km,且需要引导
声波方位 设备简单,成本低;可探测无线电静默无人机;无辐射,隐蔽性强 探测距离近,安静环境100~200 m,嘈杂环境可能低于50 m;对环境噪音、气象条件敏感,易失效;需维护声纹库,无法识别未知机型
无线电方位、距离 部署简便;绿色环保无电磁辐射;探测距离远,可达5~10 km;测向精度视体制不同,在2°~10°以内 精度低;单站无法给出目标距离信息;无法探测无线电静默状态无人机;无法发现不在目标信息库的无人机
高清
摄像头
方位、
目标成像
 可高清成像,识别准确率高;无辐射;成本相对低,技术成熟,易集成 远距离目标成像效果差;不能同时探测相隔较大的多个目标;受天气影响大,夜晚、雾天、雨天使用效果差
), ArticleFig(id=1251567858241717163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1251559143883097015, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

当前主要的无人机探测技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术
手段
输出目标信息优势劣势
雷达方位、距离、
高度、速度、
目标成像等
 全天时全天候;探测距离远,最高可达10 km;探测精度高,角度、高度、距离等信息准确;可同时跟踪多目标; 成像雷达可成像 需要发射电磁波,辐射大;单台成本高;对低空地杂波、环境等敏感;较难探测慢速或悬停目标
光电方位、距离、
高度、速度、
目标成像等
 可成像,便于识别;目标探测跟踪精度高;被动光学隐蔽性强 受气候影响较大;高精度光电设备成本极高,而低成本设备精度有限,性能和价格无法平衡;探测范围有限,一般2~3 km,且需要引导
声波方位 设备简单,成本低;可探测无线电静默无人机;无辐射,隐蔽性强 探测距离近,安静环境100~200 m,嘈杂环境可能低于50 m;对环境噪音、气象条件敏感,易失效;需维护声纹库,无法识别未知机型
无线电方位、距离 部署简便;绿色环保无电磁辐射;探测距离远,可达5~10 km;测向精度视体制不同,在2°~10°以内 精度低;单站无法给出目标距离信息;无法探测无线电静默状态无人机;无法发现不在目标信息库的无人机
高清
摄像头
方位、
目标成像
 可高清成像,识别准确率高;无辐射;成本相对低,技术成熟,易集成 远距离目标成像效果差;不能同时探测相隔较大的多个目标;受天气影响大,夜晚、雾天、雨天使用效果差
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低慢小目标探测与管控措施
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周军 1 , 林保德 2 , 李杏 2, *
科技导报 | 政策建议 2026,44(6): 100-107
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科技导报 |政策建议 2026 , 44 (6) : 100 -107
低慢小目标探测与管控措施
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周军1 , 林保德2, 李杏2, *
作者信息
  • 1上海交通大学前沿创新研究院,上海 200240
  • 2上海交通大学集成电路学院电子工程系,光子传输与通信全国重点实验室,智能微波光波融合创新中心,上海 200240
通讯作者:
李杏(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为光子信号处理及雷达成像技术,电子信箱:
Detection and control measures for low, slow, and small targets
Jun ZHOU1 , Baode LIN2, Xing LI2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Division of Frontier Innovation Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Integrated Circuit, State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Intelligent Microwave Lightwave Integration Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2026-03-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00833
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低空经济作为国家战略新兴产业,正成为推动未来经济发展的新引擎,其特征表现为异构性、高密度、高频率和高复杂度。面对这一趋势,低空安防亟需从重点区域防护转变为全域安全管控,不仅要应对“黑飞”无人机,还要综合监管合作与非合作目标。然而,国内在无人机探测与管控方面存在滞后,已成为影响公共和国防安全的重大隐患。首先分析低慢小目标探测面临的主要难点,包括应对灵活多变目标、集群飞行目标以及全自主和红外/光纤引导型等新型无人机目标。然后对比现有探测技术的优缺点,当前主要存在单种探测技术难以应对不同场景、多种探测设备结合难以有效协同等问题。在此基础上,提出低慢小目标探测与管控措施,主要包括重点发展宽带成像、通感一体等技术,以及采用多源多平台信息融合构建网络化协同探测体系,实现对低空全域态势的实时感知。同时,聚焦如何通过技术手段与政策手段的结合,实现对低慢小目标的高效监管,包括法律法规建设、违规行为处罚、监管系统构建等手段。最后提出从局部试点入手,有计划、分阶段开发和利用低空的设想,旨在为低空经济的健康发展提供保障,确保低空空域安全可控。

低慢小目标  /  低空经济  /  无人机探测  /  低空安全  /  管控措施

The low−altitude economy, as a national strategic emerging industry, is becoming a new engine driving future economic development. It is characterized by heterogeneity, high density, high frequency, and high complexity. In response to this trend, low−altitude security urgently needs to shift from key area protection to comprehensive security management, addressing not only unauthorized drone flights but also the integrated supervision of cooperative and non−cooperative targets. However, domestic capabilities in detecting and controlling UAVs remain inadequate, posing serious challenges to both public safety and national security. This paper first analyzes the key challenges in detecting low, slow, and small (LSS) targets, including coping with agile and unpredictable targets, swarm−flying targets, as well as new types of drones such as fully autonomous and infrared/fiber−optic guided models. Then the paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of existing detection technologies, noting current problems such as the difficulty of adapting to different scenarios when using a single detection technology, and the inefficiency of coordination when combining multiple detection devices. Based on this analysis, it proposes measures for detecting and managing LSS targets, including focusing on the development of technologies such as wideband imaging and integrated sensing−communication, as well as using multi−source and multi−platform information fusion to build a networked collaborative detection system, thereby achieving real−time awareness of the low−altitude airspace. Furthermore, it explores integrated approaches combining technological tools with regulatory frameworks to enable efficient supervision of LSS targets through a combination of technological and policy measures. These include the formulation of laws and regulations, the enforcement of penalties for violations, and the establishment of regulatory systems. Finally, the paper proposes starting from pilot programs, with a planned and phased approach to the development and utilization of low−altitude airspace, all aimed at ensuring the healthy development of the low−altitude economy and maintaining the security and controllability of low−altitude airspace.

low, slow, and small targets  /  low−altitude economy  /  drone detection  /  low−altitude safety  /  control measures
周军, 林保德, 李杏. 低慢小目标探测与管控措施. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (6) : 100 -107 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00833
Jun ZHOU, Baode LIN, Xing LI. Detection and control measures for low, slow, and small targets[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (6) : 100 -107 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00833
低空经济已连续第3年写入《政府工作报告》,2024年报告中定义为“新增长引擎”,2025年报告强调作为“战略新兴产业”,2026年报告则升级为“新兴支柱产业”,在国家顶层设计、政策体系构建和产业生态完善中占据核心位置,这标志着其在中国经济发展中的重要战略地位[1]。然而,随着低空空域的开放与无人机技术的快速发展,无人机用于违法犯罪的案例频发,对公共安全构成严重威胁[25]。尽管现有探测技术如雷达[67]、光电[89]、无线电[10]、声波[1112]和摄像头等在特定场景下有效,但它们在探测远距离范围内的小型无人机、区分无人机与鸟类等方面仍面临性能挑战,导致漏警率和虚警率高[13]。目前,国内无人机探测手段和管控措施尚未跟上无人机技术的发展步伐,无法满足低空经济快速发展的应用需求。为此,本文总结低慢小目标探测的主要难点,对比分析现有技术的优缺点及技术瓶颈,提出重点发展新型探测技术和构建网络化协同探测体系以应对当前探测难题,指出将法律法规建设、宣传教育、违规处罚与技术管控手段相结合的管控建议,旨在实现对低慢小目标的高效监管,推动低空经济安全可控发展。
在中国,低空一般指垂直距离1000 m以内的空域,在特定情况下,低空范围可根据实际需求延伸至3000 m。低空经济作为科技创新引领的新兴经济形态,它是以低空飞行活动为核心,涵盖飞行器制造、基础设施开发、飞行服务及相关技术创新,并辐射带动产业应用与安全监管等相关领域,形成协同发展的综合性产业体系[14]
作为一种新兴经济形态,低空经济具有高科技主导、高效能运营和高质量发展等新质生产力的核心特征,是经济发展的新引擎。从2010年起,中国政府就认识到发展低空经济的重要性,先后颁布了一系列政策法规,为低空经济发展创造有利条件。2025年12月26日,国家发展和改革委员会(以下简称国家发改委)印发《低空经济及其核心产业统计分类(试行)》,明确低空制造业、低空运营业、低空基建与信息服务业、低空配套业4个大类、23个中类和65个小类,为低空经济规范发展提供了统一的统计标准和制度基础[15]。根据《低空经济发展报告(2025−2026)》显示,到2025年底,全国通用机场数量已达到513个(其中A类173个、B类340个),全国无人机生产厂商达到2252家、产品型号达5168个,通航飞行累计时长突破4530万h,农用无人机保有量超过30万架、累计作业面积超30亿亩次,低空基础设施和产业规模加速扩张,为低空经济在更大范围内布局和延伸奠定坚实基础[16]。因此,开放低空空域对国家经济增长和科技进步均具有重要推动作用。
然而,低慢小目标的日益增多也给低空安全带来新的挑战。低慢小目标以低空无人机为典型,包括轻型和超轻型飞机、热气球、飞艇、航模等12类目标[17]。这些目标一般在低空飞行,速度小于55 m/s,雷达散射截面积(radar cross section, RCS)小于2 m2。近年来,随着信息化技术的快速发展,低慢小目标的智能化水平不断提升,能够实现自主飞行、自主跟踪、集群组网等功能[18]。低慢小虽然为低空经济发展提供了便利,但由于其成本低廉、操控简单、携带方便等特征,也容易被不法分子利用,对社会治安、军事设施带来严重威胁(图1)。例如,用于装载危险物品对学校、车站等人流密集区域发动恐怖袭击,用于运输毒品、枪支等违禁品,用于侦察敏感区域如党政机关和军事禁区等,还可能与民航飞机、高铁等发生碰撞,引发重大安全事故[1920]
因此,发展低空经济的首要前提是确保低空空域安全可控,这需要制定有效的探测和管控措施来应对数量日益增长的低慢小目标。其中探测目标是实施管控的前提,缺乏这一能力将导致管控难以实施。当前中国主要依靠设立禁飞区和名单机制来进行预防,例如机场上空一旦出现不明目标,在无法有效探测情况下,只能采取最保守的停飞措施来应对,或对机场周边的无线通信进行压制[21],不但影响了航班正常飞行,也对低空经济的长期发展构成阻碍。因此,加强低慢小目标的探测与管控能力,对于维护国家安全和推动低空经济发展至关重要。
对低慢小目标进行有效管控,必须要有精确、连续、实时的目标信息作为保障。首先必须准确探测和识别目标,然后进行有效跟踪。若识别不精确或跟踪中断,将无法实现有效管控。当前低慢小目标探测被公认为是探测领域的一项技术难题[22],尤其是在城市等复杂环境下(图2),其主要技术难点如下。
1) 高度低,远距离探测存在盲区,且与地物杂波进一步混叠。低空环境的干扰因素如地面杂物、建筑物和飞鸟会引起物理遮挡和电磁干扰,降低回波信号的信杂比,使得信号在杂波中难以区分。此外,受地球曲率和多径效应影响,低空探测还存在远距离探测盲区。
2) 速度慢,目标回波临近地物杂波的多普勒频域。速度低导致目标信号易在多普勒处理中被误判为杂波,降低速度门限可能增加虚警,地面杂波谱扩展也使得低速目标在频域中更加难以区分。此外,无人机悬停或超低速飞行,其回波多普勒频率与杂波频谱接近,进一步增加了探测的难度。
3) 体积小,且机身材料反射率低,造成目标RCS小。低慢小目标RCS通常小于0.1 m2,远低于常规目标,加之采用非金属材料外壳和电池动力,辐射微弱,使其在传统雷达和光电手段下难以被发现。此外,城市环境中的强烈杂波和噪声进一步掩盖了其微弱的回波信号,尤其在信杂比较低的情况下,目标检测极为困难。
4) 灵活度高,飞行随意性强,不易跟踪。小型无人机由于其高灵活性和随意性,成为难以跟踪的非惯性目标。它们可随时随地起飞,飞行路径多变,尤其在低空复杂背景下,跟踪更具挑战性。数据更新率的控制是关键,既要避免更新过慢导致目标丢失,也要防止更新过快降低检测分辨率,有效跟踪实现难度大[23]
5) 集群飞行,容易与鸟群混淆。无人机等低慢小目标可以集群的方式飞行,具有集群数量多、突防能力强、协同能力强等特点,当前探测系统难以有效应对,甚至将集群飞行的低慢小目标识别为鸟群[24]
除了以上技术难点外,近年来,出现了全自主无人机、红外/光纤引导型无人机等新型种类无人机,这类无人机飞行全程无需外部通信和导航信号,可事先将任务植入存储器或使用红外、光纤等方式控制和导航,给探测带来极大威胁,也势必给低空管控带来新的挑战。
当前,雷达是目标探测的主要技术手段[19,23,25],其他探测手段还包括光电探测[26]、声学探测[27]、无线电探测[28]和高清摄像头[29]等(图3),各种探测手段优劣势对比见表1。由表1对比可见,雷达可实现全天时、全天候探测,是当前低慢小目标探测最有效的手段之一,但也存在以下技术难题:(1) 对低空地杂波和环境敏感。地杂波能掩盖目标信号,气象条件和多径效应导致信号衰减或误差,限制了雷达对目标与杂波的区分能力。(2) 慢速或悬停目标探测难。慢速或悬停目标产生的多普勒频移小,信号强度弱,易与地物杂波混淆。雷达分辨率限制或系统设置可能导致这些目标被滤除或忽视,使得识别和跟踪更加困难。 因此,当前一般采用雷达、光电等多种探测技术结合构建低空探测系统,利用优势互补来弥补单种探测设备存在的不足,但也存在设备之间难以协同、多目标识别准确率低导致虚警率高等问题。
探测与管控是低慢小目标防御不可或缺的2个方面,两者相互依存,相互支持。只有探管合一,共同构筑一个完整的防御体系,才能有效应对低慢小目标的威胁。由于不同区域、不同场景对低慢小目标的管控要求不同,探测要结合具体场景、具体需求进行分析,着重提高对低慢小目标高效精准的探测和识别能力,提升对目标的管控能力。当前针对低慢小目标的探测和管控手段却严重滞后,公安部门等监管机构面临多方面压力,监管难的问题始终摆在眼前[3031]。低空经济因无人机受益,但也带来了越来越多的隐患,成为低空经济腾飞的“壁垒”。总之,当前低空安全面临日益增长的无人机等低慢小目标使用需求和落后的监管能力之间的矛盾。针对这一状况,行之有效的办法是将法律法规管控与技术手段相结合。
1) 加强法律法规的建设,严格处罚违规飞行。
《无人驾驶航空器飞行管理暂行条例》的出台及时填补了无人驾驶航空器管理的法规空白,部分地方政府也出台了具体的无人机飞行管理规定,为无人机飞行提供法律依据,但要真正落实,还需加强法规建设与宣传教育。首先,应完善法律体系,细化低空飞行管理措施,如明确禁飞区、限飞区及报批流程,并结合地方实际状况优化管理模式。其次,加强监管,推动无人机实名登记及远程识别系统的应用,强化飞行数据监测和执法力度。此外,政府和低空行业部门应共同推动宣传教育,通过培训、科普宣传和考试认证等形式,并结合对典型案例曝光,提高无人机操作者的法律意识和安全意识。最后,鼓励公众参与监管,设立举报机制,形成全社会共同维护低空飞行安全的良好氛围。
违规飞行行为不仅可能干扰航空秩序,还可能对国家安全、公共安全构成严重威胁。因此,严格处罚违规飞行行为十分必要。第一,强化源头管理,要求无人机生产企业在产品说明书、操作界面中明确标注禁止飞行区域(如军事禁区、机场周边等)及违规法律后果,从使用端筑牢安全防线;第二,明确法律责任,通过法律法规细化违规行为的界定和处罚标准;第三,加大执法力度,建立多部门联合执法机制,实时监控和追踪违规飞行行为,确保及时发现和查处;第四,提高处罚力度,对威胁国家安全的违规行为从严处理,如对在军事禁区、机场周边等重点区域违规飞行行为,处以高额罚款或行政拘留,情节严重者追究刑事责任。
2) 创新探测技术手段,构建网络化协同探测体系。
高效的探测手段是提升监管水平的前提。当前需发展“敏捷高效、灵活多变”的低空探测手段,加强对新型探测技术的研究和试验,确保其在实际应用中具有高效、安全的特点。例如,宽带成像雷达可以获得低慢小目标的高分辨二维轮廓像及目标回波丰富的RCS细节特征,且能够对多目标进行成像,能够大幅提升目标的识别准确率(图4[3233])。通感一体技术可以使部署在低空区域的多个通信基站变成雷达[34],无需新建雷达网络即可形成低空探测系统,大幅提升低空覆盖率,且成本最低。
除了探测技术手段创新外,同时也要深入到实际应用场景,提升应用方案的有效性和实战性,使其能够真正快速获取低慢小目标的精细化特征。典型方法是综合多种探测技术和不同平台探测能力,引入人工智能算法对多源探测数据进行智能分析,通过机器学习优化目标特征提取与分类模型,通过信息融合提升低慢小目标探测准确性,并构建广域分布的网络化协同探测体系。针对低慢小目标探测预警和分类识别难题,一般需综合雷达、光电、高清摄像头等多种技术手段,通过联合感知和优势互补,提高目标探测的准确性,实现对低慢小目标全天候、全方位、多手段的探测、跟踪和识别[35]。此外,陆、海、空多平台协同探测不仅可以提升探测范围,还可通过数据融合技术和网络化信息共享机制实现实时信息交流,提高反应速度和协同效率,实现低空全域态势感知,为公安机关等执法机构提供高效执法工具。
3) 建设实时监管系统,提高整体监管效率。
由于低慢小目标飞行的灵活性,传统依赖人工巡查和单一雷达的监管模式已难以适应当前复杂多变的低空环境,加强建设低空目标实时监管系统对于提高监管效率至关重要。首先,应建立低空目标实时监测网络,通过结合多种探测技术和不同平台,实现对低空目标的全天候精准识别和实时跟踪。其次,推行数字化监管平台,整合低空目标飞行数据、环境信息和空域管理要求,利用人工智能分析违规行为,提高监管智能化水平。再次,实行远程识别和电子围栏技术,要求无人机等低空目标具备身份识别和飞行限制功能,防止未经授权的低空目标入侵敏感区域。最后,推动低空经济运营主体纳入监管平台,实行动态管理,提升企业的安全责任意识。同时加强监管部门协同,建立军民合作、央地联动的低空管理体系,确保快速响应,尤其在重大活动安保、反恐维稳或突发公共安全事件中,要启动多级联动响应机制,统筹调度周边探测资源与反制力量(如干扰枪、导航诱骗、激光拦截等),形成“发现即锁定、锁定即处置”的闭环监管能力。
4) 从局部试点入手,分阶段开发和利用低空。
鉴于低空开放面临着探测技术和管控措施滞后的挑战。为有效应对该挑战,建议采取分阶段、有序开放的策略,在局部城市和特定领域开展试点,为全面开放积累经验。一是优先在技术条件成熟、需求迫切的地区开展试点,针对低空新技术、新业态设置风险可控的测试空间,加强政策支持,鼓励企业参与技术创新和应用探索,确保试点的可行性和代表性;二是制定阶段性目标,明确试点阶段的任务,如测试无人机飞行性能、验证监管平台效果、探索商业化模式等,逐步扩大应用范围;三是验证监管体系有效性,在试点区域建立低空飞行监管平台,确保监管体系行之有效;四是建立快速反馈和容错纠偏机制,完善法规动态更新流程,根据试点经验与技术迭代需求,缩短法规修订周期,确保监管措施的前瞻性和适应性;五是总结推广经验,通过试点积累数据和管理经验,逐步形成可复制、可推广的低空开发模式,为全国范围内的低空开放提供参考。
随着低慢小无人机的广泛运用,其带来的安全隐患也日益凸显,对其进行有效探测与管控成为当前迫切需求。作为低空经济发展的主管部门国家发改委明确表示,安全是低空经济发展的首要前提,将严厉打击“黑飞”行为,推动低空经济安全健康发展。本文在综合分析现有探测瓶颈的基础上,提出探测技术与管控政策双轨协同创新的整体式探测管控体系构想,重点发展宽带成像雷达,提升对低空复杂目标和多目标的探测及识别能力;在现有通信基站基础上,大力发展通感一体技术,实现低空目标探测能力的广域覆盖;采用多源多平台信息融合,构建网络化协同的探测和监管体系等。同时,本文还强调了法律法规建设和宣传、对有关违规行为进行严格处罚,以及提升低空监管能力和监管水平的重要性和必要性。结合无人机技术发展新态势,未来还需针对灵活机动、集群飞行、红外/光纤引导等无人机目标,进一步发展实用化新型探测及识别技术,沿着“系统规划—分段开发—智能利用”方向演进,最大程度地减少风险,促进低空经济稳步有序发展。随着探测技术的不断进步和管控政策的逐步完善,低空经济有望在安全可控的环境中按照“先载货后载人、先隔离后融合、先远郊后城区”的原则蓬勃发展,成为国家经济增长和科技进步的重要推手。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(62475150)
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2026年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2024.07.00833
  • 接收时间:2024-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-08
  • 修回日期:2026-01-08
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(62475150)
作者信息
    1上海交通大学前沿创新研究院,上海 200240
    2上海交通大学集成电路学院电子工程系,光子传输与通信全国重点实验室,智能微波光波融合创新中心,上海 200240

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李杏(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为光子信号处理及雷达成像技术,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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