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在现代能源利用中,超过60% 的原始能量最终以废热形式流失。如何高效捕获这些热能并将其转化为电能,是能源科学领域的长期挑战。热电技术凭借无运动部件、静音且高可靠的优势,成为废热回收的理想方案。然而,传统无机热电材料虽性能出色却脆性大、成本高,难以满足未来可穿戴电子设备对柔性与轻量化的需求。

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(图片来源:中国科学院化学研究所)

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    在现代能源利用中,超过60% 的原始能量最终以废热形式流失。如何高效捕获这些热能并将其转化为电能,是能源科学领域的长期挑战。热电技术凭借无运动部件、静音且高可靠的优势,成为废热回收的理想方案。然而,传统无机热电材料虽性能出色却脆性大、成本高,难以满足未来可穿戴电子设备对柔性与轻量化的需求。

    . “贴片式”能源材料让体温也能发电. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (6) : 2 -2 .
    . Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (6) : 2 -2 .
    在现代能源利用中,超过60% 的原始能量最终以废热形式流失。如何高效捕获这些热能并将其转化为电能,是能源科学领域的长期挑战。热电技术凭借无运动部件、静音且高可靠的优势,成为废热回收的理想方案。然而,传统无机热电材料虽性能出色却脆性大、成本高,难以满足未来可穿戴电子设备对柔性与轻量化的需求。
    中国科学院化学研究所朱道本与狄重安团队构建了一种名为“不规则多级孔热电聚合物”(irregular hierarchical porous thermoelectric polymer,IHP-TEP)的新型材料,其热电优值(ZT)在同温区达到1.64。这一指标不仅刷新了柔性热电材料的世界纪录,更标志着有机材料在能量转换效率上首次具备了挑战传统无机材料的实力。2026年3月5日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。
    评价热电材料优劣的ZT值受制于导电率与热导率的“矛盾共生”。理想的材料需要像金属一样导电,同时像玻璃一样隔热。但在大多数物质中,电荷与热量的传输高度耦合,提升导电往往导致热导率同步上升,这限制了有机材料性能的进一步突破。朱道本团队的设计思路在于通过微观结构调控,强制实现电与热的“解耦”。
    该工作的核心创新在于一种“不规则多级孔”结构。这种结构并不追求规整,而是利用其“不规则性”构建了一座热量的“迷宫”。当热能试图通过晶格振动(声子)传播时,这些多尺度界面会产生极强的散射作用,使材料的晶格热导率大幅下降了约72%。
    在封锁热量的同时,这种孔洞结构意外地优化了电子的流动。在材料成型过程中,聚合物分子链被限域在孔洞间的狭窄通道内,迫使原本杂乱的分子产生高度规整的定向排列。这种纳米限域效应显著提升了载流子的迁移率,使导电性能提高了52%。这种“热阻电通”的奇妙特性,是IHP-TEP材料实现性能飞跃的关键。
    实验验证,仅需5℃的微小温差,每平方厘米材料即可产生超过100 μW的电能。这意味着,仅靠人体体温与环境的温差,这类材料就能为心率传感器、血糖仪等可穿戴医疗设备提供持续且稳定的电力支撑,无需频繁更换电池。
    更具产业意义的是,IHP-TEP材料展现了极佳的加工性能。作为一种聚合物,它能够通过喷涂、印刷等低成本、大面积的工艺进行生产。这为热电模块的规模化应用铺平了道路,使其有望像贴纸一样覆盖在各种异形废热源表面。
    (综合:《Science》、中国科学院化学研究所)

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    2种不同金属材料的力学参数

    Family
    属数
    Number of
    genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of
    total species (%)

    Genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of total
    species (%)
    鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
    小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
    多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
    红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
    小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
    光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
    红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
    栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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