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自有机化学诞生以来,如何高效、温和地实现碳碳不饱和键之间的转化始终是实验室与工业界关注的核心。烯烃作为石油化工的大宗基础产品,来源极广且价格低廉,而炔烃作为具有高能三键的活性分子,在点击化学(click chemistry)、药物研发和材料科学中扮演着不可替代的角色。然而,这种结构上的“亲缘关系”在合成实践中却面临着长达160余年的“技术断层”。

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烯烃高效转炔烃首次实现温和条件突破
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出版时间: 2026-03-28
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自有机化学诞生以来,如何高效、温和地实现碳碳不饱和键之间的转化始终是实验室与工业界关注的核心。烯烃作为石油化工的大宗基础产品,来源极广且价格低廉,而炔烃作为具有高能三键的活性分子,在点击化学(click chemistry)、药物研发和材料科学中扮演着不可替代的角色。然而,这种结构上的“亲缘关系”在合成实践中却面临着长达160余年的“技术断层”。

. 烯烃高效转炔烃首次实现温和条件突破. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (6) : 7 -7 .
. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (6) : 7 -7 .
自有机化学诞生以来,如何高效、温和地实现碳碳不饱和键之间的转化始终是实验室与工业界关注的核心。烯烃作为石油化工的大宗基础产品,来源极广且价格低廉,而炔烃作为具有高能三键的活性分子,在点击化学(click chemistry)、药物研发和材料科学中扮演着不可替代的角色。然而,这种结构上的“亲缘关系”在合成实践中却面临着长达160余年的“技术断层”。
1861年,著名的马氏规则的提出者马尔科夫尼科夫首次报道由烯烃合成炔烃的方法。在随后的1个多世纪里,这一转化主要依赖于经典的“卤化-消除”路径。具体而言,首先通过烯烃与卤素(如溴或氯)发生加成反应生成邻二卤化物,随后在强碱作用下连续发生2次消除反应以构建三键。
尽管这一路径在教科书中占据核心地位,但高能量、强碱性的反应环境,对于包含醛基、酯基、环氧基或敏感保护基团的复杂分子而言几乎是毁灭性的。化学家们往往不得不绕道而行,通过更加繁琐、多步的合成路径来引入炔基。这催生了化学界对“直接脱氢”或“温和脱卤”技术的渴望。
传统路径失败的根源在于卤素(特别是溴)作为离去基团时,其二次消除的能垒过高。北京大学焦宁团队借助一种硒蒽试剂,成功绕过了对强碱和高温的依赖,将原本需要100℃以上、强碱环境的反应,拉回到近乎常温、弱碱的温和区间。2026年3月16日,相关研究成果发表于《Nature》。
硒蒽是一种诞生于1894年的含硒杂环分子。研究发现,这种看似古老的分子具备了现代合成化学所追求的多种特质。硒蒽在常温下极为稳定,不畏惧空气与水分,易于长期储存和运输;尽管其自身无法直接与烯烃反应,但经过团队发展的“级联活化”策略处理后,它展现出对烯烃加成极其优异的活性(即“上得去”);在反应后期,它能在弱碱条件下迅速从分子骨架上脱落(即“下得来”),从而高效驱动烯烃向炔烃的转化。“级联活化”就像为化学反应搭建了一个多级助推器:通过试剂与底物的循环作用,让反应像推倒多米诺骨牌一样,在近乎常温的环境下自动衔接并高效完成。此外,这种试剂制备过程简单,极大降低了实验室使用的门槛。
研究人员表示,该方法有望拓宽炔烃的合成途径,为释放炔烃化学的应用潜力奠定基础。更重要的是,烯烃向炔烃的转化通道已被打通,这将有望革新合成设计理念——通过先前无法实现的路线设计,加速含炔功能分子的创制并降低其成本。此外,鉴于烯烃骨架在药物与天然产物中的普遍存在,这一炔基化改造方法的建立,也为相应功能分子的结构修饰提供了便捷工具,有望助力“老药新用”策略发掘新药。
(综合:《Nature》、北京大学官网、科学网)

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  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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