Article(id=1249378702660935865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1249378689566315521, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.08.00066, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755532800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-19, revisedDate=1772985600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775804695048, onlineDateStr=2026-04-10, pubDate=1773331200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775804695048, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775804695048, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775804695048, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1249378689566315521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773331200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775804691926, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1775804953440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249379786603303548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1249378689566315521, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249379786603303549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1249378689566315521, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=70, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249378703210389702, articleId=1249378702660935865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Construction of novel probiotic carriers using starch−based micro−nano composite particles, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Inspired by the natural three−dimensional compartmentalized architecture of honeycombs, this study aimed to construct a hierarchical porous starch carrier with biomimetic protective functionality to simulate the "honeycomb−pupa" spatial model for the oral biomimetic delivery of probiotics. A synergistic enzyme−acid co−hydrolysis strategy was employed, with amylose content and acid hydrolysis time (0~96 h) as the key regulatory variables. Enzymatic pretreatment was used to induce pore formation and structural deconstruction of native starch granules, while controlled acid treatment further promoted deep erosion and fragmentation of starch. Multidimensional characterization, including SEM, DLS, ζ−potential, XRD, FTIR, and TGA, showed that enzymatic pore formation and structural disintegration of native starch granules enhanced the accessibility of acid molecules to starch chains, thereby accelerating chain cleavage and starch fragmentation, ultimately leading to the formation of composite starch particles with micro/nanoscale structures. Amylose content and acid hydrolysis time significantly affected the degradation efficiency of starch. SEM and CLSM observations demonstrated that, after loading with Lactobacillus plantarum, the waxy maize starch carrier treated by co−hydrolysis for 96 h self−assembled into a micro/nanoscale network with uniform pore size and continuous channels, in which the probiotics were firmly embedded within the three−dimensional compartments. The loading capacity reached approximately 109 CFU/g, which was about 1000−fold higher than that of conventional nano−starch carriers (~106 CFU/g). This novel starch−based carrier not only provides probiotics with a specialized microenvironment featuring both a physical barrier and high affinity, but also offers a new strategy for the microstructural design of naturally derived bio−based materials and the development of oral functional formulations for health applications.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qingqing ZHU, Fan WANG, Haohao HU, Siyu YAO, Enbo XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Enbo XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249378706230288632, articleId=1249378702660935865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=淀粉微纳组合粒子构筑益生菌新型负载体, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

受天然蜂巢三维隔室结构启发,构建了一种具有仿生保护功能的多层孔隙淀粉载体,模拟“蜂巢−幼蛹”空间模式实现益生菌的口服仿生护送。采用酶−酸共水解的协同策略,以直链淀粉含量和酸水解时间(0~96 h)作为关键调控变量,利用酶预处理诱导原淀粉颗粒成孔解构,通过控制酸处理时长,促进酸对淀粉的深度攻击与碎片化。多维表征(场发射扫描电镜、ζ–电位测定、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重分析)显示,原淀粉颗粒酶解成孔、结构解体后,促进酸分子高效攻击淀粉链断裂、加速淀粉碎片化,形成具有微纳米级结构的淀粉组合粒子。直链淀粉含量和酸水解时间显著影响了淀粉的降解效率。场发射扫描电镜与共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察表明,将96 h共水解处理的蜡质玉米淀粉载体负载植物乳杆菌后(~109 CFU/g),其自组装具有均匀孔径和连贯通道的微/纳级网络结构,益生菌被牢固嵌入三维孔室内,载菌效率远超常规纳米淀粉载体(~106 CFU/g)。该淀粉基新型载体不仅为益生菌提供了兼具物理屏障与高亲和性的微环境,也为天然来源生物基材料的微观结构设计和健康功能口服制剂开发提供了新思路。

, authors=

朱青青,博士研究生,研究方向为淀粉多级结构调控及其益生菌负载机制,电子信箱:

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徐恩波(通信作者),长聘副教授,研究方向为食品结构设计与品质控制,电子信箱:
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caption=蜡质玉米淀粉微纳载体对益生菌的负载特性表征

(a) 蜡质玉米淀粉微纳组合粒子自组装演变示意及微观形貌;(b) 蜡质玉米淀粉微纳载体的大孔孔径分布;(c) 蜡质玉米淀粉微纳载体的微孔和介孔孔径分布;(d) 普通玉米淀粉、碱糊化纳米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉微纳粒子负载益生菌的有效载菌量;(e) 普通玉米淀粉、碱糊化纳米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉微纳粒子负载益生菌活性数据;(f) 普通玉米淀粉、碱糊化纳米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉微纳粒子负载益生菌的分布情况;(g) 普通玉米淀粉、碱糊化纳米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉微纳粒子负载益生菌荧光强度定量分析

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高直链玉米淀粉有序度
(DO)
双螺旋程度
(DD)
蜡质玉米淀粉有序度
(DO)
双螺旋程度
(DD)
普通玉米淀粉有序度
(DO)
双螺旋程度
(DD)
对照0.570.76对照0.730.80对照0.800.80
24 h0.690.8624 h0.640.7624 h0.640.76
48 h0.680.9548 h0.720.9748 h0.670.89
72 h0.650.8572 h0.700.7672 h0.630.73
96 h0.740.7596 h0.720.8296 h0.750.69
), ArticleFig(id=1249378711217316176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378702660935865, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微纳米淀粉组合粒子的短程有序性指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高直链玉米淀粉有序度
(DO)
双螺旋程度
(DD)
蜡质玉米淀粉有序度
(DO)
双螺旋程度
(DD)
普通玉米淀粉有序度
(DO)
双螺旋程度
(DD)
对照0.570.76对照0.730.80对照0.800.80
24 h0.690.8624 h0.640.7624 h0.640.76
48 h0.680.9548 h0.720.9748 h0.670.89
72 h0.650.8572 h0.700.7672 h0.630.73
96 h0.740.7596 h0.720.8296 h0.750.69
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淀粉微纳组合粒子构筑益生菌新型负载体
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朱青青 1, 2 , 王凡 1 , 胡昊昊 1, 2 , 姚思羽 1 , 徐恩波 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(5): 70-81
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (5) : 70 -81
淀粉微纳组合粒子构筑益生菌新型负载体
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朱青青1, 2 , 王凡1, 胡昊昊1, 2, 姚思羽1, 徐恩波1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院,杭州 310058
  • 2浙江大学长三角智慧绿洲创新中心,嘉兴 314100
通讯作者:
徐恩波(通信作者),长聘副教授,研究方向为食品结构设计与品质控制,电子信箱:
Construction of novel probiotic carriers using starch−based micro−nano composite particles
Qingqing ZHU1, 2 , Fan WANG1, Haohao HU1, 2, Siyu YAO1, Enbo XU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 2Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314100, China
出版时间: 2026-03-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.08.00066
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受天然蜂巢三维隔室结构启发,构建了一种具有仿生保护功能的多层孔隙淀粉载体,模拟“蜂巢−幼蛹”空间模式实现益生菌的口服仿生护送。采用酶−酸共水解的协同策略,以直链淀粉含量和酸水解时间(0~96 h)作为关键调控变量,利用酶预处理诱导原淀粉颗粒成孔解构,通过控制酸处理时长,促进酸对淀粉的深度攻击与碎片化。多维表征(场发射扫描电镜、ζ–电位测定、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重分析)显示,原淀粉颗粒酶解成孔、结构解体后,促进酸分子高效攻击淀粉链断裂、加速淀粉碎片化,形成具有微纳米级结构的淀粉组合粒子。直链淀粉含量和酸水解时间显著影响了淀粉的降解效率。场发射扫描电镜与共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察表明,将96 h共水解处理的蜡质玉米淀粉载体负载植物乳杆菌后(~109 CFU/g),其自组装具有均匀孔径和连贯通道的微/纳级网络结构,益生菌被牢固嵌入三维孔室内,载菌效率远超常规纳米淀粉载体(~106 CFU/g)。该淀粉基新型载体不仅为益生菌提供了兼具物理屏障与高亲和性的微环境,也为天然来源生物基材料的微观结构设计和健康功能口服制剂开发提供了新思路。

淀粉精细结构  /  微纳粒子  /  活菌封装

Inspired by the natural three−dimensional compartmentalized architecture of honeycombs, this study aimed to construct a hierarchical porous starch carrier with biomimetic protective functionality to simulate the "honeycomb−pupa" spatial model for the oral biomimetic delivery of probiotics. A synergistic enzyme−acid co−hydrolysis strategy was employed, with amylose content and acid hydrolysis time (0~96 h) as the key regulatory variables. Enzymatic pretreatment was used to induce pore formation and structural deconstruction of native starch granules, while controlled acid treatment further promoted deep erosion and fragmentation of starch. Multidimensional characterization, including SEM, DLS, ζ−potential, XRD, FTIR, and TGA, showed that enzymatic pore formation and structural disintegration of native starch granules enhanced the accessibility of acid molecules to starch chains, thereby accelerating chain cleavage and starch fragmentation, ultimately leading to the formation of composite starch particles with micro/nanoscale structures. Amylose content and acid hydrolysis time significantly affected the degradation efficiency of starch. SEM and CLSM observations demonstrated that, after loading with Lactobacillus plantarum, the waxy maize starch carrier treated by co−hydrolysis for 96 h self−assembled into a micro/nanoscale network with uniform pore size and continuous channels, in which the probiotics were firmly embedded within the three−dimensional compartments. The loading capacity reached approximately 109 CFU/g, which was about 1000−fold higher than that of conventional nano−starch carriers (~106 CFU/g). This novel starch−based carrier not only provides probiotics with a specialized microenvironment featuring both a physical barrier and high affinity, but also offers a new strategy for the microstructural design of naturally derived bio−based materials and the development of oral functional formulations for health applications.

fine structure  /  micro−nanoparticles  /  live bacteria encapsulation
朱青青, 王凡, 胡昊昊, 姚思羽, 徐恩波. 淀粉微纳组合粒子构筑益生菌新型负载体. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (5) : 70 -81 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.08.00066
Qingqing ZHU, Fan WANG, Haohao HU, Siyu YAO, Enbo XU. Construction of novel probiotic carriers using starch−based micro−nano composite particles[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (5) : 70 -81 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.08.00066
精准的微观结构设计犹如材料的“基因编辑”,通过对微观结构的有序调控,能够为生物提供可调的三维微环境,实现对细胞黏附[1]、营养传输[2]以及药物缓释[3]的精确控制,从而显著提升生物的稳定性和功能性。以微纳米纤维支架为例,通过精确调节孔隙率,可以成功筛选具有合适物理、机械和生物学特性的蛋白支架,大幅促进真皮成纤维细胞的黏附、增殖与分化效率[4]。例如,益生菌易受外部和体内环境刺激而变形、损伤,借鉴自然界中具有较高比表面积、优异的三维空间连通性与结构稳定性的蜂巢状结构[5],为微环境敏感的益生菌构建高度匹配的仿生微结构载体,是解决益生菌高活性递送问题的关键之一。
益生菌因其能调节肠道菌群平衡、促进营养吸收、增强免疫功能、抑制病原菌生长及改善代谢等多重效用,已成为健康领域的研究热点[6]。然而,益生菌在加工贮存过程以及体内胃酸、胆盐作用下易失活,自身也不易在肠道中高效定殖,因此需要可控屏障/释放的三维微环境[7]。目前,海藻酸钠−明胶微球[8]、聚乳酸−羟基乙酸共聚物载体[9]及金属有机框架[10]等高端材料虽在一定程度上改善了载菌稳定性与释放性能,但因菌体相容性不足、复合结构稳定性差、细胞毒性和制备成本高等问题,尚难满足口服食品及功能性制剂的综合应用需求。
淀粉作为自然界最丰富的多糖之一,具有成本低廉、生物相容性好和可食用安全等优势,被认为是优质的可负载益生菌的绿色聚合物基材[11]。淀粉天然多级结构由高度有序的结晶区与无定形区交替组成,内含基础的直链淀粉与支链淀粉[12],可通过物理(如挤压、超声、均质)、化学(如酸水解、接枝反应)与生物酶(如淀粉酶、葡萄糖酶)等方法,对其多尺度结构进行调控[13]。在已有利用改性淀粉对益生菌进行包埋与保护的研究方法中,传统糊化和喷雾干燥中的高温环境极易破坏菌体细胞膜完整性,导致包埋后活菌数呈数量级下降,难以对菌体实现高活性、均匀的包埋[14]。此外,对于淀粉精细结构与载菌性能之间的内在联系尚待深入研究,尤其是不同直链淀粉含量决定了淀粉颗粒结晶致密度及抗酸渗透能力的差异,这可能是调控蜂窝状微结构形成的关键因素[15]
针对上述瓶颈,本研究受自然界“蜂巢−蜂蛹”结构化保护关系的启发,以直链淀粉含量和酸水解时间作为关键调控变量,利用酶促淀粉颗粒预解构耦合酸促淀粉链解旋的协同策略,系统设计了微−纳米尺寸均匀结合的“蜂窝状”淀粉载体。本研究的创新突破如下。(1) 可控结构解析:不同于传统随机水解,通过酶−酸协同作用,多维表征(形貌、尺寸、电位、分子结构与结晶度、热稳定性)微观形貌演变规律,揭示酶−酸协同作用于淀粉的调控机制,提出淀粉精细结构与生物活性物质负载性能之间的潜在联系。(2) 温和高效的网室自组装成型:摒弃了传统的高温处理,蜡质玉米淀粉微纳载体在常温环境中与益生菌自发形成保护菌体的稳定且空间连通的三维蜂窝状聚集体,显著提高了载菌效率与初始活性。
蜡质玉米淀粉(支链含量>95%,杭州普罗星淀粉有限公司);高直链玉米淀粉(直链含量>70%,荃银祥玉(北京)生物科技有限公司);普通玉米淀粉(杭州辰通生化科技有限公司);糖化酶(上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司);硫酸(分析纯, SR沪试品牌);植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8041,上海鲁微生物科技有限公司);LIVE/DEAD BacLight细菌活/死染色试剂盒(赛默飞世尔(美国)科技公司);其他生化试剂纯度均>99.0%。
将普通玉米淀粉、蜡质玉米淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉分别以质量浓度为50%分散在pH值为4.5的乙酸钠缓冲液中,55℃预反应30 min后加入糖化酶(400 U/g淀粉),进行酶促原淀粉颗粒的成孔解构[16]。水解8 h后离心,去离子水清洗3次,置于3.16 mol/L硫酸溶液中,在37℃条件下以200 r/min分别搅拌水解24、48、72、96 h,考察酸促淀粉链断裂及其微纳尺度复合体生成状态[17]。待反应结束后,用蒸馏水反复清洗样品至中性,离心沉淀后样品在55℃条件下烘干,得到白色粉末状的微纳米尺寸混合分布的淀粉粒子样品。
淀粉颗粒过200目(75 μm)筛后,将其均匀涂在导电胶上并喷金。在3 kV的加速电压下,通过场发射扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)(GeminiSEM 300,德国)进行观察。样品分别在干制粉末状态和湿制状态(质量浓度1 mg/mL,10000 r/min均质1 min)下观察。
称取一定量淀粉样品于去离子水中配成质量浓度为1 mg/mL的淀粉悬浮液,在10000 r/min下高速均质1 min使样品在水相中均匀分散。用纳米粒度ζ电位分析仪(dynamic light scattering,DLS)(Zetasizer Nano Lab,英国)于25℃下测量淀粉的纳米级粒径分布及电位。
采用激光粒度仪干式分散模块(laser particle size analyzer,LPSA)(Mastersizer 3000,英国)对粉末状淀粉颗粒进行微米级粒径测定,使用设备自带的超声波处理器对悬浊液进行超声分散。测量过程中,掩光度控制在10%~15%,折射率设为1.537。
称取碘0.2 g、碘化钾2 g,溶解后定容至100 mL,稀释50倍配得碘液。称取20 mg样品于锥形瓶中,加入20 mL去离子水,用锡纸封口,置于90℃恒温水浴锅中搅拌1 h至完全糊化,取出冷却至室温。在锥形瓶中加入20 mL碘液,室温下孵育30 min。用酶标仪(Multiskan SkyHigh,美国)进行λ为400~800 nm处全波段扫描,并于460、557 和570 nm处测定吸光度(ISI)[18]
称取约50 mg过200目(75 μm)筛的样品粉末,使用X射线衍射仪(X−ray diffraction,XRD)(Bruker D8 Advance,德国)来分析淀粉的晶体结构。参数设定如下:在Cu−Kα衍射(λ=0.1542 nm)下,设置电压40 kV,电流40 mA,数据采集衍射角(2θ)范围为4°~40°,步长2θ=0.02°,速度2°/min。利用MDI−Jade 6软件进行晶型分析并用以下公式计算相对结晶度(relative crystallinity,RC)
$ RC={Ac}/(Ac+Aa)\times 100\% $
式中,Ac为晶区衍射峰积分面积;Aa为无定形区散射面积。
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析仪(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)(Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50,美国)对淀粉样品的红外光谱图进行测定。1 mg样品与100 mg无水溴化钾在石英研钵中进行充分研磨后使用压片机对混合粉末进行压片处理。扫描范围为4000~400 cm−1,扫描次数为32,分辨率为4 cm−1
称取一定量的淀粉样品于石英坩埚中,设置温度从30℃以10℃/min的升温速率升至550℃。以氮气作为保护气体,气体流速为50 mL/min于热重分析仪(thermogravimetric analysis,TGA)(STA6000,中国)进行分析。
培养基和缓冲液均在121℃、0.1 MPa高压灭菌锅中灭菌。采用de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe Broth(MRS)肉汤培养基在37℃、180 r/min条件下振荡培养过夜,获得植物乳杆菌菌液(~1010 CFU/mL)。载体微纳米淀粉先置于紫外线照射30 min灭菌,取灭菌后的淀粉与植物乳杆菌菌液按质量/体积比1∶3混合,加入MRS肉汤至淀粉质量分数为10%。混合液置于37℃、180 r/min条件下轻柔搅拌1 h,以促进菌体与淀粉的均匀结合。随后以4℃、8000 r/min离心10 min收集复合颗粒。
淀粉负载益生菌情况观察参考1.3.1内容。
采用Live/Dead细胞活性检测试剂盒(Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国)对包埋体系中L. plantarum的存活情况进行双重染色,并利用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)(Carl Zeiss,德国)观测细胞分布。按照试剂盒说明书配制染色液,将样品与染色液混匀后于室温避光孵育15 min。使用488 nm激发光激发SYTO 9和PI荧光信号,配置63倍油物镜进行成像。活细胞显示绿色荧光,死细胞显示红色荧光。
采用琼脂平板法评估L. plantarum在包埋体系中的存活能力。将复合颗粒样品置于磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,pH值7.2~7.4)中,加入淀粉酶(100 mg,10000 U/g),在37℃下水解30 min,以充分释放被包裹的植物乳杆菌。随后,对水解液进行梯度10倍稀释(10−6~10−1),取100 L稀释液平板涂布于MRS琼脂平板上,每个稀释度做3个重复。将平板于37℃下倒置孵育48 h后,计数菌落形成单位(colony forming unit,CFU)。依据以下公式计算包埋效率(encapsulation efficiency,EE)
$ EE={Nr}/{N}\times 100\% $
式中,Nr为回收菌数,CFU;N为初始接种菌数,CFU。
比较不同来源制备微纳米淀粉载体所得菌落数,即可评估各体系对L. plantarum的负载效果和存活能力。
采用氮气吸附等温线结合(brunauer−emmett−teller,BET)方法测定样品中纳米尺度孔结构。BET分析可用于表征材料在微孔(孔径<2 nm)与介孔(孔径2~50 nm)范围内的孔隙特征。淀粉样品在120℃真空条件下脱气7 h。仪器(Micromeritics ASAP,美国)获得吸附与脱附等温线,并依据BET方程计算比表面积。孔径分布与孔体积采用Barrett−Joyner−Halenda(BJH)方法计算,并以孔宽(nm)为横坐标、dV/dlog(w)孔隙体积(cm/g)为纵坐标绘制孔径分布曲线。
采用汞压入孔隙仪(mercury intrusion porosimetry,MIP)(Micromeritics,美国)测定样品中的微米尺度孔结构。该方法可在较宽孔径范围内表征材料孔隙特征(孔径约5 nm~800 μm)。通过记录不同压力下汞的压入/挤出体积,可由汞压入/挤出曲线推算孔结构参数,包括孔半径、孔体积、孔比表面积以及孔径分布等。
实验结果以均数±标准差表示,采用T检验,以P<0.05差异在统计学上显著。
未处理的天然淀粉颗粒通常呈现圆润或多边形,表面光滑且几乎无孔(图1(a),对照组),限制了酸液中氢离子向淀粉颗粒内部渗透与作用。为此,本研究通过糖化酶预处理在淀粉表面及内部引入微孔结构,旨在通过提高淀粉比表面积为后续酸液的扩散提供“通道”[19]。实验结果表明,与单一酸水解处理120 h相比[20],酶促预解构显著提高了淀粉对酸的敏感性,颗粒破碎速度和程度明显加快。图1(a)显示(绿色标记表示碎片颗粒),酶解后蜡质玉米淀粉表面孔洞最为丰富(蓝色圆圈所示),因此在24 h酸处理后即出现明显凹陷与孔洞,48 h后进一步碎片化,96 h时几近完全崩解,呈松散絮状的微纳米复合体。这一变化显著增加了淀粉颗粒的比表面积,为益生菌的高效负载提供了结构基础。与之相反的是高直链玉米淀粉显示出较强的抗酸稳定性(图1(a)),随着酸水解时间延长,表面仅出现微小黏附颗粒,96 h后仅少数颗粒出现解体现象并产生纳米级淀粉粒子,大部分颗粒仍保持原始形貌。普通玉米淀粉颗粒破碎程度介于两者之间,水解初期颗粒保持致密圆整,随着水解进程,表面逐渐粗糙并产生裂纹;48 h后明显断裂,72~96 h时呈现松散解体形态(黄色标记表示碎片颗粒),整体颗粒破碎状态弱于蜡质玉米淀粉。
为进一步表征淀粉颗粒形貌尺寸变化,本研究测定了上述不同体系淀粉颗粒处理后的纳米粒径分布。图1(b)结果表明,经酶−酸共水解作用后的纳米级颗粒均集中在400~500 nm区间。该现象说明,该方法制备的纳米淀粉粒径不受淀粉来源的影响(忽略大尺度粒子的干扰)。与此同时,图1(c)则展示了3种淀粉在经酶−酸共水解不同阶段(0、24、48、72、96 h)后的微米级粒径分布。高直链玉米淀粉中各时间点的分布曲线均呈现单一且尖锐的主峰,峰值稳定在12 μm左右,几乎无峰随时间位移或展宽变化,这与微观形貌的演变趋势相一致。蜡质玉米淀粉和普通玉米淀粉的微米级粒径分布则呈现较为明显变化。尤其是前者,其主峰随水解时间显著右移,从13 μm向下游移、峰宽增大,48 h时主峰跃降至29 μm;96 h后主峰有所回归。此粒径分布呈现的淀粉“先降解再聚合”的微尺寸变化,正对应电镜图中淀粉碎片激增后又形成絮状复合体的形貌演变规律,为其在后续益生菌包埋过程中自组装构筑“蜂窝”状结构提供依据。
与原淀粉颗粒相比,3种淀粉经酶−酸共水解处理后,其ζ–电位绝对值均出现不同程度的降低(图2(b)),这可能归因于强酸环境中大量—OH基团被质子化,从而削弱了静电排斥力,促进了粒子间的团聚[21]。尽管目前尚无文献直接指出酸催化下淀粉表面—OH基被质子化,但已有研究表明不同酸处理方式会显著影响淀粉的ζ–电位,推测这与水解过程中淀粉表面基团变化有关[22]。该结论与图1(c)结果高度一致,即处理后的淀粉微粒分布峰值明显右移,整体粒径增大。随着酸解时间延长,3种淀粉展现出各有差异的变化趋势。图2(b)表明高直链玉米淀粉由于保留了较高的ζ–电位绝对值,仍具有足够的静电排斥力,保持了良好的分散性,对应SEM中较多的完整颗粒(仅少量边缘剥落碎屑)。相反,蜡质玉米淀粉在酸解初期ζ−电位绝对值骤降,分散性明显下降;但在后续水解过程中,其ζ–电位逐渐回升,分散性也随之改善,这与SEM图中孔洞增多后絮状复合体重新分散的现象较吻合(图2(a)深蓝色标记)。普通玉米淀粉的ζ–电位则随着酸解持续向中性靠拢,静电稳定性进一步减弱,分散性明显下降,其降解后的团聚体趋于增大。
为了进一步说明淀粉微纳粒子形成的结构演变趋势,本研究进行了一系列分子结构表征,确定了其淀粉链长变化情况。图3(a)显示微纳米淀粉的峰高均随水解时间持续下降,峰位出现蓝移现象,表明长时间的酸处理导致长直链持续断裂成更短的链,螺旋稳定性降低。未经处理的高直链玉米淀粉吸光值很低,原因在于其本身分子结构中的直链多以晶区高度有序、紧密堆积存在,形成了不可溶或难以膨胀的颗粒,难以让碘分子“插入”淀粉链螺旋空腔中并产生强烈的蓝色吸收峰[23]。在酶耦合酸共作用后,高直链玉米淀粉的吸收峰强度显著增强且蓝移最为明显,这可能是因为酸解导致更多线性直链的释放,从而增加直链玉米淀粉与碘形成络合物的能力[24]。普通玉米淀粉形成的微纳米淀粉峰高均随水解时间持续下降,峰位出现蓝移现象,相较于高直链玉米淀粉组,酸水解对其链长破坏效果更为显著,可能是主链直链区段含量降低所致。蜡质玉米淀粉组几无显著断链−释放直链过程,这是由于蜡质玉米淀粉几乎不含可与碘形成螺旋络合的长直链结构,其原淀粉对照只能给出极弱的吸光度[25]。一旦经过酶−酸共水解作用,极少量直链片段进一步断裂水解成可溶性的极短链,均不足以形成可检测的螺旋结构吸收峰。
结果表明,酸作用时间会增加淀粉晶体的出峰强度(图3(c))。高直链玉米淀粉在2θ为17°、20°、22°和24°处出峰,在2θ=5.6°处出现小峰,该峰是B型结晶度的特征,2θ=20°是V型结晶度的特征,因此判断高直链玉米淀粉主要是B+V型,峰位未随水解时间发生明显偏移,表明晶体结构类型保持稳定。其初始结晶度为27.1%,随着酸水解时间的延长,相对结晶度增加,整体呈现由断链引起无定形区破坏;且2θ=13°处的峰逐渐增强,酸水解会持续断裂长链直链玉米淀粉,释放出大量的短链片段,这些短链能够以单螺旋方式自组装,并通过氢键相互稳定,产生V型晶区[26],这与碘蓝值分析结果相一致。虽然微观形貌未发生显著改变,但其淀粉链仍不断被酸水解成小片段。蜡质玉米淀粉和普通玉米淀粉均在2θ为15°、17°、18°和23°处出峰,这些峰是A型结晶的特征[27],因此判断该2种淀粉是A型结晶,峰位亦未随水解时间发生明显偏移,但相对结晶度随着酸水解时间呈现先增大后减小的趋势。这可能是因为酶、酸分子首先侵蚀无定形、杂乱的非晶区,将其裂解并保留相对致密的晶区,从而使得晶区在总体基质中的占比(即相对结晶度)升高[28]。同时,酸解产生的大量短链寡糖在回收干制过程中重新排列,形成新的局部有序结构,进一步助长了结晶度峰值。随着水解时间延长,酸继续切入并攻击原有的淀粉晶区,使这些再结晶区域和残余晶区相继崩解,导致结晶度明显下降[24]
随后,本研究对微纳米淀粉体系的晶体短程有序性进行红外光谱检测(图4)。原淀粉在3600~3300 cm−1处呈现平滑且宽广的吸收带,这对应着O—H的振动。在1020 cm−1处,通常与C—O伸缩振动相关,反映了淀粉分子中的C—O—C键,即糖单元之间的连接。1080 cm−1通常与无定形区的C—O键振动相关。1156 cm−1处的峰通常与C—O伸缩振动(尤其是C—O—C键)相关,反映了淀粉分子中的官能团结构特征。1240 cm−1(C—O伸缩振动)处的峰通常与C—O键相关,反映了淀粉中的糖基连接状态[29]。在酶−酸共水解处理后,高直链玉米淀粉、蜡质玉米淀粉和普通玉米淀粉均随着酸水解时间的延长,在1020、1080、1156和3395 cm−1处的吸收峰强度增强,并且转变为较为尖锐的峰形态。这表明,酶−酸共水解处理使淀粉的氢键作用和分子结构发生了显著变化。在该过程中,淀粉分子链发生断裂导致C—O键的振动吸收增强并表现为更尖锐的峰形。这一结果说明,在无定形区被优先降解后,释放出的短链可能重新组装为更有序的结构。酸水解及其处理时间对淀粉分子结构具有重要影响,该变化趋势与碘蓝值分析结果相一致。一般来说,1047/1022 cm−1处的吸光度与有序结构和无定形结构的比率相关,这定义为有序度(degree of order,DO),995/1022 cm−1显示晶体双螺旋的程度和无定形区短程分子有序性(degree of double helix,DD)[30]。如表1所示,微纳米淀粉的DO和DD相对原淀粉对照均有所变化,表明晶体的短程有序性受到了破坏。
图4(c)热重分析结果显示,微纳淀粉组合粒子的热降解行为,在初始热稳定性阶段(30~150℃),所有样品都保持了一定的热稳定性,质量损失较小,这主要归因于淀粉游离水的蒸发。在主要降解阶段(150~350℃),淀粉大分子链断裂,引发大量质量损失。DTG峰(最大失重速率)均集中在此区(图4(d))。但微纳米淀粉组合粒子的起始降解温度低于原淀粉,这说明酶−酸共水解导致淀粉平均链段缩短,破坏了氢键网络和结晶区[31],降低了热分解温度,使得其更易在较低温度下发生断裂,这与FTIR和碘蓝值数据分析相一致。当酸解时间高于96 h时,最大失重温度向低温移动(<200℃),进一步验证长时间的酸水解显著降低了淀粉高分子链的热稳定性。虽然如此,96 h酸处理样品在600℃的残余质量明显高于空白组(从几乎接近0%增至约30%),这可能是由于酶−酸共水解过程中生成了更为稳定的化学结构。
上述结果表明,蜡质淀粉对酶−酸协同水解表现出更高的敏感性与降解程度。 相比于普通玉米淀粉组和高直链玉米淀粉组,其形成的微/纳碎片化结构具有显著提升的比表面积,为益生菌的高效吸附与空间包埋提供了更为丰富的活性位点。因此基于前述结构变化规律和益生菌负载考虑,本研究选用3种酸解处理(48、72、96 h)的蜡质玉米淀粉负载植物乳杆菌(L. plantarum)(图5)。经菌体封装流程后,图5(a)表示48 h的淀粉微纳粒子(此时微米级淀粉粒子占多数)初步呈现多孔网状;72 h则可见大量互相缠绕的微纳米薄片,呈网状分布雏形;96 h则更进一步,形成益生菌牢固嵌入的孔隙均匀、通道连贯的蜂巢状三维网络(图5(a))。结合图5(b)和图5(c)的结果可以发现,样品同时具有纳米尺度(1~100 nm)的介孔结构和微米尺度(50~150 μm)的宏孔结构,表明该淀粉组合粒子载体形成了明显的层级孔结构,进而具有较大的比表面积和丰富的孔道体系,不仅能够提供更多的吸附位点,还可以形成类似“腔室”的空间结构,有利于益生菌的负载与保护。与此鲜明对比的是,天然玉米淀粉负载的菌体几乎游离于光滑的球形颗粒表面,无法形成有效包裹。而常规糊化醇沉法制得的纳米级淀粉虽然紧密包封益生菌(可能是由于其超高表面能和聚集效应),但过挤的颗粒团聚极易降低菌体长期存活潜力(图5(e))。因而,图5(d)显示微纳米混合尺寸淀粉粒子形成的蜂巢式保护层结构具有适中的分腔室包菌优势,既避免了大颗粒的低效空载,也克服了纳米粒子的过度聚集。
图5(f)和图5(g)进一步验证了这一形貌差异对菌体活性的影响。蜡质淀粉微纳组合粒子网络中,绿色荧光的活菌易分布于蜂窝孔隙。而天然淀粉与纳米淀粉组则分别呈现菌体过于分散稀疏或局部高密度堆积的现象。这些负载状态的差异与前述结构和粒径、电位分析有关:96 h蜡质微纳米淀粉粒子在SEM(图1)和粒径分析中(DLS显示平均粒径约400~500 nm,LPSA显示占50%粒子粒径为19 μm)均表现出较大程度的微纳米化。同时其ζ−电位随酸解时间增加逐渐从−15 mV回升至−25 mV(绝对值增大),大幅增强了颗粒之间的静电排斥,抑制了再聚集,促成了网状薄片的良好分散。
综合来看,酶−酸协同降解可以有效瓦解蜡质玉米淀粉的天然颗粒形态,从无定形区到结晶区实现有序破坏,适度释放中短淀粉链并促进微米−纳米尺寸混合分布的微小粒子,基于此形成孔径可控、结构稳定的“蜂巢”支架,为益生菌提供理想的高活性三维负载空间(图6)。
本研究设计了酶促解构耦合酸促解链的淀粉微纳组合粒子精细化构建方法,表征了3种不同类型淀粉在酶−酸共水解多时长阶段下的微纳级粒径分布体系,揭示了该方法对淀粉形貌、结晶度、官能团及热稳定性的综合调控机制。即酸解前的酶预处理为淀粉颗粒引入微孔甚至促进解体,从而使酸分子实现多位点的深度渗透与淀粉链快速解旋、断裂。随酸解时间延长,淀粉结晶度与链段分布经历“先增后减”的结构演化,并在长短链协同作用下形成可控的纳米级短链和定向再结晶。其中,长时间酸解的蜡质玉米淀粉自发组装成“蜂窝状”三维网络,并证明其对植物乳杆菌的包埋效果显著优于天然微米淀粉与常规纳米淀粉。
该淀粉微纳尺度组合粒子不仅为益生菌的物理屏障与高亲和性提供了“类似蜂巢保护效用”的微载体新范式,也为天然来源生物基材料的微结构设计与组装应用打开了新思路。未来可考虑量化蜂窝结构对益生菌耐酸耐胆盐、靶向定殖的保护效果及微环境响应与智能释放,并探索其在功能性食品、口服制剂等领域的产业转化。通过上述研究,有望将此仿生蜂巢生物基载体材料构建技术推广至更广泛的功能客体递送领域。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(32272464)
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2022QNRC001)
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2026年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.08.00066
  • 接收时间:2025-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-04-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-19
  • 修回日期:2026-03-09
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(32272464)
中国科协青年人才托举工程项目(2022QNRC001)
作者信息
    1浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院,杭州 310058
    2浙江大学长三角智慧绿洲创新中心,嘉兴 314100

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徐恩波(通信作者),长聘副教授,研究方向为食品结构设计与品质控制,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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