Article(id=1249378700458922113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1249378689566315521, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=1772294400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775804694523, onlineDateStr=2026-04-10, pubDate=1773331200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775804694523, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775804694523, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775804694523, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1249378689566315521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773331200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775804691926, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1775804953440, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249379786603303548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1249378689566315521, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249379786603303549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1249378689566315521, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=32, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249378700890935446, articleId=1249378700458922113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Progress on Moon−based remote sensing of Earth's space environment, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Earth's space environment is crucial for space activities and technology. Continuous monitoring and research are vital. Traditional methods rely on ground−based observatories and satellites with limitations. Lunar exploration advances have made Moon−based remote sensing of Earth's space environment an emerging approach. This paper reviews relevant research progress, including lunar observation platforms, remote−sensing tech, applications, challenges, and future directions. Moon−based observation offers long−term continuity, global coverage, a unique perspective, and a stable platform. It has great potential in space weather monitoring, Earth space environment change research, and planetary science comparisons. As lunar exploration tech develops, Moon−based remote sensing will increasingly contribute to understanding Earth's space environment, ensuring space activity safety, and exploring cosmic mysteries.

, authors=null, authorsList=Fei HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249378701486526639, articleId=1249378700458922113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=月基地球空间环境遥感进展, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地球空间环境是人类航天活动和空间技术应用的重要区域,对其进行持续监测和研究具有重要意义。传统的观测手段主要依赖于地基观测站和地球轨道卫星,均存在一定的局限性。近年来,随着月球探测任务的不断推进,月基对地球空间环境遥感逐渐成为一种新兴的观测手段。综述了月基对地球空间环境遥感的研究进展,包括月基观测平台、遥感技术、应用领域,以及面临的挑战和未来发展方向。月基观测具有长期连续、全球覆盖、独特视角和稳定平台等优势,在空间天气监测和预报、地球空间环境变化研究、行星科学比较研究等领域具有广阔的应用前景。未来,随着月球探测技术的不断发展,月基对地球空间环境遥感将为人类认识地球空间环境、保障航天活动安全、探索宇宙奥秘作出更大的贡献。

, authors=

何飞,研究员,研究方向为地球与行星光学遥感和行星物理,电子信箱:

, authorsList=何飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=cH9WqXBh90UAXnqyzbTmJw==, magXml=iiGCu2+qEFqtJSs3Za6aKw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=KDTO8G1iBDhs1uUMEQafcQ==, pdfFileSize=726518, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=RSynXXJI3ys1Rb2V33n4lQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=T6+E2YwvpDwQhrCYRaZf4A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1249378701822070976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hefei@mail.iggcas.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1249378701905957060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, authorId=1249378701822070976, language=EN, stringName=Fei HE, firstName=Fei, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1249378702019203273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, authorId=1249378701822070976, language=CN, stringName=何飞, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio={"content":"

何飞,研究员,研究方向为地球与行星光学遥感和行星物理,电子信箱:

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何飞,研究员,研究方向为地球与行星光学遥感和行星物理,电子信箱:

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Science China Technological Sciences, 2025, 68(11): 2100602., articleTitle=Image simulation of grid−based energetic neutral atom imager onboard the Queqiao−2 mission, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1249378705026519321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, awardId=42441809, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(42441809), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1249378701696241847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249378701713019064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, companyId=1249378701696241847, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Planetary Science and Frontier Technology, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249378701721407673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, companyId=1249378701696241847, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,行星科学与前沿技术重点实验室,北京 100029)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1249378703097139450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZGT6DXWJ1uQXou6Gde0vKQ==, figureFileBig=RSynXXJI3ys1Rb2V33n4lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249378704632254721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, language=CN, label=图1, caption=“嫦娥三号”极紫外相机于2014年4月21日世界时13:01拍摄的地球等离子体层图像

白色圆圈代表地球位置,左侧白色实心圆代表太阳方向。白色虚线代表地磁轴和径向距离分别为2、4、6个地球半径的偶极磁力线投影。

, figureFileSmall=ZGT6DXWJ1uQXou6Gde0vKQ==, figureFileBig=RSynXXJI3ys1Rb2V33n4lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249378704837775627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比项目地基天基月基
可观测对象电离层、极光全空间区域全空间区域(部分极光区域)
可用波段主要限于可见光全波段全波段
仪器视场角视场角大,一般采用鱼眼镜头需要大视场,如等离子体层成像视场需要90°,
降低视场角需要提升轨道高度
小视场,如等离子体层成像视场仅需要15°
仪器分辨率可达几百米对仪器分辨率要求高分辨率要求最高
工作模式凝视成像一般需要配备复杂扫描结构或卫星自旋进行
扫描拼接
凝视成像
数据处理难度简单复杂简单
时空连续性仅限夜间、固定地理区域,
观测时间取决于天气状况
低轨:不连续、空间覆盖不完整
高轨:可在远地点区域实现几小时至几十小时内连续
可实现约20 d连续时空覆盖
环境干扰光污染、天气(云雨雪)粒子、辐照、高低温等粒子、辐照、高低温、月尘等
典型任务/仪器全球各地的全天空相机IMAGE卫星极紫外成像仪
“风云三号”广角极光成像仪
SMILE卫星软X射线成像仪和远紫外成像仪
Kaguya卫星极紫外望远镜
“嫦娥三号”着陆器极紫外相机
“鹊桥二号”中继星极紫外相机
), ArticleFig(id=1249378704930050323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1249378700458922113, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地基、天基和月基平台开展地球空间环境遥感的优劣对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比项目地基天基月基
可观测对象电离层、极光全空间区域全空间区域(部分极光区域)
可用波段主要限于可见光全波段全波段
仪器视场角视场角大,一般采用鱼眼镜头需要大视场,如等离子体层成像视场需要90°,
降低视场角需要提升轨道高度
小视场,如等离子体层成像视场仅需要15°
仪器分辨率可达几百米对仪器分辨率要求高分辨率要求最高
工作模式凝视成像一般需要配备复杂扫描结构或卫星自旋进行
扫描拼接
凝视成像
数据处理难度简单复杂简单
时空连续性仅限夜间、固定地理区域,
观测时间取决于天气状况
低轨:不连续、空间覆盖不完整
高轨:可在远地点区域实现几小时至几十小时内连续
可实现约20 d连续时空覆盖
环境干扰光污染、天气(云雨雪)粒子、辐照、高低温等粒子、辐照、高低温、月尘等
典型任务/仪器全球各地的全天空相机IMAGE卫星极紫外成像仪
“风云三号”广角极光成像仪
SMILE卫星软X射线成像仪和远紫外成像仪
Kaguya卫星极紫外望远镜
“嫦娥三号”着陆器极紫外相机
“鹊桥二号”中继星极紫外相机
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月基地球空间环境遥感进展
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何飞,研究员,研究方向为地球与行星光学遥感和行星物理,电子信箱:

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何飞,研究员,研究方向为地球与行星光学遥感和行星物理,电子信箱:

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何飞
作者信息
  • 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,行星科学与前沿技术重点实验室,北京 100029
Progress on Moon−based remote sensing of Earth's space environment
Fei HE
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Planetary Science and Frontier Technology, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2026-03-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00047
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地球空间环境是人类航天活动和空间技术应用的重要区域,对其进行持续监测和研究具有重要意义。传统的观测手段主要依赖于地基观测站和地球轨道卫星,均存在一定的局限性。近年来,随着月球探测任务的不断推进,月基对地球空间环境遥感逐渐成为一种新兴的观测手段。综述了月基对地球空间环境遥感的研究进展,包括月基观测平台、遥感技术、应用领域,以及面临的挑战和未来发展方向。月基观测具有长期连续、全球覆盖、独特视角和稳定平台等优势,在空间天气监测和预报、地球空间环境变化研究、行星科学比较研究等领域具有广阔的应用前景。未来,随着月球探测技术的不断发展,月基对地球空间环境遥感将为人类认识地球空间环境、保障航天活动安全、探索宇宙奥秘作出更大的贡献。

月球  /  地球空间环境  /  遥感  /  探月工程  /  空间天气

Earth's space environment is crucial for space activities and technology. Continuous monitoring and research are vital. Traditional methods rely on ground−based observatories and satellites with limitations. Lunar exploration advances have made Moon−based remote sensing of Earth's space environment an emerging approach. This paper reviews relevant research progress, including lunar observation platforms, remote−sensing tech, applications, challenges, and future directions. Moon−based observation offers long−term continuity, global coverage, a unique perspective, and a stable platform. It has great potential in space weather monitoring, Earth space environment change research, and planetary science comparisons. As lunar exploration tech develops, Moon−based remote sensing will increasingly contribute to understanding Earth's space environment, ensuring space activity safety, and exploring cosmic mysteries.

Moon  /  Earth's space environment  /  remote sensing  /  Chinese lunar exploration program  /  space weather
何飞. 月基地球空间环境遥感进展. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (5) : 32 -38 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00047
Fei HE. Progress on Moon−based remote sensing of Earth's space environment[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (5) : 32 -38 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00047
地球空间环境是指地球表面以上直至太阳活动影响所及的空间区域,包括中性大气、电离层、磁层等区域。它是人类航天活动和空间技术应用的重要区域,也是地球系统的重要组成部分。地球空间环境的变化会对宇航员生命、卫星运行、通信导航、电力系统等产生重要影响,因此对其进行持续监测和研究具有重要科学与应用意义。
太阳风与地球磁场相互作用形成了磁层空间。在太阳风扰动的驱动下,如日冕物质抛射(coronal mass ejection,CME)、共转相互作用区(corotation interaction region, CIR)等,磁层空间不同区域会产生连锁响应,其主要表现为太阳风—弓激波和磁鞘区—磁层顶边界层—磁尾—内磁层(等离子体层、环电流、辐射带)—电离层(极光、亚极光区)—热层这一链条上整体或局部的连锁变化过程和多空间层次的耦合过程[12]。认识这些耦合过程中全局/区域的物质和能量输运规律对理解和预测地球空间天气与环境具有极其重要的意义,同时也是一项重要的挑战。
人类自进入空间时代以来,从未停止过空间探测的步伐。早期在天基遥感技术尚未成熟之前,人类对空间环境的感知主要来源于人造卫星的就位探测,即依靠卫星的运动,使用携带的仪器探测路径上的物质成分、密度、温度、磁场、电场、运动速度等物理参数,并基于磁流体理论推演空间环境等变化。但就位探测难以捕捉到物质和能量输运的全貌,也很难将空间等离子体动态变化的时间和空间信息进行分离,进而限制了人们对地球空间整体耦合特性的研究。
自1970年代开始,地基和天基遥感技术逐渐应用到空间环境探测中。一些典型的遥感设施/设备包括:(1) 为配合亚暴事件及宏观相互作用时间演变卫星(time history of events and macroscale interaction during substorms,THEMIS)而建立的地基观测台阵[3],沿极光卵布设了一系列全天空相机,在可见光波段监测北极光活动;(2) 2000年,美国宇航局发射的磁层顶−极光全球成像探测卫星(imager for magnetopause−to−auroral global exploration,IMAGE)搭载的极紫外成像仪首次实现了对地球等离子体层的光学成像[4],同时也首次成功地开展了对地球环电流的中性原子成像[57];(3) 2017年,中国“风云三号”(Fengyun−3)极轨气象卫星搭载了目前低轨卫星上分辨率最高、视场范围最大的远紫外极光成像仪[8],获得了高分辨率的极光图像,并助力首次发现了地球等离子体层表面波[9];(4) 即将发射的中欧合作太阳风−磁层相互作用卫星(solar wind magnetosphere ionosphere link explorer,SMILE)[10]搭载了软X射线成像仪[11]和远紫外成像仪[12],将开展地球空间的全景成像。
地基观测站可以提供高精度的局部观测数据,但受观测波段、地理位置和天气条件等诸多限制,无法同时实现全球覆盖。地球轨道卫星可以实现全球覆盖,但也受轨道高度、连续性和寿命限制。因此,开发和利用更稳定连续的遥感平台是促进地球空间环境探测与研究跨越发展的必由之路。月球作为地球唯一的天然卫星,具有独特的轨道位置和稳定的表面环境,为对地观测提供了理想的平台。表1对比了在地基、天基和月基平台开展地球空间环境遥感的优劣势。
地球空间的光学辐射是开展地球空间环境光学遥感的前提。在地球空间,从磁鞘至电离层的绝大部分磁层空间内,不同特性的等离子体都有其特征的光学辐射,如地球磁鞘和极尖区He2+通过与中性氢原子电荷碰撞交换产生30.4 nm辐射[13];O7+和C6+等太阳风重离子通过与中性氢原子电荷碰撞交换产生的软X射线辐射[14];等离子体层He+共振散射太阳的30.4 nm辐射[15];磁层和电离层O+共振散射太阳的83.4 nm辐射[16];热层N2的LBH波段(140~180 nm)气辉[16];X射线、121.6、135.6 nm和LBH(lyman–birge–hopfield)波段极光[16]等辐射。
不同波段进行不同方式的光学成像可用于解决不同的科学问题。在30.4 nm或X射线波段对地球磁鞘进行全景成像(磁鞘全景成像)[17],可以可视化弓激波和磁层顶的三维形态结构,揭示太阳风与地球磁层相互作用过程中太阳风物质和能量进入地球磁层空间的动态过程,为近地空间天气效应研究提供准确的输入。在30.4 nm波段对地球等离子体层进行全景成像(等离子体层全景成像)[17],可以观测地球磁层大尺度对流特征,揭示地球物质分布的动态变化规律。地球两极的椭圆状极光区是太阳风和磁层高能粒子沿磁力线进入地球空间的投影,在X射线−极紫外−远紫外波段对极光全景成像(极光成像)[17],通过将极光活动与空间物质能量输运建立对应关系,就可以通过极光现象直接可视化磁层物质能量输运过程,这将突破卫星就位观测的局限性。将磁鞘全景成像、等离子体层全景成像、极光全景成像结合起来,就可以得到地球磁层空间物质与能量传输的全景图像。前文已经提到,在地球轨道卫星上,这些成像都已经实现,或即将实现。而在月球轨道,目前只有屈指可数的几次光学成像探测。
1972年,宇航员约翰∙杨(John Young)和查理∙杜克(Charles Duke)随“阿波罗16号”登陆月球,他们站在月球上回望地球,拍摄了一张前所未有的地球照片:这是首次用远紫外光拍摄到地球周围景象[18]。图片清晰地展示了白天电离层和中高层大气气辉、赤道电离层异常(由于电离层喷泉效应在赤道两侧产生高密度带)和南极光。遗憾的是,至此以后,虽然有大量探测器飞向月球,但鲜有探测器携带对地球空间环境遥感的仪器。
2008年,日本发射了“月亮女神号”(Kaguya)月球探测器,该探测器运行在月球极轨100 km圆轨道上,是一颗三轴稳定卫星。Kaguya卫星搭载了一台极紫外望远镜(telescope of extreme ultraviolet,TEX)[19],工作波段为30.4、83.4 nm,视场角为5°×10°,空间分辨率为0.09RERE为地球半径,RE =6371 km),主要目标是开展地球等离子体层和磁层的成像。当卫星运行到月球极轨面向地球一侧时,实施对地球等离子体层和磁层极紫外成像。但由于灵敏度低和滤光片故障,TEX未能拍摄到完整的等离子体层极紫外辐射图像,也未拍摄到磁层图像。
中国探月工程“嫦娥三号”任务着陆器搭载了一台极紫外相机[2021],于2013年12月14日成功着陆于月球虹湾以东地区(19.51W,44.12N)。极紫外相机工作波段为30.4 nm,圆形视场角为14.7,空间分辨率为0.08°,灵敏度为0.11 counts/s/Rayleigh,曝光时间为10 min。望远镜自带二维跟踪机构,可以确保光轴指向地心,并保持跟踪,实现对地球等离子体层的连续监视。“嫦娥三号”极紫外相机首次实现了从侧面对地球等离子体层的完整成像[22],如图1所示。基于月基成像视角特征和等离子体层三维密度分布特性,科研人员研发了等离子体层形态和密度的反演算法[2324]。基于“嫦娥三号”极紫外相机反演数据,发现亚暴期间等离子体层顶演化与极光边界演化的同步性[25]
地球空间除了光学辐射外,还存在一种特殊的粒子辐射。环电流、磁尾/等离子体片中的高能离子(H+和O+,能量高于1 keV)与地球外逸层中性氢原子发生电荷交换碰撞,变成高能的中性原子(energetic neutral atom,ENA),这些中性原子保留了高能离子在碰撞时的能量和运动方向,通过中性原子成像仪对不同方向的ENA进行遥感,即可重构磁鞘、环电流、磁尾/等离子体片中的高能离子通量[2627],这就是中性原子成像。目前国际上已成功的3个案例是IMAGE卫星搭载的低能、中能和高能中性原子成像仪[57],双星广角中性原子谱仪[28],以及星际边界探测者搭载的中性原子成像仪[29],获得了大量关于地球磁层和日球层高能粒子的新认知。
2008年,印度发射的Chandrayaan−1月球探测器曾搭载了一台能量中性原子分析仪开展环月轨道探测。该卫星运行于100 km环月轨道,视场角为9°×160°,指向月面,通过卫星运动进行推扫拼接成像,测量10 eV~3 keV的能量中性原子[30]。Chandrayaan−1取得的重要发现包括在月球磁异常区上空发现了太阳风与月球相互作用形成的迷你磁层[3132]。2018年,中国探月工程“嫦娥四号”任务的“玉兔号”月球车上,搭载了一台由中国和瑞典联合研制的先进小型中性原子分析仪[3334],用于观测10 eV~10 keV范围内的能量中性原子。利用该仪器数据并联合其他卫星数据,科学家提出了太阳风与月球磁异常相互作用的新图像,认为月球微磁层不同于一般意义上的磁层,太阳风可能受到月球微磁层的影响,被磁异常上方的静电场所减速[35],提高了科学家对太阳风与月球磁异常相互作用的认识[36]。此外,利用先进小型中性原子分析仪数据揭示了月面ENA能量随太阳风入射能量和角度的变化关系,进一步加深了对太阳风−月面相互作用机制的理解,同时也为太空风化过程和太阳风成因水的研究提供了新视角[37]
月球是地球的天然卫星,轨道高度约为38万km,轨道偏心率为0.055,自转周期与公转周期相同,因此月基观测可以实现对地球空间环境的长期、稳定、连续观测。月球约2/3时间位于地球磁层外,可以提供地球空间环境的外部全景视角,弥补传统观测手段的不足。月基平台大致可分为月面平台和环月轨道平台2类,2类平台各有优势。
月面平台包括着陆在月球表面的着陆器和巡视器,以及未来可能建设的月球基地。根据Apollo 12号登月任务在月球赤道附近(3.01239°S,23.42157°W)的探测结果,月球日出后,月表温度开始急剧上升,并在月球正午时(即满月附近)达到最大值约120℃,之后开始缓慢下降,且在进入月夜后急剧降温,最低温度维持在约−190℃,昼夜温差达到惊人的310℃[38]。这对月面工作的仪器提出了极高的温控要求。
由于月球的轨道运动特性,半个月处于白天,半个月处于黑夜,因此,对月表工作的设备的能源也提出了极高的要求。由于夜间无法使用太阳能发电,必须在月昼储存足够的能源,以备月夜的保温、生存等需求。对于绝大多数着陆器或月球车,月夜期间都休眠,待月昼有外部能源时再唤醒工作。这导致了月面仪器运行的占空比最多能达到50%。
月面还将遭遇到的一种特殊环境是月尘。月尘(风化层)几乎覆盖整个月球表面,厚度从几厘米到数十米不等。受太阳紫外线辐射和带电粒子影响,月尘可能带电并悬浮于近月面数厘米至数米高度,粒径在亚微米至数十微米之间,形成“尘埃晕”,尤其在晨昏线附近(昼夜交界处)更显著[39]。月尘易附着在太阳能板、机械关节和光学仪器上,导致效率下降或故障(如阿波罗任务中相机受污染)。总的来说,虽然月面环境比较恶劣,但随着技术的进步,如空间核能技术、环境控制技术、智能技术的应用,基于月面平台遥感应用将越来越广泛。
月球轨道平台即环月卫星,轨道高度可根据需求设计,运行环境比月面良好和稳定,相比月面平台来说更容易实现,因此也是目前使用最多的平台。对于月球低轨卫星,由于轨道周期短,地球空间在遥感器中的视角变化大、变化快,对遥感器的性能和工作模式提出了更高的要求。当轨道面与地月连线不垂直时,卫星有1/2时间位于月球背面,导致观测将不连续,如日本Kaguya卫星。因此,在月球轨道平台上对地球空间环境遥感最佳的选择有2种。一种是高度较高的圆环轨道,轨道面与地月连线垂直,随着月相同步漂移,可以实现对地球空间遥感器的连续稳定运行。卫星采用对地三轴稳定方式运行,将确保地球空间始终处于遥感器的视场中,在获取遥感数据以后,可以较容易地根据空间几何投影算法消除像移或像旋的影响。另一种是采用大椭圆轨道,卫星可以长时间处于距离月球较远的位置,进而可以较稳定连续地指向地球。但这种轨道可能不可避免地出现月球遮挡现象,如“嫦娥七号”任务“鹊桥二号”中继星。
“嫦娥七号”任务“鹊桥二号”中继星的工程任务是接替“鹊桥一号”为“嫦娥六号”及后续探月任务提供中继通信保障。在中继任务的间隙,“鹊桥二号”将调转指向,开展对地球空间环境遥感任务。“鹊桥二号”搭载了2台对地球空间遥感成像仪器,其中1台是极紫外相机,1台是阵列中性原子成像仪,2台仪器相互配合,实现“嫦娥七号”任务主要科学目标之一:月基对地球磁尾和等离子体层的观测与研究[40],这也是国际上首次在月球轨道同时开展极紫外光学成像和能量中性原子成像。极紫外相机的工作波段为30.4、83.4 nm,2个通道相互独立、同时工作,主要科学任务是在30.4 nm通道开展对地球等离子体层、磁鞘的全景成像观测,在83.4 nm通道开展对电离层和磁层空间O+分布的全景成像观测[4142]。阵列中性原子成像仪利用氢和氧中性原子,通过对地球磁层遥感成像观测获取地球磁尾高时空分辨率观测数据[4344],并联合极紫外相机数据,为研究地球磁层亚暴注入触发机制、磁尾能量转化机制及地球磁暴的产生过程等提供科学依据。
“鹊桥二号”中继星于2024年3月20日成功发射。在完成对“嫦娥六号”月球采样返回任务的中继通信保障任务后,“鹊桥二号”中继星转入对地科学观测运行阶段,2台载荷相机开机进行在轨测试。目前测试结果表明仪器健康状态良好,设计工作寿命为8年,未来将源源不断为科学家提供自主的高质量遥感图像数据,从整体视角揭示太阳风—磁层—电离层相互作用规律。
地球空间环境作为连接太阳活动与地球系统的关键区域,其动态变化深刻影响着人类航天活动、空间技术应用及地面基础设施安全。随着探测技术的不断革新,特别是光学与中性原子成像技术的突破,人类对太阳风—磁层—电离层耦合过程的理解已迈入新阶段。然而,传统地基与近地轨道探测仍存在时空覆盖不足、观测视角受限等短板,亟需探索更高效的观测平台。在此背景下,月基遥感凭借其独特优势,成为推动地球空间环境研究跨越式发展的重要方向。
月基对地遥感的核心价值在于其“全局视角”与“连续监测”能力。未来,通过整合光学、中性原子及原位探测数据,有望构建地球空间环境的四维动态模型,揭示太阳风能量注入、磁层亚暴触发及电离层响应之间的完整链条。“鹊桥二号”等任务将推动磁鞘–等离子体层–极光耦合过程的可视化研究,为空间天气预报提供关键输入。未来应部署更加灵敏、视野范围更大的光学和中性原子成像仪,观测更微弱、更大范围的地球空间辐射。此外,月球基地的建设和国际合作(如中欧SMILE任务、国际月球科研站等)将加速探测网络的全球化布局,最终实现从“局部观测”到“系统认知”的跨越。
地球空间环境研究不仅是探索日地关系的科学前沿,更是保障人类空间活动安全的技术基石。月基遥感以其不可替代的优势,正在开启地球空间探测的新纪元。随着探测技术的持续革新与国际合作的深化,月基平台必将成为破解空间天气奥秘、守护地球家园的“天眼”,为人类迈向深空奠定坚实基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42441809)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00047
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-04-10
  • 出版时间:2026-03-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
  • 修回日期:2026-03-01
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国家自然科学基金项目(42441809)
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    中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,行星科学与前沿技术重点实验室,北京 100029
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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