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抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）已成为全球公共健康的重大威胁。研究估计，仅2019年就有超过495万例死亡与耐药相关。耐药基因之所以能在不同细菌间快速“串门”，很大程度上依赖质粒这类可移动的遗传载体。然而，在抗生素被大规模使用之前，质粒的具体形态及如何被人类“训练”成耐药传播工具，长期缺乏直接证据。

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（图片来源：摄图网）

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