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持久性卤代有机污染物(HOPs),包括多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)和全氟烷基酸(PFAAs),因其持久性、生物累积性和高毒性而备受关注。尽管《斯德哥尔摩公约》已将其中许多列为优先控制化学品,但这些污染物仍以高浓度残留于全球水体中,并通过食物网传递,最终威胁人类健康。

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    持久性卤代有机污染物(HOPs),包括多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)和全氟烷基酸(PFAAs),因其持久性、生物累积性和高毒性而备受关注。尽管《斯德哥尔摩公约》已将其中许多列为优先控制化学品,但这些污染物仍以高浓度残留于全球水体中,并通过食物网传递,最终威胁人类健康。

    . 卤代污染物——氯溴氟“爬食物链”谁最快. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (23) : 12 -12 .
    . Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (23) : 12 -12 .
    持久性卤代有机污染物(HOPs),包括多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)和全氟烷基酸(PFAAs),因其持久性、生物累积性和高毒性而备受关注。尽管《斯德哥尔摩公约》已将其中许多列为优先控制化学品,但这些污染物仍以高浓度残留于全球水体中,并通过食物网传递,最终威胁人类健康。
    为了深入理解这些污染物在全球尺度上的归趋,北京师范大学夏星辉团队收集并筛选了涵盖全球80余篇文献的实测数据,重点分析了PCBs、PBDEs和PFAAs在全球水生“无脊椎动物-鱼类”食物网中的赋存特征、营养放大因子(TMFs)及其分馏效应。研究结果显示,在全球范围内收集的生物样本中,PCBs的污染水平显著高于PBDEs和PFAAs。鱼类体内7种典型PCBs的平均浓度高达10762 ng/g(脂重),分别是甲壳类和软体动物的3倍、8倍。这主要归因于其历史使用量大且极难降解,导致沉积物中的残留持续释放。在生物放大能力方面,PCBs的全球平均TMFs为3.14,远高于PBDEs(2.48)和PFAAs(1.97),表明其沿食物链向顶端捕食者富集的风险最高。
    造成这种差异的原因在于理化性质:相比PCBs,PBDEs分子量更大且碳-卤键更弱,限制了其进入细胞的速率且更易被生物体代谢排出;而PFAAs作为两亲性化合物,其生物累积机制受蛋白结合能力影响,整体放大能力弱于高脂溶性的PCBs。
    该研究在污染物传递机理上取得了突破性发现,修正了以往的线性认知,揭示了“抛物线”放大规律。研究证实,污染物的生物放大能力并非随卤化程度线性增加,而是呈“抛物线”关系。由于空间位阻效应限制了超大分子的跨膜运输,污染物的放大潜能在特定结构处达到峰值:含6个氯原子的PCBs、含5个溴原子的PBDEs以及碳链长度为12的PFAAs。
    食物网“分馏效应”:随着营养级升高,生物体表现出明显的“去短留长”特征——高卤代/长链化合物在生物体内的占比显著提升,而低卤代/短链化合物因易被代谢而逐渐减少(PBDEs因存在复杂的脱溴反应而表现不规律)。
    (来源于中国科技期刊卓越行动计划入选期刊《Journal of Environmental Sciences》 2025,157:123-133)

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    2种不同金属材料的力学参数

    Family
    属数
    Number of
    genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of
    total species (%)

    Genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of total
    species (%)
    鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
    小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
    多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
    红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
    小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
    光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
    红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
    栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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