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夜幕降临时,几位科学家正乘坐中国载人深海潜水器“奋斗者”号向深渊进发。随着潜水器逐渐下潜,在深不可测的黑暗中,上海交通大学极端环境微生物学家赵维殳瞥见了散发着绿、黄、橙3色荧光的发光生物。抵达万米海底后,研究人员打开探照灯,一片“深邃神秘的蓝色”随即映入眼帘,到处漂浮着形形色色的浮游生物。Weishu Zhao回忆道,“那一刻,我幡然领悟,(深海)一定是一个超乎人类想象的奇特世界”

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(图片来源:《Science》)

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Jacobs Phie
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出版时间: 2025-04-28
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夜幕降临时,几位科学家正乘坐中国载人深海潜水器“奋斗者”号向深渊进发。随着潜水器逐渐下潜,在深不可测的黑暗中,上海交通大学极端环境微生物学家赵维殳瞥见了散发着绿、黄、橙3色荧光的发光生物。抵达万米海底后,研究人员打开探照灯,一片“深邃神秘的蓝色”随即映入眼帘,到处漂浮着形形色色的浮游生物。Weishu Zhao回忆道,“那一刻,我幡然领悟,(深海)一定是一个超乎人类想象的奇特世界”

. 海沟深处蕴藏“惊人”生物多样性. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (8) : 12 -13 .
Jacobs Phie. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (8) : 12 -13 .
夜幕降临时,几位科学家正乘坐中国载人深海潜水器“奋斗者”号向深渊进发。随着潜水器逐渐下潜,在深不可测的黑暗中,上海交通大学极端环境微生物学家赵维殳瞥见了散发着绿、黄、橙3色荧光的发光生物。抵达万米海底后,研究人员打开探照灯,一片“深邃神秘的蓝色”随即映入眼帘,到处漂浮着形形色色的浮游生物。Weishu Zhao回忆道,“那一刻,我幡然领悟,(深海)一定是一个超乎人类想象的奇特世界”。
作为地球最深的海沟,太平洋马里亚纳海沟一直是科学家与探险家的向往之地。2012年,电影导演James Cameron曾乘坐狭小的单人潜水器,下潜至海沟内被称为“挑战者深渊”(Challenger Deep)的海底峡谷,这里深约11000 m,是地球上已知最深的点。其他科考队也曾绘制出马里亚纳海沟奇特的地形图。在2025年3月7日《Cell》期刊的3篇论文中,科学家向世界揭示了栖息在这片神秘海域的奇异生物。
美国理海大学分子生态学家Santiago Herrera(未参与研究)表示,“这些研究成果为深海生物学发展做出了突出贡献”。作为“溟渊计划”(马里亚纳海沟环境与生态研究计划)的研究项目,这3项研究揭示了地球超深渊带(水深6000~11000 m)神秘莫测的深海密码。超深渊带具有高压、黑暗与寒冷的特点,不仅是威胁生命生存的极端环境,更为大多数科考行动带来艰巨挑战。
为安全抵达万米深渊,研究人员在此次行动中借助了“奋斗者”号载人潜水器,该潜水器被加州大学圣地亚哥分校深海微生物学家Douglas Bartlett誉为“一大工程奇迹”(美国“阿尔文”号深潜器最大下潜深度仅6500 m)。“奋斗者”号可搭载3名科考员下潜至海洋最深处,并配备一对机械臂和采样篮,单次下潜可采集数百份样本。2021年8—11月,“奋斗者”号在马里亚纳海沟及邻近海域完成数十次深潜作业,带回微生物沉积物、鱼类、片脚类甲壳动物等许多珍贵样本。
Bartlett指出,“我们发现了异常繁荣的生物多样性”。其中一项研究鉴定出马里亚纳海沟内的7000余种新微生物,其中89% 为科学界未报道的新物种。论文合著者、华大生命科学研究院(BGI Research)生物学家Mo Han表示,这些微生物进化出了在黑暗、寡营养环境中的独特生存策略。基因分析结果显示,有些微生物拥有精简高效的小型基因组,能够进化出特定的生命机能,有些微生物则拥有能适应环境变化的大型多能基因组,某些物种甚至具备降解一氧化碳等顽固物质的基因。Mo Han感叹道,“生命总会自己找到出路。”
另一项研究指出,片脚类生物可能通过与深海细菌建立共生关系来适应极端环境,论文合著者、华大集团研究员Shanshan Liu表示,这种能力使其成为超深渊带中最具韧性的生物。肠道内容物分析显示,片脚类甲壳动物体内富含大量冷单胞菌属(Psy‐ chromonas)。研究人员推测,这类细菌也许可以协助合成一种名为三甲胺N-氧化物的化合物,该物质广泛存在于多种深海生物体内,可以帮助机体维持体液平衡,抵御高压环境带来的生理损伤。
第3项研究则揭示,生活在水深3000 m以下的鱼类普遍存在基因突变,使它们的细胞能够更高效地将基因转录为必需蛋白质,从而快速应对高压、寒冷和黑暗带来的应激反应。通过分析11个物种的基因组,研究人员成功追溯到部分物种最初迁入深海的时间节点。例如,鳗鱼可能在约1亿年前潜入深海,成功躲过6500万年前导致恐龙和浅海生物灭绝的大灾难;而狮子鱼可能在约2000万年前潜入海沟,与板块剧烈活动时期大致吻合。对此,论文合著者、华大集团研究员Yue Song认为,在温度与氧气环境剧烈波动的时期,深海可能充当了这些生物的“生态避难所”。
在揭示超深渊带生命繁荣的生态密码之余,研究人员也目睹了触目惊心的人类活动痕迹。据Weishu Zhao回忆,潜水团队不仅发现了塑料袋、啤酒瓶和易拉罐,甚至在雅浦海沟最深处发现了近乎完整的洗衣篮。Weishu Zhao表示,“这让我们倍感震惊”。但同时,她也指出,深海微生物展现出惊人的污染物降解能力,甚至能将其转化为能量来源,这些生物“或许能为人类突破当今环境污染困境提供新思路”。
未来,研究团队计划进一步考察世界其他地区的深海海沟,或将为揭秘地球生命起源提供更多线索。华大集团研究员Liang Meng表示,“全球80% 的超深渊带仍是未解之谜,在这片未被探索的神秘海域中,或许还蕴藏着无尽的生命宝藏”。
由Elizabeth Pennisi协助报道(译自《Science》,2025,387(6739))

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  • 首发时间:2025-06-05
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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