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articleAbstract=黄河难治的根本症结是水少沙多,以善淤、善决、善徙而闻名于世。公元前602年以来，下游河道决口1590余次，较大的改道26次，呈三年两决口、百年一改道，洪涝灾害频繁。治理黄河历来是中华民族安民兴邦的大事，新中国成立后，党和政府高度重视黄河治理开发与保护，取得了巨大成就：一是黄土高原“变绿了”，黄河“变清了”。流域水土流失面积治理了近50%，黄土高原林草覆被率由20纪80年代的20%增加到现状的63%，梯田面积由1.4万km²提升至5.5万km²，建设了各类淤地坝5.9万座，累积拦截泥沙194亿t，黄土高原主色调由黄变绿，入黄泥沙由1919—1959年的16亿t/a锐减到2000年以来的2.4亿t/a。二是水沙调控体系初步建成，洪水得到有效控制。黄河干支流上建成了龙羊峡、刘家峡、三门峡和小浪底等控制性工程，已建水库库容近800亿m³，下游两岸1371.2 km临黄大堤进行了4次加高培厚，调水调沙使下游河槽平均冲深2.5 m，水沙关系不协调问题得到初步改善，“悬河”得到遏制，河道游荡性大幅减小，保障了伏秋大汛岁岁安澜。三是水资源综合管理能力显著提高，资源分配日趋合理。黄河在全国率先出台了“八七”水量分配方案， 1999年开始实施全河水量统一调度，保障了黄河20年不断流，生态环境逐步改善。黄河以占全国2.5%的水资源量，养育着全国12%的人口、灌溉着全国15%的耕地。, authors=胡春宏, authorsList=胡春宏, authorCompany=中国水利水电科学研究院, 北京 100038, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=胡春宏,水力学及河流动力学家,中国工程院院士,中国水利水电科学研究院教授级高级工程师,长期从事泥沙运动力学、河床演变与河道整治、工程泥沙等领域的理论与应用研究。建立了江河水沙调控理论、模型与技术体系,解决了黄河、长江、塔里木河等江河治理中的工程技术难题。, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, 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