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R. Darwin)在1831—1836 年随英国海军“小猎犬号”舰环球科学考察基础上, 于1859 年出版《物种起源》, 系统阐述了进化论, 但尚未讨论生物遗传和变异的遗传学基础。1856—1864 年, 奥地利遗传学家孟德尔(G.J.Mendel)进行了大量植物杂交试验, 在1865 年发表“植物杂交试验”论文, 提出遗传单位是遗传因子的观点, 并揭示出遗传学的2 个基本定律——分离定律、自由组合定律。1909 年, 丹麦植物遗传学家维尔赫姆·约翰森(W. L. Johannsen)根据菜豆选种试验提出纯系学说, 并用“基因”这一名词指代任何一种生物中控制任何性状而其遗传规律又符合孟德尔定律的遗传因子。1910 年, 美国进化生物学家摩尔根(T. H. Morgan)通过果蝇的遗传实验, 认识到基因存在于染色体上, 并且在染色体上呈线性排列, 从而得出了染色体是基因载体的结论。20 世纪50 年代以后, 随着分子遗传学的发展, 尤其是美国生物学家詹姆斯·沃森(J. D.Watson)和英国生物学家弗朗西斯·克里克(F. H. C. 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