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合成氨技术被誉为“从空气中制造面包”的奇迹,养活了全球近1/2的人口。然而,这一传统工艺也带来了巨大的碳排放与能耗。上海交通大学李俊团队联合苏州大学程涛团队,首次报道了在常温常压连续流条件下稳定地电合成氨:在100 mA·cm-2电流密度下达到98%法拉第效率与21%能量效率。2026年2月12日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。

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(图片来源:上海交通大学变革性分子前沿科学中心)

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    合成氨技术被誉为“从空气中制造面包”的奇迹,养活了全球近1/2的人口。然而,这一传统工艺也带来了巨大的碳排放与能耗。上海交通大学李俊团队联合苏州大学程涛团队,首次报道了在常温常压连续流条件下稳定地电合成氨:在100 mA·cm-2电流密度下达到98%法拉第效率与21%能量效率。2026年2月12日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。

    . 电合成氨实现“从空气到化肥”新路径. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (4) : 9 -9 .
    . Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (4) : 9 -9 .
    合成氨技术被誉为“从空气中制造面包”的奇迹,养活了全球近1/2的人口。然而,这一传统工艺也带来了巨大的碳排放与能耗。上海交通大学李俊团队联合苏州大学程涛团队,首次报道了在常温常压连续流条件下稳定地电合成氨:在100 mA·cm-2电流密度下达到98%法拉第效率与21%能量效率。2026年2月12日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。
    诞生于20世纪初的哈伯-博施法(Haber-Bosch),至今仍主导着全球合成氨工业。其核心在于利用高温(400~500℃)和高压(10~30 MPa)强行打破氮气(N2)分子间极其坚固的氮氮三键。这一过程每年消耗全球约1.3% 的能源,贡献全球约1% 的CO2排放。为实现绿色合成氨,科学家曾寄希望于水相电催化。然而,由于氢析出反应(HER)的强烈竞争,水相体系中的氮气还原效率极低,难以满足实际应用需求。
    近年来,以非水溶剂为基础的“锂介导”策略(Li-NRR)成为唯一被严格证实能在常温常压下高效固氮的途径。其基本原理是利用电化学沉积出的极活泼的金属锂,直接切断氮氮三键生成氮化锂(Li3N),随后在质子源的作用下释放出氨气(NH3)。尽管LiNRR前景广阔,但它面临着一个致命的技术瓶颈:固体电解质界面(SEI)的离子传导率极低。在传统电解体系中,一旦电流密度超过8 mA·cm-2,SEI层就会因为锂离子的耗尽而导致反应界面急剧收缩,系统随即崩溃。这使得连续化、规模化生产成为空谈。
    李俊团队的破局之道在于材料设计的底层创新:团队摒弃了传统单一结构的界面,创新性地设计了一种由LiF外层、Li2CO3离子传导中层与Li3N界面内层精准组装的混合SEI结构。外层材料具有低离子结合能,大幅降低了锂离子去溶剂化的能垒;中间层强调高离子电导与三维渗透网络,服务于快速扩散;靠电极侧的外层则更接近反应活性界面,为氮还原提供更合适的局部化学环境。该设计成功将锂离子通量提升2个数量级,在连续流反应体系中实现了100 mA·cm-2的工业级电流密度下稳定运行50 h,能量效率从高压间歇式电解池的3%飞跃至21%。
    该工作在实验上证明了,摆脱庞大的集中式化工厂,利用风电、光伏等间歇性可再生能源,在常温常压下进行分布式“绿氨”生产是完全可行的。不过该技术路径存在理论能量效率上限——28%,因为锂沉积需要极负电位带来巨大的等效过电位;而美国能源部相关项目常引用的最低目标能效在60%量级,哈柏-博施法则可在约75% 效率附近运行。未来,更现实的落地路径可能不是立刻替代大型哈柏-博施工艺,而是在电力富余或孤网场景下做“本地化、小规模、可启停”的制氨单元,为化肥供应链末端、偏远地区化学品保障或特定工业用氨提供补充。
    (综合:《Science》、上海交通大学、《文汇报》)

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    2种不同金属材料的力学参数

    Family
    属数
    Number of
    genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of
    total species (%)

    Genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of total
    species (%)
    鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
    小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
    多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
    红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
    小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
    光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
    红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
    栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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