Article(id=1240314269665907539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, articleNumber=null, orderNo=23, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=1764518400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773643565813, onlineDateStr=2026-03-16, pubDate=1772208000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773643565813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080746548, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1240314266348213063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1772208000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773643565021, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1775804741433, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249378897301807555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1240314266348213063, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=135, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240314269997257566, articleId=1240314269665907539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Analysis and control of vibration and noise coupling response of fully elastic cavity, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article investigatedthe acoustic vibration coupling response of a fully elastic cavity structure controlled by piezoelectric shunt technology under an internal sound source excitation.Based on the acoustic vibration equation, this article analyzed the dominant factors of the acoustic vibration response of the fully elastic cavity structure, revealed the coupling mechanism between the different panels and the acoustic cavity. In fully elastic cavity vibration, the coupling between the panel mode and the acoustic cavity mode can be calculated using orthogonal integration, and there exists a corresponding dominant panel for a specific resonance frequency. Piezoelectric shunt regulation based on dominant panel strategy can maximize control effectiveness. A vibration and noise control system for an elastic cavity based on a piezoelectric shunt circuit was established. By controlling the vibration in the dominant frequency range corresponding to the panels of the elastic cavity, multiple resonance peaks were suppressed in the overall response of the elastic cavity system. The vibration response of the wall panels at the first two resonant frequencies, 88 Hz and 144 Hz, decreased by 17 dB and 9 dB respectively, while the peak sound pressure inside the cavity reduced by 17 dB and 7 dB, and the peak radiated sound pressure outside the cavity decreased by 13 dB and 4 dB.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zhijun YU, Daoqing CHANG, Xiaobin CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Daoqing CHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1240314273784714193, articleId=1240314269665907539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=全弹性腔振动噪声耦合响应分析及其控制, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以全弹性腔结构为模型,研究了用压电分流技术控制弹性腔结构在内部声源激励下的声振耦合响应。基于全弹性腔结构振声学方程,分析了全弹性腔结构振声学响应的主导因素,揭示了不同壁板以及声腔之间的耦合机制。在全弹性腔振动中,面板模态和声腔模态之间的耦合可以使用正交积分计算,并且对于特定的共振频率存在相应的主导面板。基于主导面板的压电分流调节,能够最大程度提升控制效果。搭建了基于压电分流电路的弹性腔振动噪声控制系统,通过在弹性腔不同壁板对应主导振动频率区域的振动控制,实现了弹性腔系统整体声振响应的多共振峰抑制,在前2阶共振频率88和144 Hz壁板振动响应分别降低了17和9 dB,腔内声压峰值分别降低了17和7 dB,腔外辐射声压峰值降低了13和4 dB。

, authors=

余智君,博士研究生,研究方向为声学,电子信箱:

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常道庆(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为声学,电子信箱:
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全弹性腔振动噪声耦合响应分析及其控制
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余智君 1, 2 , 常道庆 1, 2, * , 程晓斌 1, 2
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(4): 135-144
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (4) : 135 -144
全弹性腔振动噪声耦合响应分析及其控制
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余智君1, 2 , 常道庆1, 2, * , 程晓斌1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院声学研究所噪声与音频声学实验室,北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 100049
通讯作者:
常道庆(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为声学,电子信箱:
Analysis and control of vibration and noise coupling response of fully elastic cavity
Zhijun YU1, 2 , Daoqing CHANG1, 2, * , Xiaobin CHENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Laboratory of Noise and Audio Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-02-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00083
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以全弹性腔结构为模型,研究了用压电分流技术控制弹性腔结构在内部声源激励下的声振耦合响应。基于全弹性腔结构振声学方程,分析了全弹性腔结构振声学响应的主导因素,揭示了不同壁板以及声腔之间的耦合机制。在全弹性腔振动中,面板模态和声腔模态之间的耦合可以使用正交积分计算,并且对于特定的共振频率存在相应的主导面板。基于主导面板的压电分流调节,能够最大程度提升控制效果。搭建了基于压电分流电路的弹性腔振动噪声控制系统,通过在弹性腔不同壁板对应主导振动频率区域的振动控制,实现了弹性腔系统整体声振响应的多共振峰抑制,在前2阶共振频率88和144 Hz壁板振动响应分别降低了17和9 dB,腔内声压峰值分别降低了17和7 dB,腔外辐射声压峰值降低了13和4 dB。

弹性腔噪声  /  噪声控制  /  压电换能器  /  机电耦合

This article investigatedthe acoustic vibration coupling response of a fully elastic cavity structure controlled by piezoelectric shunt technology under an internal sound source excitation.Based on the acoustic vibration equation, this article analyzed the dominant factors of the acoustic vibration response of the fully elastic cavity structure, revealed the coupling mechanism between the different panels and the acoustic cavity. In fully elastic cavity vibration, the coupling between the panel mode and the acoustic cavity mode can be calculated using orthogonal integration, and there exists a corresponding dominant panel for a specific resonance frequency. Piezoelectric shunt regulation based on dominant panel strategy can maximize control effectiveness. A vibration and noise control system for an elastic cavity based on a piezoelectric shunt circuit was established. By controlling the vibration in the dominant frequency range corresponding to the panels of the elastic cavity, multiple resonance peaks were suppressed in the overall response of the elastic cavity system. The vibration response of the wall panels at the first two resonant frequencies, 88 Hz and 144 Hz, decreased by 17 dB and 9 dB respectively, while the peak sound pressure inside the cavity reduced by 17 dB and 7 dB, and the peak radiated sound pressure outside the cavity decreased by 13 dB and 4 dB.

elastomeric cavity noise  /  noise control  /  piezoelectric transducers  /  electromechanicalcoupling
余智君, 常道庆, 程晓斌. 全弹性腔振动噪声耦合响应分析及其控制. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (4) : 135 -144 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00083
Zhijun YU, Daoqing CHANG, Xiaobin CHENG. Analysis and control of vibration and noise coupling response of fully elastic cavity[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (4) : 135 -144 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00083
随着生活水平不断提高,人们越发关注生产和生活中的噪声问题,例如高铁噪声[1]、电力设备振动噪声[2]等。弹性腔体振动噪声是生活和工业环境中十分常见的噪声源。弹性板腔结构常与压缩机、螺旋桨[3]、变压器[4]等周期性设备共同工作,并且腔体自身拥有共振频率,因此弹性腔噪声通常有较强的窄带特征。而窄带噪声辐射对生理和心理健康具有一定不良影响,因此需要对弹性腔的振动进行有效控制。分析全弹性腔的振动噪声耦合特点,有助于提升噪声控制效率,优化控制器布局。单个弹性面板和腔体的振动研究开始较早,Dowell等[5]将含有弹性板的腔体速度势用无穷傅里叶级数进行展开,从而分析背腔对面板的作用效果。在此之后,Dowell等[6]又提出面板的模态和腔内声场的模态不是完全无关的,存在一个描述二者关系的耦合系数矩阵。Pan等[7]研究了矩形面板和一个腔体的物理建模,分别分析了板和腔振动模态的规律,同时也对力控制下的辐射声功率进行了研究。Kim等[8]引入阻抗导纳法分析了包含5个刚性面板和1个弹性板简单隔声罩模型。当弹性腔体的弹性面数量增多时,系统的振动将更为复杂。姚昊萍等[9]分析了2块弹性板矩形腔的结构声耦合特性,并验证2板之间存在弱耦合。而Du等[10]将阻抗边界引入矩形腔声场研究中,进行了腔内声压的傅里叶展开和模态声学分析。Cui等[11]利用刚性腔模态分析了6个面都是弹性板的矩形腔体的声场模态方程。Shi等[12]增加了弹性腔模态修正项保证弹性面的连续边界条件,结合点声源激励获得了弹性矩形腔的振动方程,并与有限元方法进行比较。Wyrwal等[13]将矩形腔体的壁面拓展为双板结构,进行了数学建模和仿真,并研究了腔体分布参数系统的流固耦合。可以看出,全弹性腔是一种6个面板都是弹性面板的腔体,6个面之间的振动通过腔内声场相互耦合,振动特点相对复杂。而控制系统引入后,振动规律会发生变化,还需要结合控制系统的阻抗特点对弹性腔振动进行研究。
基于结构设计的共振吸声是低频噪声控制中的常用方法,然而外界环境变化时,材料的刚度可能发生变化[14],因此控制系统的频率调节有助于应对环境变化引起的频率漂移。通过活塞[15]、旋钮[16]等结构可以产生目标控制频率的调节,然而这些方法往往通过手动调控,精准度不高。基于压电换能器的半主动分流控制可以将电路成熟的控制体系和弹性腔振动联系起来[1719],有助于实现精细化和系统化阻抗控制。这种半主动的分流控制方法介于主动有源控制和被动控制方法之间,在引入较少运算资源的同时获得了一定程度的灵活性。面板振动控制研究中,Ji等[20]提出了一种同步开关阻尼技术,该技术通过在2个不同阶段交替打开和短路压电晶片来改变振动模式。Liu等[21]利用亥姆霍兹共鸣腔增加压电材料与声场的作用,分析了复合压电材料面板连接不同阻抗时的分流特性及其声场调控能力。Paolo等[22]研究了电阻−电感−电容分流电路对半主动面板振动控制的影响,通过测量各分流支路实时电功率,以迭代方式寻找使时均电功率达到局部极大的电阻(resistance)电感(inductance)参数组合,而无需结构振动响应在线测量或系统辨识。压电换能器的分流控制进一步可以用在弹性腔的振动控制中,Zhang等[23]对基于面板的振动模态进行了分析,使用压电分流振子的阻抗调节,使面板分别处于吸声和隔声模式,研究了双弹性板夹腔的分流振动控制。Zheng等[24]通过将压电面板与扬声器结合,提高了双板系统对低频噪声的吸声能力,同时显著改善了传输损耗,他在控制中还使用了负电容提升压电换能器在非固有频率的控制性能。在更复杂的全弹性腔控制中,Zhang等[25]对弹性腔振动及声传播规律进行了分析,随后使用有限元仿真对面板振动及压电分流控制的效果进行了验证。
当前,压电振子的分流控制研究更多集中在弹性面板模型中,针对复杂全弹性腔的声振特性的分流控制实验研究相对较少。本文利用压电换能器及运放电路设计了半主动的分流控制方案,通过实验揭示了弹性腔不同壁板以及声腔之间的耦合机制,结合弹性腔共振峰对应主导面板的振动控制,实现了全弹性腔多个共振峰的同步抑制。
安装有压电薄片的全弹性腔体的基本结构如图1所示,腔体的长宽高分别为$ {L_x} $$ {L_y} $$ {L_z} $。在直角坐标系中,弹性腔面板和内部腔体上任意一点都可以用坐标 $ ({x_1},{y_1},{z_1}) $表示。而弹性腔的6个弹性面板分别用字母${W_1}\sim{W_6}$表示,这6个面板由厚度为$ t\mathrm{_b} $=1 mm的铝板构成。为了使用压电分流振子控制弹性腔的声振响应,将厚度$ t\mathrm{_p} $=0.5 mm的压电薄片贴在面积最大的面板${W_5}$${W_6}$以及中等大小的面板${W_3}$上。将压电换能器薄片的编号分别记为$ {\beta _1} $$ {\beta _2} $$ {\beta _3} $。压电薄片的正极和负极之间连接分流电路,可以通过分流电路调整弹性面板的总阻抗从而控制弹性腔的振动及其声辐射。
全弹性腔理论模型由弹性面板振动、腔内声场以及腔外辐射声场组成,弹性面板和腔内声场的关系可以分解成面板不同模态函数和腔体不同声场模态函数关系的总和。因此,若${A_1}\sim{A_6}$分别表示面板${W_1}\sim{W_6}$的位移。则对于第i个面板,可以得到其位移表达式为:
$ \begin{split} {A_i} =& \sum\limits_{m = 1}^M {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^N {{\psi _{mi}}} } {\psi _{ni}}{A_{mni}} = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^{MN} {{g_{ki}}} (y,z){A_{ki}} \\ = &\; {{G}}_i^{\mathrm{T}}{{{A}}_i}\quad (i = 1,2,3,4,5,6) \end{split} $
式中,$ {\psi _{mi}} $$ {\psi _{ni}} $分别是第i个面板上,2个不同方向的模态函数。$ {{G}}_i^{\mathrm{T}} $是第i个面板的模态向量,$ {g_{ki}} $是向量中代表模态函数的元素;$ {{{A}}_i} $是第i个面板的系数向量,$ {A_{ki}} $是对应向量的系数。MN分别代表在yz这2个不同方向上总的模态数量,mn是模态序号。类似的,对于腔内各特定点的声压有:
$ {P_{\mathrm{tol}}} = {{\bf\textit{Φ}}}^{\mathrm{T}}{{{P}}_{}} = \sum\limits_{\alpha = 1}^{{N_0}} {{p_{\alpha} }} {\varphi _{\alpha} } $
式中,$ {\bf\textit{Φ}}$是腔体模态向量,$ {{P}} $是对应的系数向量,$ {P_{\mathrm{tol}}} $是总的声压,$ {\varphi _\alpha } $是第$ \alpha $阶声压的模态函数,$ {p_\alpha } $对应的幅度系数。在弹性腔系统的振动中,面板与腔内声场的相互作用是确定的。因此,为了建立只含有1个未知系数向量的运动方程,还需要计算面板位移系数和声压系数之间的对应关系。腔内噪声对第i个面板的作用矩阵记为$ {Q}_{\mathrm{c}i} $,此时作用矩阵中的元素为:
$ {q_{\alpha ik}} = \iint\limits_{{S_{i}}} {{\varphi _\alpha }}{{\text{g}}_{ki}}{\mathrm{d}}s $
式中,$ {{\text{S}}_i} $是第i个面板的面积,$ {q_{\alpha ik}} $是矩阵$ {Q}_{\mathrm{c}i} $$ \alpha $行第k列的元素。$ {g_{ki}} $是面板的模态函数,$ {\varphi _\alpha } $是声压的模态函数。方程代表了腔体第$ \alpha $阶模态和面板第k阶模态之间的转化关系。根据面板的模态向量$ {{G}}_i^{\mathrm{T}} $可以求出面板对应的动能和势能,基于最小能量法原理[21]可以得到面板的运动方程:
$ ({K}_{i\mathrm{b}}-\omega^2{M}_{i\mathrm{b}}+j\omega{B}_i+{R}_{i\mathrm{rad}}+{T}_{\mathrm{o}i}){A}_i={Q}_{\mathrm{c}\text{i}}{P} $
式中,$ \omega $是角频率,$ {K}_{i\mathrm{b}} $是面板刚度矩阵,$ {M}\mathrm{_{ib}} $是面板质量矩阵,$ {{{B}}_i} $是阻尼矩阵,$ {R}_{i\mathrm{rad}} $是辐射阻抗矩阵,$ {{{A}}_i} $是需要求解的系数向量。$ {T}_{\mathrm{o}{i}} $是第i个面板上压电换能器的作用矩阵。$ {{P}} $是声场不同模态系数组成的系数向量。式(4)利用了单个面板作为独立系统的能量输入输出关系。结合6个面板和腔内声场的能量关系则可以得到全弹性腔的振动方程:
$ \left({k^2}{{{K}}_{\mathrm{c}}} - {{{M}}_{\mathrm{c}}}+{{\rho} _0}{{\omega} ^2}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^6 {{{{Q}}_{{\mathrm{c}}i}}} {{Z}}_{i{\mathrm{t}}}^{ - 1}{{C}}_{{\mathrm{c}}i}^{\mathrm{T}}\right){{P}} = {{{P}}_{\mathrm{dc}}} $
式中,$ {\rho _0} $是腔内空气密度,$ {P}_{\mathrm{dc}} $是声源在腔内声场模态上展开的向量,$ {K}_{\mathrm{c}} $是腔体刚度矩阵,$ {M}_{\mathrm{c}} $是腔体质量矩阵,$ {Z}_{i\mathrm{t}}^{ } $是第i个面板上的总阻抗矩阵:
$ {{Z}}_{i{\mathrm{t}}}= {{{K}}_{i{\mathrm{b}}}} - {\omega ^2}{{{M}}_{i{\mathrm{b}}}}+j\omega {{{B}}_{i}}+{{{R}}_{i{\mathrm{rad}}}}+{{{T}}_{{\mathrm{o}}i}} $
在式(5)中,腔体和面板的阻抗矩阵都可以通过模态函数积分得到,而声源向量是已知声源的辐射特性,需要求解的未知数是声压系向量$ {{P}} $。求解声压系数向量后可以通过式(4)进一步得到面板的位移系数向量$ {{{A}}_i} $。辐射阻抗通常由面板积分得到,任意2个模态之间存在互阻抗,但由于整体辐射阻抗在面板的总阻抗中占比较小,且面板的不同模态之间的互阻抗大幅小于同模态的辐射阻抗,在此保留每个模态的自辐射阻抗:
$ \begin{split}{R}_{i{\mathrm{rad}}}= & \frac{\rho_0\omega}{\text{π}}\iint\limits_{S_i}\iint\limits_{S_i}{G}_i^{\mathrm{T}}\left(x_1,y_1\right){G}_i\left(x_2,y_2\right) \\ &\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{jk\sqrt{\left(x_1-x_2\right)^2+\left(y_1-y_2\right)^2}}}{\sqrt{\left(x_1-x_2\right)^2+\left(y_1-y_2\right)^2}}\mathrm{d}x_1\mathrm{d}y_1\mathrm{d}x_2\mathrm{d}y_2\end{split} $
其中,k是波数,$ {{{G}}_i} $是面板的模态函数,$ \left( {{x_1},{y_1}} \right) $$ \left( {{x_2},{y_2}} \right) $是面板上点的坐标。通过上述理论建模得到了全弹性腔的运动方程以及面板位移的求解方式,而压电换能器在面板总阻抗$ {Z}_{i\mathrm{t}}^{ } $中对应的贡献阻抗矩阵记为$ {T}_{\mathrm{o}{i}} $。为建立含有电路阻抗关系弹性腔方程,还需要获得$ {T}_{\mathrm{o}{i}} $与电路元件之间的表达式。
图2所示,附着在弹性面板上的正方形压电薄片连接有可调阻抗电路。$ L_{\mathrm{a}} $是正方形的边长,而压电薄片的厚度记为$ t_{\mathrm{p}} $。其中,蓝色点虚线框中标出的是模拟电感电路,通过可调电阻$ R_{\mathrm{t}1} $进行调节,模拟电感可以更容易获得比线圈电感更大的电感数值,等效电感值为[7]
$ {L_{\mathrm{s}}} = \frac{{{R_1}{R_3}{R_4}C}}{{{R_2}}} $
红色虚线框所示的是负电容,$ R_{\mathrm{C}2} $是一个电阻值很大的泄压电阻,泄压电阻存在的作用是为了保持系统稳定性,确保电容器可以进行放电,减小静电和突变电压对电路的影响。泄压电阻的引入,对负电阻数值的影响较小,可以忽略不计。然而,根据电路的运算规律,泄压电阻增加了线路中的等效负电阻,因此需要在干路中增加一个正电阻($ R_{\mathrm{q}} $)进行补偿,保证电路中电阻整体大于0。
负电阻记为($ C_{\mathrm{neg}} $),由2个固定电阻和1个可调电阻和1个运算放大器组成,其计算公式如下[23]
$ {C_{\mathrm{neg}}} = - \frac{{{R_{{\mathrm{t}}2}}}}{{{R_{{\mathrm{C}}1}}}}\frac{{{R_{{\mathrm{C}}2}}}}{{1+j\omega {C_{\mathrm{g}}}{R_{{\mathrm{C}}2}}}} = - \frac{{{R_{{\mathrm{t}}2}}({R_{{\mathrm{C}}2}} - j\omega {C_{\mathrm{g}}}R_{{\mathrm{C}}2}^2)}}{{{R_{{\mathrm{C}}1}}+{\omega ^2}C_{\mathrm{g}}^2R_{{\mathrm{C2}}}^2{R_{{\mathrm{C}}1}}}} $
其中,$ R_{\mathrm{t}2} $$ R_{\mathrm{C}1} $$ R_{\mathrm{C}2} $是电阻,$ C_{\mathrm{neg}} $$ C_{\mathrm{g}} $是电容。$ C_{\mathrm{neg}} $的实数项等效为一种阻尼增量,当频率增大时,负电容中引入的等效的负电阻逐渐减小,并逐渐趋向于0。泄压电阻$ R_{\mathrm{C}2} $的数值不能太大,否则低频引入的负电阻也很大,需要增加更大的干路电阻进行平衡。另一方面,$ C_{\mathrm{neg}} $的虚数项在低频附近等效为一种电感,当频率逐渐增加时,虚部开始等效为负电容,转变的频率点在$ \omega=\dfrac{1}{C_{\mathrm{g}}R_{\mathrm{C}2}} $。这要求泄压电阻不能太小,否则负电阻效应在低频不明显。由图2可以看出压电换能器连接的总电阻抗为:
$ {Z_{\mathrm{o}}} = {R_{\mathrm{q}}}+j\omega {L_{\mathrm{s}}}+\frac{1}{{j\omega {C_{{\mathrm{neg}}}}}} $
式中,$ Z_{\mathrm{o}} $是总阻抗,$ R_{\mathrm{q}} $是电阻,$ L_{\mathrm{s}} $是电感,$ C_{\mathrm{neg}} $是电容。
压电薄片的电阻抗通过振动耦合实现对面板振动的控制,这体现为一种负载阻抗矩阵。通过压电方程求出机电耦合等效的阻抗矩阵,可以将电路阻抗与面板的振动模态联系起来,最终实现对模态系数向量的求解。当压电薄片与面板一起振动产生形变时,形变与电位移相关,通过电位移的体积分可以计算出连接电路两极的电势差。压电薄片内部的电位移的压电方程为:
$ D_3^{\mathrm{p}} = e_{13}^{\mathrm{p}}{\varsigma _1}+e_{23}^{\mathrm{p}}{\varsigma _2}+\varepsilon _{33}^{\mathrm{p}}{E_3} $
式中,$ D_3^{\mathrm{p}} $是电位移,$ {\varsigma _1} $$ {\varsigma _2} $是应变,$ e_{13}^{\mathrm{p}}=e_{23}^{\mathrm{p}} $是压电薄片的压电常数,$ \varepsilon_{33}^{\mathrm{p}} $是介电常数。$ {E_3} $是电场强度,与压电薄片两极的电势差相关。电路中产生的电压为:
$ \begin{gathered}Q_{\mathrm{tol}}=\frac{1}{t_1}\iiint_{V_{{\mathrm{sp}}}}^{ }D_1^{\mathrm{p}}\mathrm{d}x_1\mathrm{d}x_2\mathrm{d}x_3\hfill \\ U_{\mathrm{o}}=-Z_{\mathrm{o}}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}Q_{\mathrm{tol}}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}=j\omega Z_{\mathrm{o}}Q_{\mathrm{tol}}\hfill \\ \end{gathered} $
式中,$ Q_{\mathrm{tol}} $是总电荷,$ {t_1} $是压电材料厚度,$ D_1^{\mathrm{p}} $是电位移,$ U_{\mathrm{o}} $是压电薄片两端的电压,$ Z_{\mathrm{o}} $是压电薄片两极之间连接的电路阻抗,$ V_{\mathrm{sp}} $是压电材料体积分的区域。因此,通过电压$ U_{\mathrm{o}} $可以利用逆压电效应求出电流对面板的反作用力[19]
$ {{F}}_{{\mathrm{em}}}={{h}}_{\rm{o}}\frac{j\omega Z_{\mathrm{o}}}{1+j\omega C_0Z_{\mathrm{o}}}{{h}}_{\rm{o}}^{\mathrm{T}}{{A}}_{i} $
式中,$ \omega $是角频率,$ {{h}}_{\mathrm{o}} $是与频率无关的向量,通过面板的振膜态函数得到,体现了面板振动对压电换能器振动的影响。$ {C_0} $是压电换能器内部的等效电容。$ Z_{\mathrm{o}} $是电路中连接的阻抗,$ {{F}}_{\mathrm{em}} $是压电材料电流的反作用力。$ {{A}}_{i} $是面板各个模态的位移系数。方程建立了作用力和模板模态位移之间的关系。
假设面板和压电薄片紧密贴合,压电薄片的位移与面板位移在重合位置完全一致,因此压电薄片对应的振动质量矩阵$ {{{M}}_{i{\mathrm{p}}}} $和刚度矩阵$ {{K}}_{i{\mathrm{p}}} $可以通过面板模态函数在安装区域的积分计算得到[7]。此时,压电换能器在面板中贡献的阻抗总矩阵为:
$ {{T}}_{{\mathrm{o}}i}={{K}}_{i{\mathrm{p}}}+{{M}}_{i{\mathrm{p}}}+{{h}}_{\rm{o}}\frac{j\omega Z_{\mathrm{o}}}{1+j\omega C_0Z_{\mathrm{o}}}{{h}}_{\rm{o}}^{\mathrm{T}} $
$ {{T}}_{\mathrm{o}i} $就是带电路阻抗的压电材料在面板上的等效作用阻抗矩阵。结合式(14)和式(5)就可以得到全弹性腔机械和电路阻抗结合后的振动特征,并进行对应的振动控制。
对于弹性腔产生的振动响应,各个面板的振动互相影响,导致一个面板处于共振频率时产生振动响应峰值也会同时影响其他面板的振动速度。由式(5)可以看出,6个面板中若存在1个面板的总阻抗$ {{Z}}_{i\mathrm{t}} $趋于0,此时系统的振动方程可以近似为:
$ (\rho_0\omega^2{{Q}}_{{\mathrm{c}}i}{{Z}}_{i{\mathrm{t}}}^{-1}{{C}}_{{\mathrm{c}}i}^{\mathrm{T}}){{P}}={{P}}_{\mathrm{dc}} $
式中,$ {{P}}_{\mathrm{dc}} $是声源按照腔内声模态展开的对应系数向量,${ {Q}}_{{\mathrm{c}}i} $是声固耦合矩阵,${{Z}}_{i\mathrm{t}}^{-1} $是面板阻抗矩阵。可以看出腔内声压的大小几乎完全由面板i决定。在实际控制中,其他面板和腔体的影响不能忽略,然而阻抗较小的面板的振动控制对弹性腔整体有较显著的效果。
图3展示了简化的阻抗矩阵类比线路图。此时忽略各面板自身弹性、质量和阻尼之间的对应关系,主要说明各面板和腔体在声源输出功率中的占比。因此可以将面板的总阻抗分为3类:最大板阻抗、中等板阻抗、最小板阻抗。声压在类比线路图中类比为电流,而声源的点源流速类比为电压。声压按3类面板的对应面积分别作用在3类面板上,因此声压可以分解成3部分。可以看出,总声压类比成的总声流是3条支路声流之和,因此对3类面板进行调节可以影响总声压。并联电路中必须增加最小电阻的阻值才能明显减小干路电流的规律,是可以类比到弹性腔系统的阻抗调节中的。值得注意的是,在这里各支路的共振频率并非面板自身的共振频率,而是面板自身阻抗与腔体阻抗作用后存在的抗为0的频率点,增加的阻尼相当于在板腔系统里增加了损耗。
图4是白噪声激励下弹性腔3种不同面板的速度级理论计算结果,其中蓝色曲线是最大板的速度级计算结果,红色点线是中等板的理论计算结果,黑色虚线是最小板的计算结果。可以看出3种面板的振动互相影响,88 Hz附近和140 Hz附近是面板振速较大的频率。其中,在88 Hz附近最大板的振动速度大于其他2种面板,而140 Hz附近中等板的振速大于其他面板。因此,最大板是88 Hz共振峰的主导面板,而中等板是140 Hz共振峰的主导面板。
因此,在进行压电分流振子的振动控制时,可以将88和140 Hz附近作为振动控制的主要目标。将电路中的阻抗代入式(14)中可以得到:
$ \begin{split} {{{T}}_{{\mathrm{o}}i}} = & {{{K}}_{i{\mathrm{p}}}}+{{{M}}_{i{\mathrm{p}}}}+{{{h}}_{\rm{o}}}{{{h}}_{\rm{o}}}^{\mathrm{T}}\frac{{ - {\omega ^2}{L_{\mathrm{s}}} - C_{{\mathrm{neg}}}^{ - 1}}}{{1 - {\omega ^2}{L_{\mathrm{s}}}{C_0} - C_{{\mathrm{neg}}}^{ - 1}{C_0}}} +\\ &j\omega {{{h}}_{\rm{o}}}{{{h}}_{\rm{o}}}^{\mathrm{T}}\frac{{{R_{\mathrm{q}}}+C_{{\mathrm{neg}}}^{ - 1}{C_0}(1 - {\omega ^2}{L_{\mathrm{s}}}{C_0} - C_{{\mathrm{neg}}}^{ - 1}{C_0}){R_{\mathrm{q}}}}}{{{{(1 - {\omega ^2}{L_{\mathrm{s}}}{C_0} - C_{{\mathrm{neg}}}^{ - 1}{C_0})}^2}+{\omega ^2}C_0^2R_{\mathrm{q}}^2}}\end{split} $
可以看出,式(16)中第1项和第2项是压电薄片固有的刚度和质量,第3项等效为电路附加刚度,第4项等效为电路附加阻尼。其中$ {h}_{\mathrm{o}}{{h}}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{T}} $与频率无关,而随频率变化的系数由电阻抗决定。$ 1-\omega^2L_{\mathrm{s}}C_0-C_{\mathrm{neg}}^{-1}C_0 $趋于0时的阻尼增幅系数为$ (\omega^2C_0^2R_{\mathrm{q}})^{-1} $随着干路电阻$ R_{\mathrm{q}} $的增大而减小。$ 1-\omega^2L_{\mathrm{s}}C_0-C_{\mathrm{neg}}^{-1}C_0 $数值较大时,电路的附加阻抗趋于0,因此控制效果的中心频率与模拟电感$ L_{\mathrm{s}} $有关:
$ {\omega ^2} = \frac{{1 - {C_{{\text{neg}}}}^{ - 1}{C_0}}}{{{L_{\mathrm{s}}}{C_0}}} $
实验装置如图5所示,弹性腔体的长度、宽度和高度分别为520、220和320 mm。腔体由6块金属铝板围成,金属铝板通过螺栓固定在刚性框架上,2个螺栓中心点之间的间距是2 cm,目的在于保证铝板的边界条件尽可能与固定支撑一致。连接有可调阻抗电路的压电薄片固定在面板中心的位置,控制电路的调节可以实现对弹性腔力学系统的等效阻抗的调节。电路采取负电容和模拟电感的串联控制。薄片的厚度为0.05 mm。弹性腔内部声源是一个小型扬声器单元,其型号为惠威B2S。由于扬声器单元尺寸较小(半径为0.025 m),且远小于低频声波的波长,因此可以将其等效为小型偶极子声源,其声源表面振速记为$ Q_{\mathrm{d}0} $。在声源产生的白噪声激励下,整个弹性腔系统产生振动。
压电换能器的电路由铜线引出,并接入可调电阻抗回路中。构成可调电路的运算放大器型号为OPA445ap,由±28 V的直流电源供电。
弹性腔面板响应的计算得到面板一阶共振峰在88 Hz附近,在阻抗设计中,将目标频率设为$ f_{\mathrm{t}}= $ 88 Hz,此时有:
$ L_{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{1-C_{\mathrm{n\text{eg}}}^{-1}C_0}{4\text{π}^2f_{\mathrm{t}}^2C_0} $
式中,${C_0}$是压电薄片固有的电容,实验中压电片的数值为69 nF。$ C_{\mathrm{neg}} $是负电阻,$ L_{\mathrm{s}} $是需要的模拟电感。
改变模拟电感的控制电阻到相应阻值可以实现所需电感,尽管实际电路存在一定误差,运算电路带来的灵活性可以通过微调电阻获得更好的振动控制效果。
图6展示了白噪声激励下控制1个面板和控制2个面板时弹性腔的振动抑制效果。其中红色实线是未控制时测量得到的结果,蓝色点线是仅控制1个面板时测量得到的结果,黑色虚线是同时控制2个面板时测量得到的结果。图6(a)是最大板的振动速度比较图,控制1个面板的振动可以在88 Hz频点附近实现16 dB的振动抑制,2个面板同时控制的情况下可以额外增加7 dB的振动抑制效果。图6(b)是中等板的振动速度比较图,尽管控制的换能器未直接控制中等面板,中等板的振动速度也分别减小了16和23 dB。增加控制面板数量获得的振动抑制效果同样是7 dB。图6(c)是腔内测量得到的声压变化情况,可以看出在88 Hz频点附近,相比1个面板的控制效果(16 dB),2个面板同时控制时的振动抑制达到23 dB,面板振速显著降低。图6(d)是腔外测量得到的声压变化情况,可以看出在88 Hz频点附近,控制1个面板使声压级降低15 dB,控制2个面板使声压级降低22 dB。上述实验结果说明,增加被控制的面板的数量能够显著提升振动抑制效果,实验中获得的振动抑制效果提升了7 dB左右。与控制面板数量从0到1的过程相比,振动抑制增量减少了。这是由于随着控制效果的增加,振动抑制需要提升的阻抗负载也在增加。
2.1小节的实验说明最大板上的压电薄片可以通过阻抗调节实现88 Hz附近共振峰的振动的抑制,并且这种振动抑制能够影响到其他面板,使得弹性腔系统的响应全面降低。最大板也是88 Hz共振峰的主导振动面板。
调节最大板上压电分流振子的模拟电感,使控制目标频率移动到140 Hz附近进行振动控制(图7)。其中,红色实线是未控制之前的面板振速与腔内声压级,蓝色虚线是控制后的面板振速和腔内声压级。图7(b)展示了通过合适的阻抗调节在最大板的140 Hz附近实现了较好的振动控制,振动速度抑制超过9 dB。然而,在图7(a)中内部声压级的比较中,控制后的声压级仅下降了1 dB,而图7(c)展示的中等板振动速度的比较中,控制后的振动速度仅下降了1.7 dB。可以看出,最大板上的换能器对其他面板和腔内声压的控制能力较弱,对最大板自身的振动控制仍然有效。然而,安装在最大板上的压电换能器控制88 Hz附近的振动时,对任意面板和腔内声压都能实现有效控制。这是由于不同共振峰产生振动的主导面板并不相同。
与最大板上的压电控制不同,调节中等板(${W_3}$)上安装的压电薄片的模拟电感,使其目标控制频率确定在140 Hz附近。测量控制前后最大板、中等板、腔内声压的变化关系如图8所示。其中,红色实线代表未开启可调阻抗供电时的无控振速级和无控声压级。而蓝色虚线展示的是开启阻抗控制后测量得到的振动速度和腔内声压级。从图8(c)中可以看出,调节模拟电感至合适数值,能够通过中等板上安装的压电换能器减小中等板的振动。振动抑制幅度为10.3 dB。图8(a)展示的腔内声压级比较图可以看出:在140 Hz附近,控制后的声压级比控制前降低了5 dB。图8(b)展示的最大板振动速度控制比较图可以看出:在140 Hz附近,控制后的振动速度级比控制前降低了5 dB。这说明在中等板上安装的压电薄片,不仅能够有效控制中等板在140 Hz附近的振动,对其他面板和声压在140 Hz附近的振动控制也是有效的。
通过上述实验,清晰的展示了弹性腔不同壁板以及声腔之间的耦合机制,说明了主导面板在振动控制中的重要性。主导面板在对应频率的振动控制能够实现全弹性腔系统振动幅度的抑制。因此,在88和140 Hz附近分别控制最大板和中等板的表面等效阻抗,可以同时实现2个共振峰的控制。
将最大板上换能器连接的模拟电感等效数值调节至15 H左右,中等板上换能器连接的模拟电感的等效数值调节至6 H,并进行实验测量如图9所示,红色实线展示的是未控制时弹性腔的振动响应,而蓝色虚线展示的是开启运算放大器的供电电源后控制振动时测量得到的振动响应。其中,图9(a)是腔内声压级控制前后的对比图,可以看出在88 Hz附近声压降低了17 dB,在140 Hz附近声压级降低了7 dB。图9(b)是最大板的振动控制,88 Hz附近振速下降了17 dB,而140 Hz附近最大板的振动速度下降了9 dB。图9(c)展示了中等面板在88 Hz附近降低了17 dB,而140 Hz附近振动下降了5 dB。弹性腔大板外部近场声压级如图9(d)所示,在88 Hz附近,开启供电电源后腔外近场声压级降低了13 dB;140 Hz附近,开启供电电源后腔外近场声压级降低了4 dB。不同面板的振动控制可以互相结合,进行联合控制。通过不同类型面板在对应主导振动频率区域的振动控制,可以实现弹性腔系统整体声振响应的抑制,在不同共振峰同时实现振动和声压级的降低。
本文对含压电换能器的弹性面板以及空气腔体进行模态分解并计算了对应的阻抗矩阵,分析了电阻抗与机械阻抗之间的关系,给出了含压电换能器全弹性腔系统的低阶共振频率,并设计了分流控制实验电路。通过实验清晰展示了不同壁板以及声腔之间的耦合机制,弹性腔系统不同低频共振峰由相应主导面板的振动决定,其振动会通过弹性腔耦合影响到其他从属面板,抑制主导面板的振动能够在峰值频点附近同时大幅降低腔内声压以及其他从属面板的振动幅度。针对全弹性腔系统前2阶共振频率88和144 Hz的主导面板(最大板和中等板)的联合控制,实现了弹性腔系统整体声振响应的多共振峰抑制,壁板振动响应在88和144 Hz频率处分别降低了约17和9 dB,腔内声压峰值在共振频率处分别降低了约17和7 dB,腔外声压峰值在共振频率处分别降低了约13和4 dB。本研究工作对于具有弹性板腔结构的机械和电器设备的噪声控制具有指导意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11374326)
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2026年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00083
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
  • 修回日期:2025-12-01
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国家自然科学基金项目(11374326)
作者信息
    1中国科学院声学研究所噪声与音频声学实验室,北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学,北京 100049

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常道庆(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为声学,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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