Article(id=1228347013633344359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1228347007518048984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00074, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765728000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-15, revisedDate=1767801600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770790349634, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1769529600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770393600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770790349634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080606926, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1228347007518048984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769529600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770790348176, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774331262404, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243198678287102659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1228347007518048984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243198678287102660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1228347007518048984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=44, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228347014094717816, articleId=1228347013633344359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Top astronomy events in 2025, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In 2025, astronomical research achieved systematic progress across multiple fields, significantly expanding our understanding of the multi−level structure of the universe through advanced observational facilities and in−depth data analysis. In Galactic studies, LAMOST combined with Gaia data has produced a high−precision three−dimensional dust extinction map of the Milky Way and revealed a "superbubble" structure with a diameter exceeding one kiloparsec within the Milky Way's Perseus Arm. FAST captured a rare "pulsar − helium star" binary system and first revealed a complex filamentary network dominated by turbulence within a very−high−velocity neutral hydrogen cloud. In solar system exploration, the analysis of lunar far−side samples returned by Chang'e−6 revealed the water−poor nature of the lunar mantle, its extremely depleted isotopic composition, and the possible impact direction of the South Pole–Aitken basin, providing critical evidence for the asymmetric evolution of the Moon. In cosmology, DESI survey data, combined with supernova observations, provided an observational indication at the~3σ level for a possible time evolution in the dark energy equation of state. In time−domain astronomy, EP successfully captured X−ray precursors from high−redshift gamma−ray bursts and discovered new types of weak−jet supernova transients. Additionally, Gaia completed its mission and retired, leaving a valuable legacy; Euclid and Rubin Observatory released their first data, ushering in a new era; humanity welcomed its third interstellar visitor and conducted stereoscopic observations; JWST directly imaged a young planet; and EHT revealed the evolution of the polarization structure of the M87* black hole. These accomplishments reaffirm the power of astronomy's integrated exploration paradigm, characterized by ground−space synergy, multi−wavelength coverage, and the integration of time−domain monitoring with static mapping. They also lay a more solid foundation for understanding the formation and evolution of systems ranging from planetary scales to the cosmic scale.

, authors=null, authorsList=Tong ZHAO, Yujia SONG, Lijun GOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lijun GOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228347016938456005, articleId=1228347013633344359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=2025年天文学热点回眸, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2025年,天文学研究在多个领域取得系统性进展,依托先进观测设备与深度数据分析,显著拓展了对宇宙多层次结构的认知。在银河系研究方面,郭守敬望远镜(Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopy Telescope,LAMOST)结合盖亚(Gaia)天文卫星的数据绘制出高精度银河系三维尘埃消光图,并揭示银河系英仙臂中存在直径超千秒差距的“超泡”结构。中国天眼(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope,FAST)捕获了罕见的“脉冲星−氦星”双星系统,并首次揭示超高速中性氢云内部由湍流主导的复杂丝状网络。在太阳系探索中,嫦娥六号返回的月球背面样品分析,揭示了月幔的贫水特征、极端亏损的同位素组成以及南极−艾特肯盆地可能的撞击方向,为月球不对称演化提供了关键证据。宇宙学领域,暗能量光谱仪(Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument,DESI)巡天数据结合超新星观测数据,对暗能量状态方程是否随时间演化提出了约3σ显著性的观测指征。时域天文方面,“天关”卫星(Einstein Probe,EP)成功捕捉到高红移伽马暴的X射线前兆与新型弱喷流超新星暂现源。此外,盖亚天文卫星完成使命退役,留下宝贵遗产,欧几里得(Euclid)空间望远镜与薇拉·鲁宾天文台发布首批数据开启新时代,人类迎来第3位星际访客并完成立体观测,韦布空间望远镜(James Webb Space Telescope,JWST)直接成像年轻行星,以及事件视界望远镜(Event Horizon Telescope,EHT)揭示M87*黑洞偏振结构的演化。这些成果再次印证了天文学领域地面与空间协同、多波段覆盖、时域监测与静态测绘并重这一综合探索范式的强大威力,并为理解从行星系统到宇宙尺度的形成与演化奠定了更加坚实的基础。

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赵桐,博士研究生,研究方向为恒星级黑洞爆发现象,电子信箱:;

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(图片来源: Arnaud de Mattia/DESI collaboration)

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(图片来源:NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory)

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2025年天文学热点回眸
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赵桐 1, 2 , 宋宇佳 1, 2 , 苟利军 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(2): 44-53
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2025年天文学热点回眸
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赵桐1, 2 , 宋宇佳1, 2 , 苟利军1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100012
  • 2中国科学院大学天文和空间科学学院,北京 100049
通讯作者:
苟利军(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为高能天体物理,电子信箱:
Top astronomy events in 2025
Tong ZHAO1, 2 , Yujia SONG1, 2 , Lijun GOU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
  • 2School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-01-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00074
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2025年,天文学研究在多个领域取得系统性进展,依托先进观测设备与深度数据分析,显著拓展了对宇宙多层次结构的认知。在银河系研究方面,郭守敬望远镜(Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopy Telescope,LAMOST)结合盖亚(Gaia)天文卫星的数据绘制出高精度银河系三维尘埃消光图,并揭示银河系英仙臂中存在直径超千秒差距的“超泡”结构。中国天眼(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope,FAST)捕获了罕见的“脉冲星−氦星”双星系统,并首次揭示超高速中性氢云内部由湍流主导的复杂丝状网络。在太阳系探索中,嫦娥六号返回的月球背面样品分析,揭示了月幔的贫水特征、极端亏损的同位素组成以及南极−艾特肯盆地可能的撞击方向,为月球不对称演化提供了关键证据。宇宙学领域,暗能量光谱仪(Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument,DESI)巡天数据结合超新星观测数据,对暗能量状态方程是否随时间演化提出了约3σ显著性的观测指征。时域天文方面,“天关”卫星(Einstein Probe,EP)成功捕捉到高红移伽马暴的X射线前兆与新型弱喷流超新星暂现源。此外,盖亚天文卫星完成使命退役,留下宝贵遗产,欧几里得(Euclid)空间望远镜与薇拉·鲁宾天文台发布首批数据开启新时代,人类迎来第3位星际访客并完成立体观测,韦布空间望远镜(James Webb Space Telescope,JWST)直接成像年轻行星,以及事件视界望远镜(Event Horizon Telescope,EHT)揭示M87*黑洞偏振结构的演化。这些成果再次印证了天文学领域地面与空间协同、多波段覆盖、时域监测与静态测绘并重这一综合探索范式的强大威力,并为理解从行星系统到宇宙尺度的形成与演化奠定了更加坚实的基础。

天文学  /  空间望远镜  /  巡天  /  射电  /  月球  /  星际天体  /  系外行星  /  黑洞  /  暗能量

In 2025, astronomical research achieved systematic progress across multiple fields, significantly expanding our understanding of the multi−level structure of the universe through advanced observational facilities and in−depth data analysis. In Galactic studies, LAMOST combined with Gaia data has produced a high−precision three−dimensional dust extinction map of the Milky Way and revealed a "superbubble" structure with a diameter exceeding one kiloparsec within the Milky Way's Perseus Arm. FAST captured a rare "pulsar − helium star" binary system and first revealed a complex filamentary network dominated by turbulence within a very−high−velocity neutral hydrogen cloud. In solar system exploration, the analysis of lunar far−side samples returned by Chang'e−6 revealed the water−poor nature of the lunar mantle, its extremely depleted isotopic composition, and the possible impact direction of the South Pole–Aitken basin, providing critical evidence for the asymmetric evolution of the Moon. In cosmology, DESI survey data, combined with supernova observations, provided an observational indication at the~3σ level for a possible time evolution in the dark energy equation of state. In time−domain astronomy, EP successfully captured X−ray precursors from high−redshift gamma−ray bursts and discovered new types of weak−jet supernova transients. Additionally, Gaia completed its mission and retired, leaving a valuable legacy; Euclid and Rubin Observatory released their first data, ushering in a new era; humanity welcomed its third interstellar visitor and conducted stereoscopic observations; JWST directly imaged a young planet; and EHT revealed the evolution of the polarization structure of the M87* black hole. These accomplishments reaffirm the power of astronomy's integrated exploration paradigm, characterized by ground−space synergy, multi−wavelength coverage, and the integration of time−domain monitoring with static mapping. They also lay a more solid foundation for understanding the formation and evolution of systems ranging from planetary scales to the cosmic scale.

astronomy  /  space telescopes  /  sky surveys  /  radio astronomy  /  Moon  /  interstellar objects  /  exoplanets  /  black holes  /  dark energy
赵桐, 宋宇佳, 苟利军. 2025年天文学热点回眸. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (2) : 44 -53 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00074
Tong ZHAO, Yujia SONG, Lijun GOU. Top astronomy events in 2025[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (2) : 44 -53 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00074
2025年,天文学在观测能力与理论认知上均迈入新的深度与广度。从地面巨型望远镜到空间高精度探测器,从月球背面的样本分析到星际访客的动态追踪,多尺度、多波段、多信使的协同探索已成为主流研究范式。郭守敬望远镜(Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopy Telescope,LAMOST)绘制出银河系三维尘埃图并揭示千秒差距级超泡结构;中国天眼(Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope,FAST)在脉冲星双星与超高速氢原子云(HⅠ云)探测中展现跨尺度能力;“天关”卫星(EP)捕获高红移伽马暴与未知X射线暂现源,拓展了对宇宙爆发现象的观测边界。与此同时,嫦娥六号样本系统揭示了月球背面独特的演化历史,暗能量光谱仪(Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument,DESI)巡天与超新星观测数据暗示暗能量存在动态演化的可能,而盖亚(Gaia)天文卫星的退役与欧几里得(Euclid)空间望远镜、薇拉·鲁宾天文台等新一代设施的启航,标志着宇宙测绘进入动态、立体化的新时代。这些进展不仅体现了技术平台的突破,更彰显了人类对宇宙结构、起源与演化的不懈追问。
截至2025年10月,LAMOST已向科学界公开累计超过2800万条高质量光谱[1]。2025年,《Science》与《Nature Communications》分别发表了2项基于LAMOST数据的重要研究成果,展示了该望远镜在不同尺度上的突破性科学能力。
2025年3月14日发表于《Science》[2]的一项研究利用Gaia XP的低分辨率光谱数据,并以LAMOST DR8中约240万条高质量光谱为训练集,使机器学习模型能够同时分离恒星本征光谱与尘埃的消光效应。应用该模型,研究团队获得1.3亿颗恒星的消光曲线参数,绘制出迄今精度最高、覆盖最广的银河系三维尘埃消光曲线图。传统理论认为,随着尘埃密度升高,颗粒因吸积与聚合而变大,从而使消光曲线趋于平缓。但在多个尘埃云的观测数据中,随着尘埃密度由较低增至中等水平,消光曲线却呈现更陡的趋势,对传统理论提出了新的观测约束。这一成果不仅为银河系尘埃提供了当前最完整的三维刻画,也为全球天文观测中消光校正提供了更高精度的工具[3]
2025年11月26日发表于《Nature Communications》[4]的成果则是利用LAMOST的光谱参数与Gaia的高精度位置−速度信息,构建了一个包含369颗极年轻(<2000万年)O–B2型大质量恒星的样本,并首次清晰描绘出英仙臂中一个直径超过1 kpc的巨大“超泡”结构。这些年轻恒星呈现出指向超泡边界的系统性膨胀运动,表明该超泡由连续的超新星爆炸反馈维持,并处于“准稳定膨胀”状态。估算得出,这一超泡的膨胀时间尺度约80 Myr、存活时间约250 Myr,远超银盘中大多数局部结构。这一结果首次将银河系内的千秒差距尺度超泡与韦布空间望远镜(JWST)在河外星系中发现的巨型反馈气泡建立起关联[5]
FAST作为全球最大、最灵敏的单口径射电望远镜,持续推动射电天文学发展。截至2025年10月,已发现脉冲星1152颗[6],极大丰富了银河系中子星样本,为研究星系磁场、致密双星演化和引力波背景等提供了关键基础。2025年,2项基于FAST的重要研究分别展现了其在致密天体与星际介质物理方面的领先能力。
2025年5月22日发表于《Science》[7]的成果,研究团队利用FAST对毫秒脉冲星PSR J1928+1815进行4.5 a的高精度计时,发现它处于一个轨道周期仅3.6 h的超近致密双星系统中,脉冲星信号在约17%的轨道相位内被周期性掩食。通过质量函数分析,发现其伴星为一颗1.0~1.6倍太阳质量的被剥离至裸露氦核的氦星。该系统是首个被确认的“脉冲星+氦星”双星,直接验证了双星演化中的共包层理论,并为理解致密双星向白矮星或双中子星系统的演化提供了关键观测依据[8]
2025年7月16日发表于《Nature Astronomy》[9]的成果,研究团队利用FAST对HⅠ云G165进行高分辨率观测,清晰揭示了其内部由超音速湍流形成的多层嵌套且相互交织的速度相干丝状结构网络。这些丝状结构呈现出曲线、节点等复杂形态,统计特征与超音速磁流体湍流的模拟高度一致。结果表明,即使在低密度的暖中性介质中,强湍流也能催生类似分子云的分层丝状结构,该研究成果深化了对银河系气体补给、云形成及能量级联过程的理解[10]
嫦娥六号探测器于2024年成功返回,带回人类历史上首批月球背面样品,为理解月球的形成与演化打开了全新窗口。过去半个世纪,人类对月球的认知主要基于正面样品,而关于背面地壳—地幔结构、南极−艾特肯(South Pole-Aitken,SPA)盆地撞击事件的影响等关键问题始终缺乏直接证据。2025年,基于嫦娥六号样品及相关遥感观测的多项研究成果相继发表,首次系统揭示了月球背面的独特性质及其深部演化历史[11]
2025年4月9日发表于《Nature》[12]的研究直接测定月球背面月幔的水含量,发现其月幔源区水含量显著低于正面,表明月球内部可能存在与表面特征相似的“干湿”半球二分性,为约束月球起源的“大撞击”假说及后续热演化提供了新的观测约束[13]。进一步的低质化学分析揭示了更深刻的特征。7月9日发表于《Nature》[14]的研究显示,嫦娥六号玄武岩具有极端的Sr–Nd亏损特征与罕见的同位素组成。这表明,其源区可能经历了月球岩浆洋结晶阶段的强烈分异,或是在SPA盆地巨型撞击事件中遭受了大规模熔融抽取。无论成因如何,SPA盆地下的极端亏损地幔都为研究早期月壳—月幔分异提供了观测窗口[15]
对SPA盆地本身的形成过程也取得了新认识。2025年10月8日发表于《Nature》[16]的研究通过分析盆地形态与物质分布提出,该盆地更可能由一次自北向南的撞击形成。其西南部存在的富钍溅射物表明撞击可能挖掘了月球晚期岩浆洋的残留熔体。这不仅为盆地形成机制提供了新模型,也将月球背面最古老的撞击事件与全月球岩浆洋演化历史直接联系起来。
除了样品直接分析,一项结合卫星重力数据的研究也为月球内部结构提供了独立证据。2025年5月14日发表于《Nature》[17]的研究通过分析重力恢复与内部实验室(GRAIL)航天器任务数据发现,月球的三阶引潮力洛夫数k3显著高于理论值,暗示月幔弹性性质在正反两面存在约2%~3%的差异,这很可能对应深部约100~200  K的热异常。这一异常在30亿~40亿年前形成了月表月海区域,并且可能影响深部月震的空间分布。
嫦娥六号样品及相关研究多维度揭示,月球并非一个均匀演化的天体,其正面背面的差异根植于早期岩浆洋分异、巨型撞击事件和后续热演化的复杂历史。
EP是中国主导、国际合作的高能时域天文卫星,采用“龙虾眼”聚焦成像技术,具备大视场软X射线监测能力,致力于探测宇宙中的剧烈爆发现象[18]。2025年,EP的2项重要成果先后发表于《Nature Astronomy》,展示了EP作为软X射线全天暂现源探测器的独特优势。
第一项成果发表于2025年1月23日[19],EP的宽视场X射线望远镜(Wide-field X-ray Telescope,WXT)首次直接“触发”并观测到1例高红移长伽马暴EP240315a,其红移达到4.859。EP在伽马射线信号出现前就捕获到了X射线前导脉冲,并监测到持续超过1000 s的软X射线辐射,持续时间远超传统伽马暴的时标。这一发现意味着伽马暴中心发动机的活动可能远早于传统的伽马射线定义的起始时刻,对长伽马暴的时标认知提出了新的约束,并证明EP能够探测到更暗、更高红移的爆发事件,为研究宇宙早期恒星形成与星系诞生开辟了新途径[20]
第二项成果发表于2025年6月26日[21],WXT探测到另一例快速X射线暂现源EP240414a,其持续时间约155 s,能谱极软,被光学观测证认为与一颗Ic−BL型超新星SN 2024gsa成协,其红移为0.401。多波段后随观测显示,该事件并非典型的长伽马暴,而是来自一股更弱但成功穿出恒星外层的相对论喷流,其能量和光度均位于伽马暴与普通超新星之间。这一观测首次为理论预言的“弱喷流”或“失败喷流”提供了明确证据,可能代表了大质量恒星死亡时一类此前未被充分探测的常见现象[22]
2025年12月11日,国家天文科学数据中心、国家空间科学数据中心与天关卫星科学中心联合公开发布“天关”卫星首批科学数据[23]。随着EP进入稳定运行期,其2大核心载荷WXT与后随X射线望远镜(FXT)将持续为天文学界提供高时间分辨率、高灵敏度的暂现数据,有望在未来揭示更多未知类型的爆发现象,推动在喷流物理、中心引擎机制及早期宇宙天体演化等前沿领域取得突破。
自1998年超新星观测首次指出宇宙加速膨胀以来,天文学界逐渐建立起以“宇宙学常数Λ”为核心的ΛCDM标准模型,认为暗能量是一种密度不变、状态方程为w=−1的真空能。但这一解释始终存在疑点:暗能量是否完全不随宇宙时间演化?下一代大规模巡天望远镜成为检验暗能量本质的关键,而DESI正是其中最具代表性的里程碑。
2025年9月29日发表在《Nature Astronomy》[24]的成果结合DESI第1、第2次数据发布的重子声学振荡(BAO)测量,并联合超新星距离数据集与宇宙微波背景(CMB)距离先验,对暗能量状态方程wz)是否随时间演化进行了系统检验。如图1所示,在当前宇宙附近,暗能量的状态方程略高于−1,而在更早的时代又低于−1,呈现出演化特征。这不仅是多种动力学暗能量模型的常见预言,且这种趋势在BAO、3类超新星样本(Pantheon+、Union3、DESY5)与CMB距离信息中同时出现,使偏离不太可能归结于系统误差。偏离的显著性可达约3σ水平,这表明该偏离不太可能仅由随机波动造成,而可能反映了具有统计可信度的物理信号[25]
尽管这一结果尚不足以推翻ΛCDM,但值得严肃对待。若这种趋势在未来更大规模的数据中持续出现,那么宇宙加速膨胀的背后很可能存在更丰富的物理机制。这项研究让“暗能量演化”从理论讨论走向了观测可能。这将会改变我们对宇宙命运的预测:如果暗能量在增强,宇宙可能在更远的未来迅速膨胀;如果在减弱,宇宙膨胀的加速度也许会逐渐消失。
2025年3月28日,欧洲空间局(ESA)正式宣布Gaia退役。这台自2013年发射、在日地L2点稳定运行超过10 a的天文测量卫星,完成了人类历史上最大规模、最精确的银河系三维测绘工程。Gaia以微角秒级的天体测量精度,记录了约20亿颗恒星的位置、距离、自行与速度,建立了银河系前所未有的“精密坐标系”[26]
在过去10余年,Gaia数据推动了银河系结构、恒星演化、暗物质分布、黑洞探测、变星物理等多个领域的突破性进展。通过Gaia数据对恒星的三维位置与速度测量,人类首次获得了银河系盘、厚盘、外晕和恒星流的高精度动力学结构图;绘制出的赫罗图实现了对恒星演化轨迹、年龄分布和星团立体结构的高精度刻画。
回顾前3批数据的科学产出,重要成果之一包括识别出银河系早期的一次重大并合事件(盖亚−恩刻拉多斯遗迹)[2728],这是重构银河系形成史的关键证据。此外,通过观察恒星轨迹的微弱摆动,研究人员发现了迄今银河系中质量最大的恒星级黑洞候选体(Gaia BH3)[29],这类“不可见的伴星”以往难以识别,而Gaia使得在不依赖X射线爆发的情况下探测静默黑洞成为可能[30]。同时,数十万造父变星与RR Lyrae星的周期、光度与距离参数已被Gaia精确校准[31],显著改进了宇宙距离梯的零点,提升了哈勃常数测量以及宇宙学参数计算的精度[3233]
Gaia的退役标志着一个测绘时代的结束,但它的科学价值在未来10年乃至更长的时间里仍将不断增长。随着2026年第4次数据发布(DR4)与2030年底最终遗产目录的陆续推出,Gaia的数据库将成为天文学最重要的公共资源之一,为后续任务提供不可替代的天体参考系与距离基准。
2025年3月19日,ESA发布Euclid首批巡天数据Euclid Quick Data Release1(Q1),数据总量约35 TB,包含高质量的图像、光谱与相关校准产品,覆盖天区面积约63°2
Q1数据中的图像展示了众多结构复杂、类型多样的星系团,从相对靠近我们的宇宙邻域到数十亿光年之外的深空区域均有覆盖。其中许多星系团呈现出明显拉伸、弯曲或环状结构,这些由暗物质分布导致的弱引力透镜信号是精确测量暗物质分布与宇宙几何的关键。此外,Q1数据中还包含了数以千计的活动星系核(AGN)候选体和大量瞬变天体。这些现象为研究黑洞吸积过程、恒星爆发机制以及宇宙高能物理过程提供了新的窗口。
此次数据发布的一大亮点,是通过人工智能工具与公众科学协作完成的大规模天体分类,超过38万个星系形态分类、超过500个强引力透镜候选体被初步识别。这不仅证明了数据质量足以支持深度机器学习分析,同时也体现了现代天文学中“专业科学+公民科学”协同的重要性。此前的巡天通常需要多年积累才能获得上百个高质量候选,而Euclid在短时间内就给出了数百个样本。
Q1仅覆盖了Euclid未来全巡天面积的约0.1%。随着正式巡天推进,Euclid每年将产生数PB级的数据,系统描绘超过150亿年的宇宙演化史,精确测量数亿星系的红移与大尺度结构,约束暗能量性质,并与地面大型巡天望远镜(如薇拉•鲁宾天文台)共同构建未来10年的宇宙学数据基准[3435]
2025年6月23日,位于智利塞罗•帕切昂山的薇拉•鲁宾天文台(Vera C. Rubin Observatory,VRO,原名Large Synoptic Survey Telescope,LSST)公布了期待已久的首批图像,标志着天文学进入“高时间分辨率、大视场巡天”的新时代。在仅测试性观测10余小时的条件下,已捕捉到数百万个星系、数百万计的银河系内恒星以及数千颗小行星,以空前的深度与广度展示了宇宙的复杂图景。
VRO的观测核心是8.4 m主镜、3.2亿像素的LSST超大视场相机,是迄今人类在光学到近红外波段建造过的最大相机。它每次曝光可覆盖约9.6°2的天区(相当于40个满月),并能在此大视场下保持卓越的分辨率与探测深度。如图2所示,测试图像清晰呈现了高红移星系、暗弱星系团、行星状星云、恒星形成区及银河系结构等丰富天体[36]
从2025年下半年开始,VRO将正式启动为期10 a的时空遗珍巡天(Legacy Survey of Space and Time;为纪念原来的天文台名字,缩写依然是LSST)计划。该巡天计划每3 d覆盖一次全部可见天空,最终将积累约60 PB的影像数据及超过150 PB的衍生数据产品。
此次巡天的科学目标聚焦4大方向[3738]:(1) 探索暗物质与暗能量。通过弱引力透镜、大尺度结构测绘及Ⅰa型超新星观测,精确约束暗能量性质并揭示暗物质分布。(2) 追溯太阳系演化历史。预计将发现数百万颗小行星、数千颗海外天体及潜在的新行星,系统构建小天体数据库,重塑太阳系早期图景。(3) 捕捉宇宙动态瞬间。将系统发现并警报超新星、伽马暴余辉、潮汐瓦解事件等各类爆发现象,推动多信使天文学发展。(4) 解析银河系结构与形成。绘制精细的银河系地图,探测恒星流、矮星系遗迹等亚结构,并通过长期监测变星与特殊恒星,深化恒星演化研究。
VRO将以前所未有的数据规模与时间采样,系统性描绘动态宇宙,为21世纪的天体物理研究奠定基石。
在过去30年,系外行星研究已累积了数千颗行星样本,但对行星的理解仍面临两端空白:行星如何在年轻恒星周围诞生,以及其轨道如何在漫长岁月中演化。2025年发表的2项重要工作恰好从这2个端点切入,它们共同构成了一幅跨越时间尺度的行星演化图景。
2025年6月26日发表于《Nature》[39]的一项研究成果,研究团队利用JWST的中红外仪器(MIRI)获得的前所未有的中红外高对比度图像,首次在仅有约650万年历史的年轻恒星TWA−7的碎片盘中直接识别出一个质量仅约0.3倍木星质量的冰冷行星。该行星位于盘内环状结构的缝隙处,它的存在能自然解释盘中缺口与环状结构的形成。这是JWST首次在冷、低质量的碎片盘中直接成像如此低质量的行星,其灵敏度较以往提升至少1个数量级,为观测行星诞生现场打开了全新窗口[40]
另一项研究于2025年4月28日发表在《Nature Astronomy》[41]。该工作通过结合LAMOST、Gaia及多颗巡天卫星的数据,对超过800个短周期行星系统进行动力学年龄统计分析,首次揭示超短周期行星(周期不足1 d)的宿主恒星平均年龄高达约57亿年,显著高于其他短周期行星,表明超短周期行星并非先天形成,而是经历数十亿年由潮汐驱动的缓慢向内迁移演化而成。研究还发现,老年系统的行星轨道间距更大,结构更规整,与潮汐迁移模型的预测一致,清晰展现了行星系统随时间的动力学演化痕迹[42]
近年来,黑洞物理研究呈现出从多尺度的跨越式进展,而2025年发表的2篇论文尤为具有代表性。2项工作覆盖从临界吸积几何到磁场偏振结构、从潮汐瓦解事件的准周期震荡到事件视界望远镜(EHT)的多历元偏振成像,是理解黑洞物理连续图景的重要拼图。
2025年2月28日发表于《Nature Astronomy》[43]的研究聚焦于X射线源J2150−0551,它被认为可能是一颗长期沉寂的中等质量黑洞。研究利用XMM牛顿望远镜(多镜面X射线空间望远镜)多历元观测发现了1例特殊的潮汐瓦解事件(TDE)候选体,其X射线辐射具有显著性超过3.5σ的85 s准周期震荡。该信号的高相干性强烈指向黑洞视界附近的吸积过程。结合光谱信息,黑洞质量被限定在9.9×103~1.6×104倍太阳质量,自旋约0.26~0.36。这是目前最强的中等质量黑洞(IMBH)直接证据之一,也展示了利用TDE时域信号来测量黑洞质量与自旋的可行性[44]
另一项发表于2025年12月16日《Astronomy and Astrophysics》[45]的研究成果展示了M87星系中心超大质量黑洞(M87*)在2017、2018与2021年这3个时期的230 GHz偏振图像。尽管视界环的直径始终保持在约44 μas的稳定值,但偏振结构却呈现出显著演化。2017年偏振度峰值约15%,而在2018与2021年下降至约5%,且偏振方向发生了反转。这些发现直接证明,M87*附近的吸积流与磁场是一个动态演变的系统,而非静态结构[46]
这2项成果从完全不同的质量、尺度与观测方法切入,共同描绘了黑洞吸积物理的连续图景。随着未来EHT在345 GHz等更高频成像能力的提升,黑洞视界尺度的时空结构将更加清晰,而黑洞物理的全景图也将更加完整。
2025年7月1日,智利埃尔绍塞天文台在例行巡天中发现一个轨迹异常的光点。随后的全球观测迅速确认了它的身份——一位来自太阳系外的访客,被命名为“3I/ATLAS”[47]。这是继1I/ʻ奥陌陌(1I/ʻOumuamua)与2I/鲍里索夫(2I/Borisov)之后,人类迎来的第3位星际来客。
该发现归功于小行星地球撞击最后预警系统(Asteroid Terrestrial−impact Last Alert System,ATLAS)[48]。这个由4座观测站组成的全球网络能每2 d扫描一遍大部分可见天空,其位于智利的站点捕捉到了这位星际访客进入太阳系初期的踪迹,为后续观测赢得了宝贵时间。
确认其星际身份后,一个前所未有的多平台立体观测网络迅速启动。正在执行其他任务的深空探测器,如灵神星号(Psyche)[49]、露西号(Lucy)[50]等纷纷调整观测计划,为其拍摄多光谱图像并精确测定位置,中国的天问一号(Tianwen−1)也对其进行了观测[51]。绕火星运行的火星勘测轨道飞行器(Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter,MRO)[52]则利用火星与地球之间的长基线,对其进行了高精度的视差测量,迅速锁定了它在三维空间中的精确轨迹。
与前2位星际访客相比,3I/ATLAS展现出独特的性质。哈勃空间望远镜(Hubble Space Telescope,HST)的高分辨率成像显示其在接近太阳时释放尘埃和气体[53],而JWST的红外光谱则发现了由二氧化碳(CO2)、水(H2O)和一氧化碳(CO)等物质组成的气体彗发,这表明该对象富含挥发性冰类成分[54]。现有数据支持它是一颗活跃的星际彗星,并且其成分可能反映了其原发星系中不同于太阳系彗星的蒸发和化学环境。
2025年年底,3I/ATLAS正以超过40 km/s的速度离开太阳系,重新踏上无尽的星际旅程。尽管来访短暂,但它留下了迄今为止最全面的观测资料,这是人类首次以如此系统化的方式记录一位星际访客的全程。随着下一代更强大的巡天设备投入运行,未来或将更频繁地迎接这些来自深空的信使,而每一次相遇都将深化我们对银河系行星系统多样性与起源的理解。
未来10年,天文观测将在地面与空间同时迎来关键进展。中国将建成新疆奇台的110 m全可动射电望远镜(QiTai radio Telescope,QTT)和青海冷湖的15 m亚毫米波望远镜(Submillimeter Telescope with 15-meter aperture,XSMT),而美国主导的空间任务如天穹号(SPHEREx)和庞奇卫星(PUNCH)也正投入科学运行。这些设备覆盖从射电、亚毫米波到红外的宽广电磁波段,瞄准从太阳系到宇宙早期、从微观物理到宏观结构的多元科学目标,共同构建着多尺度、全波段探索宇宙的综合观测体系。
中国在建的QTT[55]将成为世界最大的全可动单口径射电望远镜,其全天灵活指向能力与宽波段覆盖(150 MHz~115 GHz)将极大推动脉冲星计时、银河系磁场与中性氢结构、以及引力波宇宙学等前沿研究[56]。与之形成波段互补的XSMT,则凭借冷湖极佳的台址条件,首次为中国系统性地打开亚毫米波观测窗口。它将重点探测星际分子谱线与冷尘埃连续辐射,用于研究恒星形成、原行星盘结构以及星际复杂化学,填补中国在该关键波段的观测空白[57]。QTT与XSMT的建成,将与中国现有的FAST等设施协同,使中国在从长波射电到亚毫米波的广阔频段上,建立起国际领先的地面观测能力。
与此同时,已升空的空间任务正从另一维度拓展视野。2025年3月11日升空的SPHEREx卫星,正通过近红外光谱对整个天空进行“三维”扫描。它将通过测量宇宙红外背景涨落检验早期宇宙暴胀理论,通过光谱红移构建星系演化历史,并能绘制银河系内水冰等关键分子的分布图,为理解生命前体物质的宇宙来源提供线索[58]。与SPHEREx一同发射的PUNCH卫星群,则聚焦于太阳物理。它由4颗小卫星组成,旨在通过多视角偏振成像,首次连续、清晰地观测太阳风从日冕到日球层的诞生与加速过程。PUNCH的数据将与帕克太阳探测器、太阳轨道飞行器等任务深度协同,实现对日冕加热和太阳风演化的跨尺度追踪,从而提升对空间天气事件的理解与预报能力[59]
从地面的QTT、XSMT到空间的SPHEREx、PUNCH,新一代观测设备正以前所未有的精度和维度,同步探索从太阳附近的等离子体过程,到星际介质的化学与物理,再到宇宙大尺度结构与早期演化。这种地面与空间协同、多波段覆盖的观测体系,标志着天文学正进入一个能系统性解析宇宙多尺度关联的新时代,有望在未来10年推动一系列基础科学问题的突破。
回顾2025年,天文学在多条前沿战线取得了实质性突破。LAMOST、FAST等大科学装置持续产出里程碑式成果;嫦娥六号样本首次为月球背面演化提供了直接证据;EP在软X射线时域监测中开辟出新窗口;DESI与超新星数据的结合则推动暗能量研究从静态范式迈向动态检验。Gaia卫星虽已退役,但其数据遗产将持续赋能银河系考古;Euclid与薇拉•鲁宾天文台的首批数据已展示出描绘宇宙动态图景的巨大潜力;JWST对年轻行星的直接成像与多波段协同观测进一步连接了行星形成与演化的时间链条。这些进展共同勾勒出一幅从星际介质、恒星形成、星系演化到宇宙学结构的连贯图景,并凸显了全球合作、数据共享与多信使融合在现代天文学中的关键作用。随着QTT、XSMT、SPHEREx、PUNCH等新一代地面与空间设施陆续投入运行,一个覆盖全波段、贯通多尺度的立体观测网络正在成型,将在未来5~10年内系统性推进对黑洞物理、系外行星大气、宇宙再电离历史以及暗物质与暗能量本质的探索,并有望在这些方向取得实质性乃至突破性进展。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(12273058)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFA1607900)
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2026年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00074
  • 接收时间:2025-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2026-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-15
  • 修回日期:2026-01-08
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(12273058)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFA1607900)
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    1中国科学院国家天文台,北京 100012
    2中国科学院大学天文和空间科学学院,北京 100049

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苟利军(通信作者),研究员,研究方向为高能天体物理,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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