Article(id=1228347009602618096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1228347007518048984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765296000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-10, revisedDate=1766678400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770790348673, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1769529600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770393600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770790348673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080595017, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1228347007518048984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769529600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770790348176, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774331262404, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243198678287102659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1228347007518048984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243198678287102660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1228347007518048984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=32, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228347011867542310, articleId=1228347009602618096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Review of 2025 global space science activities, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper reviews the highlights and key mission advances in global space science and deep space exploration during 2025. It focuses on breakthroughs such as the revolutionary discoveries made by the James Webb Space Telescope regarding the early universe and exoplanet atmospheric characterization; major revelations about solar activity mechanisms from solar probes such as Solar Orbiter; the decoding of the evolutionary history of the lunar farside through samples returned by Chang'e−6; and the in−depth application of artificial intelligence in exoplanet search and space weather forecasting. In 2025, China has steadily advanced its crewed lunar exploration program, conducted high−level in−orbit experiments on its space station, achieved a series of fruitful results from space science satellites, and taken a leading role in the world in comprehensive space−environment ground−based monitoring through the Meridian Project. By continuously strengthening original innovation and core technology breakthroughs, China is joining the international community in shaping a new landscape for future space science and exploration.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chi WANG, Tingting SONG, Song CAO, Li ZHOU, Haiyan WEI, Qin WANG, Ming LI, Liang YOU, Quanlin FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228347012865786697, articleId=1228347009602618096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=2025年空间科学与深空探测热点回眸, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

梳理了2025年全球空间科学与深空探测的亮点成果与重要进展。重点回顾分析了詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜在早期宇宙、系外行星大气表征等方面的革命性发现,Solar Orbiter等太阳探测器对太阳活动机制的重大揭示,嫦娥六号样品对月球背面演化历史的解密,人工智能在系外行星搜寻与空间天气预报中的深度应用等多维度突破。2025年,中国载人登月稳步推进,空间站持续开展高水平在轨实验,空间科学卫星系列成果丰硕,子午工程在空间环境地基综合监测领域领跑全球。通过不断加强原始创新与关键核心技术攻关,中国正与国际社会共同塑造未来空间科学与探索新格局。

, authors=

王赤,研究员,中国科学院院士,研究方向为空间物理和空间天气学,电子信箱:

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王赤,研究员,中国科学院院士,研究方向为空间物理和空间天气学,电子信箱:

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王赤,研究员,中国科学院院士,研究方向为空间物理和空间天气学,电子信箱:

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发射时间 任务名称 主要科学目标 机构 所属领域
2025−03−11  宇宙历史、再电离时代和冰探测分光计空间望远镜(SPHEREx)  搜寻星际生命基石、研究宇宙暴涨、测量星系总光量  美国国家航空航天局(NASA) 空间天文
2025−03−12  日冕和日球层联系偏振探测立方星座(PUNCH)  确定太阳日冕与日球层在不同尺度上统一的物理过程  NASA 日球层物理
2025−03−15  EZIE立方星星座  首次对地球极光电急流磁场进行成像和测量  NASA
2025−06−14  “张衡一号”02星  重大自然灾害防治研究和地球空间电磁环境探测  中国地震局
2025−07−23  串联磁重联和极尖区电动力学探测双星(TRACERS)  精确研究地球磁层极尖区(Cusp)的磁重联过程  NASA
2025−07−25  电离层−M(Ionosphere−M)3号、4号  监测地球电离层时空变化及其对无线电波传播及地球大气成分等的影响  俄罗斯国家航天集团公司(Roscosmos)
2025−09−24  星际测绘和加速探测器(IMAP)  高精度全面绘制日球层三维地图  NASA
2025−09−24  卡拉瑟斯地冕天文台(CGO)  研究地球外逸层对空间天气的响应,揭示外逸层随时间变化的机制  NASA
2025−09−24  空间天气后续任务−L1卫星(SWFO−L1)  实时监测太阳活动和太阳风,为灾害性空间天气事件提供实时数据和预警信息  美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)
2025−01−15  坚韧号(Resilience)  探测月表风化层  日本iSpace公司 月球与
行星科学
2025−01−15  蓝色幽灵任务1(Blue Ghost Mission 1)  探测月表风化层  美国萤火虫航天公司(Firefly Aerospace)
2025−02−27  雅典娜IM−2  探测月球资源分布  美国直觉机器公司(Intuitive Machines)
2025−02−27  月球开拓者号(Lunar Trailblazer)  绘制月表的水的含量、位置(包括羟基、水或冰)  NASA
2025−02−27  奥丁小行星探测器(Odin)  对小行星2022 OB5的成像探测  美国AstroForge公司
2025−05−29  天问二号  探测小行星和主带彗星的形貌、物质组分、内部结构以及可能的喷发物等和实验室研究  中国国家国防科技工业局
2025−04−29  生物量卫星(Biomass)  测量全球森林生物量和高度  欧洲空间局(ESA) 空间地球
科学
2025−07−26  微碳卫星(MicroCarb)  绘制全球大气二氧化碳源与汇  法国国家空间研究中心(CNES)
2025−07−30  美−印双频合成孔径雷达卫星(NISAR)  测量地球生态系统扰动、冰盖崩塌、自然灾害、海平面上升及地下水等复杂过程  NASA、印度空间研究组织(ISRO)
), ArticleFig(id=1242147320544964688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1228347009602618096, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2025年度全球空间科学任务发射情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发射时间 任务名称 主要科学目标 机构 所属领域
2025−03−11  宇宙历史、再电离时代和冰探测分光计空间望远镜(SPHEREx)  搜寻星际生命基石、研究宇宙暴涨、测量星系总光量  美国国家航空航天局(NASA) 空间天文
2025−03−12  日冕和日球层联系偏振探测立方星座(PUNCH)  确定太阳日冕与日球层在不同尺度上统一的物理过程  NASA 日球层物理
2025−03−15  EZIE立方星星座  首次对地球极光电急流磁场进行成像和测量  NASA
2025−06−14  “张衡一号”02星  重大自然灾害防治研究和地球空间电磁环境探测  中国地震局
2025−07−23  串联磁重联和极尖区电动力学探测双星(TRACERS)  精确研究地球磁层极尖区(Cusp)的磁重联过程  NASA
2025−07−25  电离层−M(Ionosphere−M)3号、4号  监测地球电离层时空变化及其对无线电波传播及地球大气成分等的影响  俄罗斯国家航天集团公司(Roscosmos)
2025−09−24  星际测绘和加速探测器(IMAP)  高精度全面绘制日球层三维地图  NASA
2025−09−24  卡拉瑟斯地冕天文台(CGO)  研究地球外逸层对空间天气的响应,揭示外逸层随时间变化的机制  NASA
2025−09−24  空间天气后续任务−L1卫星(SWFO−L1)  实时监测太阳活动和太阳风,为灾害性空间天气事件提供实时数据和预警信息  美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)
2025−01−15  坚韧号(Resilience)  探测月表风化层  日本iSpace公司 月球与
行星科学
2025−01−15  蓝色幽灵任务1(Blue Ghost Mission 1)  探测月表风化层  美国萤火虫航天公司(Firefly Aerospace)
2025−02−27  雅典娜IM−2  探测月球资源分布  美国直觉机器公司(Intuitive Machines)
2025−02−27  月球开拓者号(Lunar Trailblazer)  绘制月表的水的含量、位置(包括羟基、水或冰)  NASA
2025−02−27  奥丁小行星探测器(Odin)  对小行星2022 OB5的成像探测  美国AstroForge公司
2025−05−29  天问二号  探测小行星和主带彗星的形貌、物质组分、内部结构以及可能的喷发物等和实验室研究  中国国家国防科技工业局
2025−04−29  生物量卫星(Biomass)  测量全球森林生物量和高度  欧洲空间局(ESA) 空间地球
科学
2025−07−26  微碳卫星(MicroCarb)  绘制全球大气二氧化碳源与汇  法国国家空间研究中心(CNES)
2025−07−30  美−印双频合成孔径雷达卫星(NISAR)  测量地球生态系统扰动、冰盖崩塌、自然灾害、海平面上升及地下水等复杂过程  NASA、印度空间研究组织(ISRO)
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2025年空间科学与深空探测热点回眸
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王赤 , 宋婷婷 , 曹松 , 周丽 , 魏海燕 , 王琴 , 李明 , 尤亮 , 范全林
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(2): 32-43
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (2) : 32 -43
2025年空间科学与深空探测热点回眸
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王赤 , 宋婷婷, 曹松, 周丽, 魏海燕, 王琴, 李明, 尤亮, 范全林
作者信息
  • 中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
Review of 2025 global space science activities
Chi WANG , Tingting SONG, Song CAO, Li ZHOU, Haiyan WEI, Qin WANG, Ming LI, Liang YOU, Quanlin FAN
Affiliations
  • National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2026-01-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00055
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梳理了2025年全球空间科学与深空探测的亮点成果与重要进展。重点回顾分析了詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜在早期宇宙、系外行星大气表征等方面的革命性发现,Solar Orbiter等太阳探测器对太阳活动机制的重大揭示,嫦娥六号样品对月球背面演化历史的解密,人工智能在系外行星搜寻与空间天气预报中的深度应用等多维度突破。2025年,中国载人登月稳步推进,空间站持续开展高水平在轨实验,空间科学卫星系列成果丰硕,子午工程在空间环境地基综合监测领域领跑全球。通过不断加强原始创新与关键核心技术攻关,中国正与国际社会共同塑造未来空间科学与探索新格局。

空间科学  /  深空探测  /  人工智能  /  2025年研究热点

This paper reviews the highlights and key mission advances in global space science and deep space exploration during 2025. It focuses on breakthroughs such as the revolutionary discoveries made by the James Webb Space Telescope regarding the early universe and exoplanet atmospheric characterization; major revelations about solar activity mechanisms from solar probes such as Solar Orbiter; the decoding of the evolutionary history of the lunar farside through samples returned by Chang'e−6; and the in−depth application of artificial intelligence in exoplanet search and space weather forecasting. In 2025, China has steadily advanced its crewed lunar exploration program, conducted high−level in−orbit experiments on its space station, achieved a series of fruitful results from space science satellites, and taken a leading role in the world in comprehensive space−environment ground−based monitoring through the Meridian Project. By continuously strengthening original innovation and core technology breakthroughs, China is joining the international community in shaping a new landscape for future space science and exploration.

space science  /  deep space exploration  /  artificial intelligence  /  2025 hotpot
王赤, 宋婷婷, 曹松, 周丽, 魏海燕, 王琴, 李明, 尤亮, 范全林. 2025年空间科学与深空探测热点回眸. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (2) : 32 -43 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00055
Chi WANG, Tingting SONG, Song CAO, Li ZHOU, Haiyan WEI, Qin WANG, Ming LI, Liang YOU, Quanlin FAN. Review of 2025 global space science activities[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (2) : 32 -43 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00055
空间科学作为融合多学科发展、协同航天技术创新的重大前沿领域,其发展鲜明体现着科学研究向极宏观拓展、向极微观深入、向极端条件迈进、向极综合交叉发力的时代特征,已成为推动人类认知边界、引领高技术跨越的关键引擎。2025年,全球航天发射持续活跃,全年实施发射任务逾300次[1],其中专用科学卫星与深空探测器发射12次(含1次发射多个任务的情况),主要集中在美国、欧洲、中国等航天主体(表1),不仅反映出空间科学领域竞争与合作并存的国际格局,也凸显各国对空间科学领域的重视与持续投入。
本文基于2025年度国际权威学术期刊与重要任务进展报告,系统梳理了空间天文、日球层物理、月球与行星科学、空间地球科学、微重力与空间生命科学等领域的标志性成果,以10大热点为主线进行回眸,旨在为中国后续空间科学前沿布局、加强原始创新与关键核心技术攻关提供参考,助力实现从跟跑、并跑到领跑的跨越发展。
多项前沿观测共同揭示出早期宇宙中星系与黑洞的演化过程远比理论预期更为激烈复杂。天文学家基于詹姆斯•韦布空间望远镜(James Webb Space Telescope,JWST)数据在COSMOS−Web天区发现迄今最大规模星系群样本,涵盖近1700个星系群,为研究宇宙大尺度结构及星系演化提供全新视角[2]。英国科学家利用JWST在红移z≈13的星系JADES−GS−z13−1中探测到强莱曼α发射线,表明宇宙在更早期已存在“透光”区域,对再电离过程的理论模型提出挑战[3]。美国研究团队基于哈勃空间望远镜(Hubble Space Telescope,HST)与盖亚空间望远镜(Gaia)数据,首次证实1颗质量约7倍太阳的“独行黑洞”存在,为孤立致密天体的直接探测开辟新途径[4]。美国科研团队利用钱德拉X射线天文台(Chandra)发现一个黑洞正以远超爱丁顿极限的速率吸积物质,为理解宇宙早期超大质量黑洞的快速形成提供了新线索[5]。国际团队结合欧洲南方天文台甚大望远镜上的积分场光谱探测器(Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer,MUSE)与HST高分辨率成像数据,基于引力透镜与恒星运动学分析,在50亿光年外星系中心发现质量高达360亿倍太阳的“宇宙巨无霸”黑洞,为探索近理论极限的黑洞及星系共演化提供关键案例[6]。国际团队利用X射线成像和光谱任务(X−ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission,XRISM)首次发现来自超大质量黑洞的超高速风具有“子弹”状团块化结构,这一发现为理解星系与其中心黑洞的共同演化提供了全新视角,并对现有理论构成挑战[7]
暗物质探测获关键性间接证据。“悟空”号卫星首次获得了TeV/n能区最精确的次级宇宙线硼核能谱,并发现了能谱新结构[8]。基于费米伽马射线空间望远镜(Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope,FGST)15年的观测数据,日本天文学家在银河系晕区发现了统计学上显著的伽马射线过剩,其空间分布与光谱特征均与特定质量的暗物质粒子湮灭模型高度吻合,为暗物质探测提供了新的重要线索[9]
来自国际最前沿空间探测器的突破性发现,不断挑战和修正现有理论模型。美国科学家利用中子星内部组成探测器(Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer,NICER)对超大质量黑洞附近的准周期X射线暴进行了精细刻画,为理解其爆发机制和极端引力环境下的物质行为提供了关键洞察[10]。国际团队利用XRISM在中子星系统GX13+1中探测到速度远低于理论预期、异常稠密的宇宙风,与黑洞系统的高速外流形成鲜明对比,对现有吸积与反馈模型提出了有力挑战,为理解星系演化提供了新视角[11 ]。澳大利亚科学家利用Chandra与平方公里阵列探路者(Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder,ASKAP)射电望远镜,发现了具有44 min精确周期的多波段辐射源ASKAPJ1832,为理解长周期射电暂现源的物理起源提供了关键线索[12]。“天关”卫星成功探测一例神秘的快速X射线暂现源EP240315a,分析结果表明人类可能需要对伽马射线暴这一宇宙爆发现象的产生机制进行重新审视与思考[13];成功捕捉到编号为EP240414a的一个转瞬即逝的宇宙X射线信号,为揭示恒星死亡过程提供了全新视角[14]。“怀柔一号”在新生磁陀星驱动的伽马暴中观测到周期稳定的毫秒级脉动信号,为揭示致密天体并合产物的性质提供了关键证据[15]。这些成果共同彰显了多平台、高精度X射线观测在拓展人类对极端宇宙认知边界方面不可替代的作用。
欧几里得(Euclid)空间望远镜于2025年3月发布首批巡天数据(Euclid Q1),揭示了数十万星系的大尺度分布。数据包含大量星系团、活动星系核等天体,并借助人工智能,完成了对超过38万个星系及500个引力透镜候选体的大规模分类[16]。国际团队在椭圆星系NGC6505周围发现了一个完整的爱因斯坦环,这个强引力透镜,标志着其强大的观测能力,也为未来研究宇宙膨胀、暗物质和暗能量等提供新的重要线索[17]
空间天文台通过多波段协同观测,在宇宙学关键问题上取得了系列突破性进展。XMM−Newton空间天文台与朱雀(Suzaku)卫星精确探测并表征了一条连接4个星系团的巨大热气体丝状结构,其蕴含的物质总量极有可能正是宇宙学模型中长期“失踪”的普通物质,为解决宇宙物质缺失之谜提供了关键证据[18]。利用XMM−Newton与地面低频阵列射电望远镜(Low-Frequency Array,LOFAR),国际团队明确探测到来自一颗太阳系外恒星的强烈星冕物质抛射(CME),为研究日冕物质抛射对系外行星大气的侵蚀作用提供了直接的观测约束[19]。美国科研团队证实2004年一次磁星巨型耀斑合成了大量金、铂等重元素,其贡献或占银河系重元素总量的10%,对宇宙重元素起源理论提出挑战[20]。此外,基于HST与Gaia的最新数据,国际团队对银河系与仙女座星系的未来并合概率进行了重新评估,结果表明两者在未来100亿年内发生碰撞的可能性仅为50%,这一发现颠覆了此前“必然相撞”的广泛共识[21]
依据《国家空间科学中长期发展规划(2024—2050年)》,中国正在系统部署实施以重大前沿问题为导向的空间科学卫星任务。鸿蒙计划(Discovering the Sky at the Longest Wavelength,DSL)[22]、增强型X射线时变与偏振空间天文台(enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry mission,eXTP)[23],聚焦“起源”类科学问题,预计将在宇宙黑暗时代、极端条件下的物理规律等方面取得突破。
然而,在合作与竞争并存的背景下,美国于2025年7月9日宣布取消对宇宙学旗舰项目CMB−S4(宇宙微波背景第四阶段项目)的支持。该项目曾在《探索量子宇宙——粒子物理学创新与发现之路》和《21世纪20年代天文与天体物理学十年调查》(Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics 2020,Astro2020)中被列为最高或次高优先级任务,其终止反映了空间科学任务实施的曲折。
自1995年人类发现第1颗围绕类太阳恒星转动的系外行星以来,截至2025年12月18日,已证认了6065颗系外行星,另有7821颗系外行星候选体[24]。系外行星研究在发现与表征方面取得系列突破,推动人类在寻找“第2个地球”的征程上稳步前行。
依托凌星计时变化(Transit Timing Variations,TTV)与微引力透镜等间接探测方法,“超级地球”探测取得系列进展。云南天文台团队利用TTV技术,在一颗类太阳恒星周围的宜居带内发现了超级地球Kepler−725 c,质量约为地球的10倍,轨道周期207 d。TTV技术凭借其对引力摄动的高灵敏度,有效弥补了传统凌星法和视向速度法在探测特定轨道范围行星方面的局限,为下一代“地球2.0”探测任务提供了重要的候选目标与验证手段[25]
JWST以前所未有的探测深度将系外行星研究从“发现”阶段推进至“表征”新纪元。法国科学家通过直接成像发现形成于原行星盘环隙间的亚木星TWA 7b[26]。爱尔兰科学家在年轻行星系统YSES−1内首次探测到硅酸盐云层及可能孕育卫星的环行星盘,为理解行星系统早期形成与化学演化提供了证据[27]。国际团队通过JWST红外光谱数据,首次在太阳系外天体Wolf 1130c上发现有磷化氢存在的特征,为理解系外天体大气化学过程提供关键证据[28]。美国和加拿大科学家确认红矮星宜居带内岩质行星TRAPPIST−1 d缺乏类地大气,对理解红矮星周围行星的宜居性提出重要约束[29]。国际团队发现岩质行星TRAPPIST−1e或拥有含氮大气及液态水,为探索系外宜居世界提供关键线索[30]。英国科学家在超级地球K2−18 b大气中发现二甲基硫醚(DMS)等潜在生物标志物,虽需进一步验证,但已构成迄今系外行星可能存在生命的最有力迹象[31]
系外行星研究正通过多维度观测,持续深化对行星演化路径与宜居条件的理解,并为下一代观测计划指明方向。荷兰科学家证实近距离行星HIP 67522 b可通过磁相互作用扰动主星磁场并触发耀斑,其持续高能辐射或可解释JWST观测到该行星大气的显著扩展,凸显了恒星活动对行星大气的深刻影响[32]。美国科学家利用Chandra发现年轻巨行星TOI 1227 b正因强烈恒星X射线辐射而经历显著大气剥离,预计将从木星大小演化为小型行星,该过程为理解行星早期演化提供了关键案例,也揭示了主星高能辐射在行星演化中的重要性[33]。天文学家基于阿塔卡玛大型毫米波/亚毫米波阵列(ALMA)地面望远镜与JWST观测,在1300光年外新生恒星HOPS−315周围首次捕捉到行星形成物质由气态向固态凝结的“起点时刻”,为研究太阳系早期演化提供直接参照[34]。围绕M/K型矮星运行的类地行星轨道普遍呈近圆形,这一特征有助于提升其潜在宜居性,并为理解类地行星形成机制提供新线索[35]。展望未来,研究需沿“深度”与“广度”双轨推进:一方面,发展高精度表征技术,以绘制系外行星的“精细画像”;另一方面,依托欧洲的“柏拉图”(PLATO)、中国2025年立项的系外地球巡天任务(ET)[36]等下一代巡天项目,大幅扩展系外类地行星样本,系统搜寻多样化目标,推动本领域进入新一轮“大发现”阶段[37]
空间太阳观测助力人类深入理解太阳活动周期的形成机制和太阳爆发活动机理。2025年3月,太阳轨道器(Solar Orbiter)以15°轨道倾角首次获得对太阳南极的超粒子形成和磁场网络精细图像,显示太阳南极的磁场正以10~20 m/s速度向极点迁移,这一速度远快于此前预期,增进了人类对驱动太阳11年活动周期的“磁场传送带”机制的理解[38];2025年11月6日,欧洲空间局(European Space Agency,ESA)公布了Solar Orbiter以17°轨道倾角首次从黄道面外拍摄到的太阳两极图像,发现太阳南极的磁场目前处于混乱状态,同时存在北向与南向2种极性的磁场[39]。美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)公布了“帕克号”太阳探测器(Parker Solar Probe)拍摄的迄今为止距离太阳最近的图像,首次清晰揭示了太阳风起源和日冕物质抛射碰撞的细节[40],直接观测并证实了太阳日冕中的磁重联现象[41]
中国日地系统探测快速发展,在太阳空间探测和天基地球物理场观测方面取得突破进展。“羲和号”成功解构出爆发过程中太阳暗条的时序光谱特征,为解构恒星大气活动相关物理过程提供了线索[42]。“夸父一号”捕捉到白光耀斑的谐频准周期脉动[43];揭示了高能C级太阳耀斑中的反常电子加速行为[44];结合硬X射线成像仪(HXI)和国际多个卫星联合观测数据,揭示了太阳耀斑中准周期振荡现象的驱动机制为重复性磁重联[45]。“澳科一号”卫星成功观测到太阳X1级耀斑及地磁暴,支持未来地磁暴灾害实时预警[46]
空间科学(二期)先导专项的收官之战——中欧联合“微笑”卫星(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer,SMILE)已完成全部研制工作,在荷兰通过了中欧联合出厂评审,拟于2026年在法属圭亚那库鲁发射场择机发射。“微笑”卫星是中欧首个任务级全方位深度合作的空间科学探测任务,入选了《Nature》2025年值得关注的科学事件[47],预期将在探测太阳风−磁层相互作用大尺度结构和基本模式、认知磁层亚暴整体变化过程和周期变化,以及探索日冕物质抛射事件驱动磁暴的发生和发展等方面取得重要成果。2025年立项的太阳极区探测任务“夸父二号”,拟首次实现对太阳极区的正面成像观测,探索太阳磁活动周期和高速太阳风起源。瞄准地球空间暴的磁层多尺度星座探测计划(AME)预研工作取得重要进展[48]
国家重大科技基础设施——子午工程二期通过国家验收,这是中国建成的国际首个覆盖日地空间全圈层(太阳风—磁层—电离层—中高层大气)的综合性空间环境地基监测设施,实现了覆盖广度、技术深度和探测精度的多维度突破,显著提升了中国的空间天气预报预警能力,相关成果获中国地球物理学会科学技术进步奖一等奖。
子午工程一期、二期于2025年3月融合一体化全运行,利用自主监测获取的空间环境数据,已经在中国上空空间环境特征以及地球空间各圈层之间的耦合研究等方面取得了原创性成果,揭示2024年5月特大地磁暴期间电离层变化机理[49]、不同高度金属离子团中的等离子体泡结构[50]、亚极光区极化流全球演化特征[51],捕捉中国区域电离层暴时响应特征[52],以及利用三亚非相干散射雷达(SYISR)与中国天眼(FAST)联合观测,有效确定月球南极地区水冰含量上限及其分布[53]等。
中国科学家率先提出了国际子午圈大科学计划(IMCP),倡议建立陆地最完整的东经120°~西经60°子午圈主要监测链,扩展形成全球一体化的多学科、多要素探测网络,实现对日地空间环境全纬度、全天候、日不落的立体观测。2025年6月12日,在科学技术部主办的第二届“一带一路”科技交流大会国际大科学计划论坛上,科学界先行发起了国际子午圈大科学计划,成为IMCP推进的重要里程碑。
利用“嫦娥六号”月球样品,中国科学家刷新了人类对太阳系天体演化的认知框架[54]。样品首次证实月背采样区分别在约42亿年前和28亿年前经历了2期不同的玄武质火山活动,表明月背的火山活动时间跨度广泛,整体上比“嫦娥五号”在月球正面采样揭示的约20亿年前的岩浆活动更老[55]。首次获得月背古磁场数据,发现月球磁场强度可能在28亿年前发生过反弹,颠覆了磁场单调衰减的传统认知[56]。首次获得月球背面月幔的水含量,发现其显著低于正面月幔,指示月球内部水分布也存在二分性,为探讨月幔水的时空演化提供了关键约束[57]。在月背发现新型岩石——南极−艾特肯撞击熔岩,这是巨型撞击制造的“时间胶囊”,为研究类地天体撞击效应提供了绝佳样本[58]。首次精确测定月球南极−艾特肯盆地内部波罗盆地形成于41.6亿年前,为揭示月球遭受太阳系内“撞击风暴”即晚期重轰炸提供了关键证据,为太阳系撞击历史树起了“中国定标点”[59]。研究发现“嫦娥六号”月壤撞击玻璃微珠的表面显微构造的类型和成因与嫦娥五号整体相似,意味着月壤翻耕过程的微观机理在月球正、背面相似[60]。科学家通过测定“嫦娥五号”与“嫦娥六号”月壤颗粒的暴露年龄及太阳风损伤非晶环带厚度,发现环带增长速率相对来自月球近侧低纬度区域的阿波罗样品测得的结果明显更高[61]
此外,科学家利用“重力恢复与内部实验室”(Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory,GRAIL)任务的引力场数据,发现月球内部深处可能存在温度差异,发现正面和背面月幔的变形能力相差2%~3%,意味着月球内部是不对称的,或可解释月球表面外观的反差,以及月球正面和背面火山活动之间的差异[62]。利用月球勘测轨道器(Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter,LRO)拍摄的月表图片和阿波罗任务采集的岩石样本,提出月球活动断层沿线月震频率分析方法,帮助评估未来月球探索活动地点的月震风险[63]
火星探测任务从固态内核、早期水活动到复杂有机物与潜在生命迹象,全方位深化对火星演化与宜居性的认知。通过分析“洞察号”(InSight)的火震数据,中国科学家首次确证火星内部存在半径约600 km的固态内核,并揭示其主要成分可能是富含轻元素的结晶铁镍合金,首次在地球以外的行星中确认了固态内核的存在,证实了火星与地球相似的核幔分异结构[64]。中国科学家联合国内外相关学者利用火星勘察轨道器(Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter,MRO)勘测成像光谱仪(Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars,CRISM)高光谱数据,系统分析了火星南部第勒纳区域含水矿物的分布特征,首次揭示了该区域表面“源到汇”的地质过程,发现火星早期历史中可能存在多个时期持续时间较长的水蚀变过程,为理解火星早期水环境演化提供了重要新证据[65]。通过分析“好奇号”(Curiosity)采集的岩石样本,研究人员发现了迄今在火星上找到的最大有机化合物,表明与生命相关的化学过程比此前发现的更为复杂[66]。利用“好奇号”在Gale环形山3个钻探地点的数据,发现这些富含硫酸盐的岩石中存在菱铁矿,即一种碳酸铁矿物,表明碳酸盐封存了部分古代大气中的二氧化碳,解决了一直以来对碳酸盐踪迹的疑惑,有助于解释火星大气层的演化情况[67]。科学家在“毅力号”(Perseverance)采集到的Sapphire Canyon岩芯样品中检测出潜在生物特征,识别出蓝铁矿(水合磷酸铁)和硫复铁矿(硫化铁)2种富铁矿物的特征,这种矿物组合成为微生物生命的潜在生物特征,是迄今为止最接近于在火星找到生命迹象的发现[68]。综合分析“火星大气与挥发物演化”(MAVEN)探测器的观测数据,实现了对“溅射”大气逃逸过程的直接观测,并绘制出溅射氩与太阳风的关系图,有助于理解火星表面液态水存在的条件以及数十亿年前液态水对宜居性的影响[69]。利用“天问一号”轨道器、ESA的痕量气体轨道器(TGO)、MAVEN以及“好奇号”的数据,结合火星大气粒子传输模拟,首次构建了火星空间完整的太阳高能粒子事件质子能谱[70]
小行星样本揭示早期太阳系演化,为生命起源提供关键证据。“起源、光谱分析、资源识别与安全−风化层探测器”(OSIRIS−REx)采样返回的小行星贝努(Bennu)样本,发现了方解石、岩盐和钾盐等11种矿物质痕迹,首次在地外样本中检测到天然碱,发现Bennu样本富含挥发物,还检测到了14种氨基酸、胺、甲醛、羧酸、多环芳烃、氮杂环及近1万种含氮化学物质[71],研究结果虽未显示出生命本身存在的证据,但印证了生命产生的必要条件在早期太阳系中广泛存在[72]。通过隼鸟2号(Hayabusa2)探测器采样返回的龙宫(Ryugu)小行星样本,发现龙宫小行星曾有20%~30%的水,远高于先前估值,表明小行星给地球带来的水可能远超预期[73]
基于ESA地球探索者计划(Earth Explorer)的第3项任务“冰”卫星CryoSat的长期观测数据,揭示了南极冰盖下活跃湖泊的广泛存在及其对冰盖稳定性的潜在影响。英国团队根据CryoSat的10年测高数据,在南极周围冰冻表面下方几千米处发现了85个湖泊,使已知的南极洲活跃冰下湖泊数量增加了58%[74]。另一英国团队利用CryoSat观测数据量化了南极思韦茨冰川(Thwaites)冰下湖泊储存的冰川融水的异常排放过程,揭示了冰下湖对南极冰盖稳定性的隐性影响[75]
海洋涡旋深刻影响热量循环和营养物质输运等海洋动力学过程。美国团队利用地表水和海洋测高卫星(Surface Water and Ocean Topography,SWOT)观测数据,首次以前所未有的精度(分辨率1~10 km)揭示了亚中尺度涡旋的全球分布,开启了亚中尺度海洋动力学研究新纪元[76]
NASA发布土壤湿度主被动探测卫星(Soil Moisture Active Passive,SMAP)在轨运行10年亮点科学成就。主要包括量化地球上水、能量和碳循环耦合过程;提高洪水预测和干旱监测能力;增强天气和气候预报水平;测量冰盖液态水含量和厚度;扩展“水瓶座”海洋观测卫星(Aquarius)海面盐度记录;为全球生态和植物水分胁迫提供新视角[77]
法国团队在分析全球重力场测量和气候实验卫星(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment,GRACE)2003—2015年获得的地球重力场测量数据时发现了异常信号,该信号在2007年初达到峰值,且无法完全用表层水体或岩浆流动解释,可能源于地质变化导致的地球引力场改变,该研究将帮助科学家更好理解地球的地壳−地幔−地核各层间的关系[78]
基于中国陆地探测一号卫星,国际上首次利用星载L波段双站单极化、单基线雷达干涉测量技术,实现了多个森林垂直结构信息(森林三维垂直剖面、林下地形、树高)的同步反演,为森林碳储量估计、森林资源变化监测、生态环境保护等提供新方法[79],此项研究工作是利用业务卫星数据开展科学研究的有益尝试。
2025年9月,ESA从2项候选任务中遴选出云风速测量雷达(Wivern)卫星,作为地球探索者计划第11项任务(Earth Explorer−11),有望成为国际首个测量云层内部风场并获取云层内部结构信息的卫星,并提供降雨、雪和冰剖面数据,提升天气预报模型对高影响天气和灾害预警的预测能力[80]
美国继续推进各国签署其发起的《阿尔忒弥斯协定》,旨在建立一套指导月球、火星及更远深空探索活动的实践准则,协定签署国已发展至56个,接近全球国家总数的30%[81]。美国太空探索技术公司(SpaceX)星舰成功完成第11次试飞,实现“再入闭环”[82],验证了热防护系统、发动机在轨重启、返航轨迹控制等多项关键技术。作为“阿尔忒弥斯”载人登月计划指定的登月舱,“星舰”将在阿尔忒弥斯3号任务中扮演关键角色——作为月球着陆器把航天员送上月球表面。SpaceX公司利用“猎鹰9”火箭和“龙”飞船成功执行了人类首次极轨载人飞行任务Fram2[83],从独特的极轨视角俯瞰地球,并研究了航天员在返回后无辅助状态下出舱的能力,为未来更复杂的太空任务积累了经验。
中国瞄准2030年前实现首次载人登陆月球的目标,各项研制建设工作按计划稳步推进。“长征十号”运载火箭、梦舟载人飞船、揽月月面着陆器、望宇登月服、探索载人月球车等主要飞行产品完成初样阶段主要工作[84]。中国与巴基斯坦签署协议,将选拔并训练巴基斯坦航天员,未来几年内其将进入中国空间站短期驻留,标志着中国空间站国际合作迈出重要一步[85]。由中国提出的《航天系统—安全性要求—第5部分:载人航天器》国际标准,已在国际标准化组织(ISO)正式注册立项[86]。这是中国在载人航天领域的首个国际标准,为全球载人航天器的安全性工作提供了“中国方案”。
利用中国空间站上的无容器材料科学实验柜,科学家成功把钨合金加热到超过3100℃,创造了新的世界纪录[87],研究结果将为新型钨合金设计及其性能提升提供重要的理论依据。利用支持气、液、固体燃料燃烧实验的实验柜平台,在气体射流火焰、预混火焰、扩散火焰、碳烟生成等多个方向取得了重要进展[88]。空间实验表明,在轨环境能加速3D脑组织内细胞的运动,将为空地转移应用提供新思路[89]。通过系统解析空间站早期微生物群落特征,发现空间站微生物组呈现显著的人体共生菌优势特征[90]。通过对空间站舱内表面微生物采集和实验分析,发现了一种全新的微生物物种——天宫尼尔菌[91]。聚焦微重力与亚磁环境对生物体的影响,成功开展小鼠在轨饲养实验和果蝇亚磁生物学效应研究,为未来长期太空探索中人类健康保障提供了关键数据。
利用国际空间站固体燃料实验设施,科学家开展了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacrylate,PMMA)球扩散火焰熄灭极限实验,量化了亚表面预热对熄灭应变率的影响,为深空舱内火灾防控提供基础数据[92]。微生物管理是保障长期在轨运行和航天员健康的关键,实验研究发现,一种对人类健康至关重要的微生物——枯草芽孢杆菌的孢子能够在探空火箭发射和返回的极端条件下存活下来,表明这种微生物能够“抗”过太空旅行[93],将有助于为宇航员设计更好的生命支持系统。空间原子钟组计划(Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space,ACES)搭载SpaceX的“猎鹰9”火箭发射,ACES是由ESA实施的基于国际空间站微重力环境下的新型空间微波原子钟实验验证项目,被誉为“最精确的太空时钟”,将以极高的精度测试爱因斯坦广义相对论,并助力研究暗物质、弦理论等[94]
当前,人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)正从辅助工具转变为驱动空间科学创新的重要引擎,其强大的数据处理与模式识别能力,已深度融入从海量数据分析到科学载荷优化、从物理理解到预测预报的完整科研链条,催生了空间科学研究范式的系统性变革。
AI凭借其自主生成假设与直接探测信号的能力,正逐步成为搜寻系外行星的关键工具。NASA开发的代理AI系统AstroAgents能够自主分析天体数据并生成科学假设,助力科学家深入理解分子在太空中的形成、演化及其在生命起源中的作用与保存机制[95]。国际团队构建的神经网络模型,实现了在凌星系外行星巡天卫星(Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite,TESS)图像中直接识别系外行星凌星信号,成功筛选出214个新行星系统候选目标,包括122例多次凌星、88例单次凌星及4个多行星系统[96]。瑞士团队借助准确率高达99%的AI模型,精准锁定44个可能存在类地行星的恒星系统,显著推进了宜居行星搜寻与地外生命探索进程[97]。国际团队开发的ExoMiner++增强型深度学习模型,通过融合多源数据与联合训练策略,大幅提升了TESS凌星信号的分类精度,有望显著提高系外行星的发现效率[98]
AI通过提升观测设备精度与增强信号探测能力,为天文研究提供了关键工具支持。悉尼大学开发出一款创新软件,成功校正了JWST所摄图像的模糊问题,恢复了其核心仪器的观测精度,实现了以往需耗资巨大的宇航员维修任务才能达成的目标[99];国际团队合作的深度循环整形(deep loop shaping)技术,通过AI将引力波探测中的低频噪声抑制能力推至新高度[100]
AI for science大模型革新日球层物理研究与空间天气预报。中国国家卫星气象中心(国家空间天气监测预警中心)、南昌大学和华为技术有限公司联合发布全球首个空间天气链式AI预报模型“风宇”,在太阳风−磁层−电离层区域24 h短临预测能力优异;在磁暴事件中,可提前1 h有效捕捉磁层扰动特征;在电离层区域的预测性能尤为突出,全球电子密度总含量的预测误差基本控制在10%左右。NASA与IBM公司联合发布Surya开源大模型是全球首个采用高分辨率太阳观测数据训练的日球层物理AI基础模型,其训练数据来自NASA太阳动力学天文台(Solar Dynamics Observatory,SDO)的9年观测,数据量为普通AI训练数据的10倍,该模型对太阳耀斑分类准确率较既往方法提升了16%,首次实现了提前2 h太阳耀斑的可视化预测[101]
2025年,全球空间科学与深空探测在多领域取得持续突破,展现了各国在空间科学前沿的持续投入与创新能力,也映射出合作与竞争并存的国际态势。当前,国际空间科学发展格局面临深刻变革,美国NASA的空间科学方向与任务优先级呈现一定程度的摇摆和调整。与此同时,ESA于2025年3月发布了《ESA 2040战略》,致力于促进欧洲各国在研究和技术方面开展合作,不断突破空间探索和创新的极限。2024年10月,中国发布了《国家空间科学中长期发展规划(2024—2050年)》,为加速中国空间科学的发展吹响了“冲锋号”,标志着中国空间科学事业进入了一个体系化部署、健康接续发展的新阶段[102],将为科技强国与航天强国建设注入强劲原始创新和关键技术攻关的核心动力,为人类文明进步作出不可替代的中国贡献。

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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00055
  • 接收时间:2025-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2026-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-10
  • 修回日期:2025-12-26
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    中国科学院国家空间科学中心,北京 100190
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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