Article(id=1225386835313078439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.08.00021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755100800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-14, revisedDate=1757260800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770084588125, onlineDateStr=2026-02-03, pubDate=1768233600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769616000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770084588125, creator=system, updateTime=1774080517276, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1225386825246748695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768233600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770084585703, creator='system', updateTime=1774331268156, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243198702408544966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243198702408544967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=137, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225386836768501949, articleId=1225386835313078439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Yu Yongxin and the live−attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine: The path of China's independent vaccine development, columnId=1150494646058185020, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Science and Humanity, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Yu Yongxin, a key figure in China's virology and biological products research, dedicated his career to tackling major infectious diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and rabies. He led the development of the SA14−14−2 live−attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine, which marked a breakthrough in vaccine safety, quality assurance, and international recognition. Yu also organized the establishment of evaluation systems for HFRS vaccines and promoted technological improvements across various vaccine platforms, enabling the transition of rabies vaccines from traditional methods to cell culture−based production. Through his contributions in standardization, international collaboration, technology transfer, and talent cultivation, he helped build a comprehensive system encompassing vaccine research, testing, and dissemination—providing strong support for the advancement of China's vaccine industry and public health infrastructure.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qiangyu XIANG, Lu ZHANG, Zongzhen WU, Jialin DIAO, Jiayun CHEN, Bo SUN, Huan LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1225386837615751420, articleId=1225386835313078439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=俞永新与乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗:中国自主疫苗研制之路, columnId=1150494646196597053, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=科技人文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

俞永新作为中国病毒学与生物制品学的重要推动者,长期聚焦乙型脑炎、流行性出血热、狂犬病等重大传染病疫苗的科研攻关。回顾了俞永新主导研制乙脑减毒活疫苗SA14−14−2,推动中国在疫苗安全性、质量可控性及国际认证方面突破的历程。SA14−14−2成为首个通过世界卫生组织预认证并进入联合国采购系统的中国疫苗产品。梳理了俞永新组织实施出血热疫苗评价体系建设及多种疫苗工艺改进,使得狂犬病疫苗实现从传统工艺向细胞培养的升级的经历。在标准建设、国际合作、技术转化和人才培养等方面,他推动建立了覆盖研发、检定、推广的系统机制,为中国疫苗产业发展和公共卫生体系建设提供了有力支撑。

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相强宇,硕士研究生,研究方向为科学技术史,电子信箱:

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刘欢(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为科学技术史、医学史、生命科学史,电子信箱:
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俞永新与乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗:中国自主疫苗研制之路
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相强宇 1 , 张璐 1 , 吴宗震 1 , 刁佳琳 1 , 陈甲芸 1 , 孙博 2 , 刘欢 1, 3, *
科技导报 | 科技人文 2026,44(1): 137-140
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科技导报 |科技人文 2026 , 44 (1) : 137 -140
俞永新与乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗:中国自主疫苗研制之路
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相强宇1 , 张璐1, 吴宗震1, 刁佳琳1, 陈甲芸1, 孙博2, 刘欢1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,合肥 230026
  • 2北京中医药大学第三附属医院,北京 100029
  • 3病毒学国家重点实验室,武汉 430072
通讯作者:
刘欢(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为科学技术史、医学史、生命科学史,电子信箱:
Yu Yongxin and the live−attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine: The path of China's independent vaccine development
Qiangyu XIANG1 , Lu ZHANG1, Zongzhen WU1, Jialin DIAO1, Jiayun CHEN1, Bo SUN2, Huan LIU1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of the History of Science and Technology and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
  • 2The Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2026-01-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.08.00021
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俞永新作为中国病毒学与生物制品学的重要推动者,长期聚焦乙型脑炎、流行性出血热、狂犬病等重大传染病疫苗的科研攻关。回顾了俞永新主导研制乙脑减毒活疫苗SA14−14−2,推动中国在疫苗安全性、质量可控性及国际认证方面突破的历程。SA14−14−2成为首个通过世界卫生组织预认证并进入联合国采购系统的中国疫苗产品。梳理了俞永新组织实施出血热疫苗评价体系建设及多种疫苗工艺改进,使得狂犬病疫苗实现从传统工艺向细胞培养的升级的经历。在标准建设、国际合作、技术转化和人才培养等方面,他推动建立了覆盖研发、检定、推广的系统机制,为中国疫苗产业发展和公共卫生体系建设提供了有力支撑。

俞永新  /  乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗  /  病毒学  /  公共卫生  /  科学家精神

Yu Yongxin, a key figure in China's virology and biological products research, dedicated his career to tackling major infectious diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and rabies. He led the development of the SA14−14−2 live−attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine, which marked a breakthrough in vaccine safety, quality assurance, and international recognition. Yu also organized the establishment of evaluation systems for HFRS vaccines and promoted technological improvements across various vaccine platforms, enabling the transition of rabies vaccines from traditional methods to cell culture−based production. Through his contributions in standardization, international collaboration, technology transfer, and talent cultivation, he helped build a comprehensive system encompassing vaccine research, testing, and dissemination—providing strong support for the advancement of China's vaccine industry and public health infrastructure.

Yu Yongxin  /  live−attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine  /  virology  /  public health  /  spirit of scientists
相强宇, 张璐, 吴宗震, 刁佳琳, 陈甲芸, 孙博, 刘欢. 俞永新与乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗:中国自主疫苗研制之路. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (1) : 137 -140 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.08.00021
Qiangyu XIANG, Lu ZHANG, Zongzhen WU, Jialin DIAO, Jiayun CHEN, Bo SUN, Huan LIU. Yu Yongxin and the live−attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine: The path of China's independent vaccine development[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (1) : 137 -140 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.08.00021
在人类抵御传染病的历史进程中,疫苗成功消灭和控制了天花、脊髓灰质炎、麻疹等数十种致命疾病,显著延长了人类平均寿命,保障了儿童健康成长。疫苗研制的背后是一代又一代科学家的坚守与探索,他们为人民抵御疾病构筑了生命防线。
俞永新,中国工程院院士、著名病毒学与生物制品学专家。1929年出生于福建省,从1950年起,扎根病毒学研究、疫苗研发与质量控制一线。面对致残致死率极高的乙型脑炎,他带领团队潜心钻研30年[1],成功研制出中国首个通过世界卫生组织预认证的乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗——SA14−14−2株,使中国在乙型脑炎疫苗研发实现了由追赶到局部引领的跨越。
俞永新出生在福建省仙游县园庄乡的一个普通农家。从小家境清贫,生活艰辛,但正是在这样的环境中,他养成了自律、坚韧、勤学的品格[1]。1947年,他以优异成绩考入福建协和大学生物系的医学预备班,开始接触病毒学,并逐渐对这一领域产生浓厚兴趣,系统学习掌握了当时前沿的微生物学、免疫学理论知识,打下了扎实的实验技能基础[2]
1953年大学毕业后,俞永新被分配至中央卫生部下属的生物制品检定所(中国药品生物制品检定所前身),从事疫苗质量控制工作,这项工作责任重大,每一批疫苗的安全性、效力和纯度直接关系到疫苗接种者的生命健康。
20世纪五六十年代,乙型脑炎在中国广泛流行,尤其在华北、华东(上海)和西南等地区,每逢暴发季节都有数万人感染发病。病毒性脑炎作为一种由蚊媒传播的疾病,病死率高、致残率高,给无数家庭带来沉重打击。当时,中国的疫苗研发与生产基础相对薄弱,使用的乙型脑炎疫苗多为模仿国外工艺生产的鼠脑灭活疫苗[3],虽具一定预防效果,却存在严重的神经毒性,接种后诱发脑脊髓炎的风险高。1957年,发生了一场重大的疫苗接种事故,北京和天津数百名儿童接种国产乙型脑炎鼠脑灭活疫苗后,出现了严重副反应导致死亡或终身瘫痪[4]。当时作为疫苗质量控制责任人的俞永新和同事连续对数百只小白鼠做脑内注射实验,排除了疫苗中存在活病毒的可能,确认事故源于鼠脑组织引起的变态反应[5]。这一背景下,俞永新受命主持新一代乙型脑炎疫苗的研制,目标是开发出既安全又具有高效免疫力的“减毒活疫苗”,从源头上解决疫苗安全性问题[6]。从此,他开始了与乙型脑炎疫苗长达30年的较量。
当时,世界范围内尚无成熟的乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗,美国、日本等国家也曾尝试过采用细胞传代的方法来研制乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗,但普遍遇到毒力返祖和免疫原性不足等问题,最终大多被迫中止研究。这使得俞永新团队几乎是在没有先例可循的情况下,依然坚持自主探索。
俞永新团队首先选用SA14毒株为母株,通过地鼠肾细胞多代传代、动物体内非神经组织的连续传代,筛选出多个减毒候选株。他们利用空斑克隆纯化技术,在毒株群体中分离出免疫原性强、神经毒力低的单克隆株[7],疫苗研制的每一步都需要反复试验和小鼠、猴等动物模型验证。
减毒疫苗的关键挑战之一在于“毒力返祖”,即在培养或接种过程中毒株可能发生突变而恢复致病性。俞永新通过建立一整套严谨的毒株稳定性评估体系,包括对病毒在不同细胞代数中的遗传性状、免疫原性和神经毒力进行长期连续检测,最终选定具有很好的遗传稳定性的SA14−14−2毒株[8],被证明多年无返祖风险。疫苗工艺验证后还须进行人体试验,验证其安全性与有效性。俞永新亲自带头接种疫苗并鼓励团队成员一同试用,甚至让自己的子女参与接种。随后,疫苗在上海、河北张家口、山东莱阳、云南大理等地进行了大规模临床试验,覆盖50余万名儿童。数据显示,接种者抗体阳转率达92%~100%,保护率超过97%,且无严重副反应记录[9]。这一成果迅速在医学界引发关注,为乙型脑炎疫苗的正式投产打下坚实基础。这一过程持续近30年,团队经历了多次候选株免疫性不足或毒力返祖的挫折,不得不反复调整实验体系与工艺路线。直到最终获得SA14−14−2株,才真正解决安全性与免疫性兼顾的问题,使SA14−14−2成为世界上首个获得大规模应用并通过国际认证的乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗,具有重要的全球意义和历史价值。
1989年,中国卫生部正式批准SA14−14−2乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗投入生产,由成都生物制品研究所负责产业化。该疫苗以其稳定性强、免疫期长、成本低的优势迅速成为中国计划免疫体系的重要组成部分(图1)。
2002年,世界卫生组织将SA14−14−2株列入全球推荐使用毒株;2013年,该疫苗通过世界卫生组织预认证并正式进入联合国采购系统,出口至印度、菲律宾、泰国、尼泊尔等国家。这是中国疫苗产品首次打破“国际技术壁垒”,在世界疫苗史上写下了浓墨重彩的一笔。
俞永新带领团队用30年的坚持实现了从实验室研发到国际认证的全过程,不仅攻克了乙型脑炎疫苗研制难题,还推进了中国自主疫苗研发体系的建设发展。他将一项维护人民生命健康的科研工作,融入了国家科技外交与全球健康的伟大事业。正如俞永新所强调的,这一成果凝聚了中国科学家集体的智慧和长期协作。
乙型脑炎疫苗的成功并未让俞永新止步,他始终将“解决更多人民健康难题”视为自己的首要目标。此后10余年间,他将目光又投射到几种对中国影响重大的传染病,其中最为突出的是对流行性出血热和狂犬病疫苗的研制攻关。
20世纪70年代末至90年代初,流行性出血热在中国多个地区广泛流行,其发病率高、病情重、死亡率高,是当时除病毒性肝炎之外最为严重的病毒性疾病之一,国内尚无安全有效的疫苗,防控几乎完全依赖消杀蚊虫和老鼠等环境措施。
俞永新联合北京、武汉等多家研究单位,牵头组织“八五”国家科技攻关项目,将乙型脑炎疫苗研制经验应用于流行性出血热疫苗的开发之中,尤其重视“毒种选育−效价评价−质量标准”技术体系建设。在他的带领下,确立了以中和抗体滴度作为疫苗效力核心指标的思路,并成功建立空斑减少中和实验系统[10],为疫苗评价提供了国际通用的量化手段(图2)。
俞永新团队研制的3种不同工艺的灭活疫苗成功问世,并通过国家新药审批程序投入实际使用。疫苗接种数据显示对2种流行血清型流行性出血热均具良好免疫保护作用[11],其保护率高达94%~97%。自疫苗推广使用以来,中国流行性出血热的发病率和病死率明显下降,部分重点流行区甚至实现了“病例归零”。
与此同时,俞永新还积极推动了狂犬病疫苗的现代化改革。此前中国使用的狂犬病疫苗是以羊脑组织制备的传统疫苗,虽能一定程度预防狂犬病,但其脑组织残留成分常引发严重过敏反应甚至导致神经系统并发症。俞永新提出以细胞培养技术替代动物脑组织来实现疫苗的现代升级,并与多家研究所联合开发地鼠肾细胞灭活疫苗[12],攻克了细胞系稳定传代、病毒高密度培养等技术难题。疫苗不仅安全性大幅提升,在产能和纯度上也满足大规模接种需求,并被列入国家免疫接种推荐用苗。
俞永新长期致力于中国疫苗领域的研究与技术攻关,在质量标准制定、国际合作推进等方面做出了系统性开创工作,为中国疫苗产业走向规范化和国际化提供了重要支撑。他坚持“疫苗不能出差错,一支疫苗的问题可能是成千上万家庭的灾难”原则,带领科研团队建立了细致入微的质量控制制度,建立符合中国实际国情的减毒技术路线。正是这种严格的标准,使得SA14−14−2减毒株在传代百次后仍保持遗传稳定性,成为全球公认的安全疫苗毒株之一。
他常说:“我们不能总是跟在别人后面跑,要用自己的思路解决别人解决不了的问题。”在流行性出血热疫苗项目中,俞永新带领团队提出以空斑中和实验替代传统免疫球蛋白法,推动了中国疫苗效价测定方法的标准化和国际化进程,与世界卫生组织专家共同讨论疫苗技术标准和开展学术交流,推动中国的国际评估机制建设。
俞永新主持并完成了乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗的研发与推广,使中国成为首个将该类疫苗出口至多国的发展中国家;他组织流行性出血热、狂犬病等重大疫苗项目的联合攻关,推动相关疫苗实现接种应用;他倡导以中和抗体为核心指标的评价方法,借鉴引入国际通用检测体系并参与国内外技术标准制定,提升了中国疫苗质量控制与研制能力。俞永新重视从疫苗研制成毒种选育、工艺开发、临床验证到应用推广的全流程衔接,强调标准化与制度化推进,他的科学实践映射出中国疫苗研发从“能生产”到“产得好”再到“走出去”的发展历程,为中国疫苗研发与产业化进程开辟高质量发展的途径,体现了对国家公共卫生体系的深度参与与长期奉献。从俞永新的科研历程中,可以看到中国科学家在自主探索中所展现的坚韧、求实、创新与担当,这种科学家精神正是推动中国疫苗事业不断前行的重要力量。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFA0917200)
  • 中国疾病预防控制中心项目(BB2110240090)
  • 中国科学技术大学教育创新计划世界医学史项目(2024YCHX07)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.08.00021
  • 接收时间:2025-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-03
  • 出版时间:2026-01-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-14
  • 修回日期:2025-09-08
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFA0917200)
中国疾病预防控制中心项目(BB2110240090)
中国科学技术大学教育创新计划世界医学史项目(2024YCHX07)
作者信息
    1中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,合肥 230026
    2北京中医药大学第三附属医院,北京 100029
    3病毒学国家重点实验室,武汉 430072

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刘欢(通信作者),副教授,研究方向为科学技术史、医学史、生命科学史,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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