Article(id=1225386834931396757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765728000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-15, revisedDate=1766160000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770084588033, onlineDateStr=2026-02-03, pubDate=1768233600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769616000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770084588033, creator=system, updateTime=1774080522347, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1225386825246748695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768233600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770084585703, creator='system', updateTime=1774331268156, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243198702408544966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243198702408544967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=21, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225386835338244264, articleId=1225386834931396757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Annual review of the advances in nuclear physics, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In 2025, nuclear physics research has reached a critical juncture characterized by cross−scale, interdisciplinary integration. From exploring nucleon binding mechanisms, the nature of nuclear forces, and shell evolution, to simulating quark–gluon plasma under extreme temperatures and densities; from tracing the origins of heavy elements and the evolution of dense astrophysical matter, to testing weak interactions, fundamental symmetries, and quantum information applications—these fields highlight the key challenges in contemporary nuclear physics. These topics are not only widely discussed at the international forefront in nuclear physics but have also become important areas where Chinese scholars actively participate and contribute. This article provides an accessible review of representative achievements in 2025 across areas such as nuclear structure, heavy−ion collisions, nuclear astrophysics, and symmetry measurements, with a focus on high−level research involving Chinese teams. It also offers an outlook on the development trends in nuclear physics over the next decade.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yugang MA, Simin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1225386842258846177, articleId=1225386834931396757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=2025年原子核物理科技热点回眸, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2025年,原子核物理研究迎来了跨尺度、多学科融合发展的关键节点。从探索核子束缚机制、核力本质、壳层演化,到模拟极端温度与密度下的夸克−胶子等离子体,从追踪重元素起源与致密天体物质的演化,到检验弱相互作用、基本对称性和量子信息应用。这些领域所凝练出的关键挑战,不仅是国际核物理前沿的核心议题,也已成为中国学者深入参与并做出重要贡献的研究方向。回顾了2025年在原子核结构、重离子碰撞、核天体物理、对称性测量等方向上的代表性成果,具体包括放射性核束物理、重离子碰撞与夸克−胶子等离子体、核天体物理、弱相互作用与基本对称性,以及核物理方法学、量子计算、机器学习与跨领域应用。着重介绍了中国团队相关的高水平工作,展望未来10年原子核物理的发展趋势。

, authors=

马余刚,教授,中国科学院院士,研究方向为原子核物理,电子信箱:

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2025年原子核物理科技热点回眸
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马余刚 1, 2, 3 , 王思敏 1, 2
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(1): 21-33
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (1) : 21 -33
2025年原子核物理科技热点回眸
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马余刚1, 2, 3 , 王思敏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1复旦大学现代物理研究所,核物理与离子束应用教育部重点实验室,上海 200433
  • 2国家自然科学基金委与复旦大学,上海核物理理论研究中心,上海 200438
  • 3华东师范大学物理学院,上海 200241
Annual review of the advances in nuclear physics
Yugang MA1, 2, 3 , Simin WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion−beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • 2Shanghai Research Center for Theoretical Nuclear Physics, NSFC and Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
  • 3School of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
出版时间: 2026-01-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00068
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2025年,原子核物理研究迎来了跨尺度、多学科融合发展的关键节点。从探索核子束缚机制、核力本质、壳层演化,到模拟极端温度与密度下的夸克−胶子等离子体,从追踪重元素起源与致密天体物质的演化,到检验弱相互作用、基本对称性和量子信息应用。这些领域所凝练出的关键挑战,不仅是国际核物理前沿的核心议题,也已成为中国学者深入参与并做出重要贡献的研究方向。回顾了2025年在原子核结构、重离子碰撞、核天体物理、对称性测量等方向上的代表性成果,具体包括放射性核束物理、重离子碰撞与夸克−胶子等离子体、核天体物理、弱相互作用与基本对称性,以及核物理方法学、量子计算、机器学习与跨领域应用。着重介绍了中国团队相关的高水平工作,展望未来10年原子核物理的发展趋势。

原子核物理  /  放射性核束  /  相对论重离子碰撞  /  核天体物理  /  基础物理  /  核技术

In 2025, nuclear physics research has reached a critical juncture characterized by cross−scale, interdisciplinary integration. From exploring nucleon binding mechanisms, the nature of nuclear forces, and shell evolution, to simulating quark–gluon plasma under extreme temperatures and densities; from tracing the origins of heavy elements and the evolution of dense astrophysical matter, to testing weak interactions, fundamental symmetries, and quantum information applications—these fields highlight the key challenges in contemporary nuclear physics. These topics are not only widely discussed at the international forefront in nuclear physics but have also become important areas where Chinese scholars actively participate and contribute. This article provides an accessible review of representative achievements in 2025 across areas such as nuclear structure, heavy−ion collisions, nuclear astrophysics, and symmetry measurements, with a focus on high−level research involving Chinese teams. It also offers an outlook on the development trends in nuclear physics over the next decade.

nuclear physics  /  radioactive nuclear beam  /  relativistic heavy−ion collision  /  nuclear astrophysics  /  fundamental physics  /  nuclear technique
马余刚, 王思敏. 2025年原子核物理科技热点回眸. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (1) : 21 -33 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00068
Yugang MA, Simin WANG. Annual review of the advances in nuclear physics[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (1) : 21 -33 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00068
进入21世纪后,原子核物理虽已有了长足的发展,但仍面临着“十问”式的挑战[1]
1) 强相互作用与质量起源之谜:夸克和胶子的动力学如何决定核子质量与核子间相互作用?手征对称性与色禁闭如何在多尺度结构中体现?
2) 极端条件下的核物质性质:在高温、高密和强场等环境下,核物质的相结构与输运规律如何?夸克−胶子等离子体与中子星物质能否被统一描述?
3) 核结构多尺度演化:从单个核子到重核、超重核,壳结构、团簇结构与集体运动如何自洽统一?超重“稳定岛”是否存在?
4) 奇特原子核与核反应机制:远离贝塔稳定线的奇特原子核是否存在新现象、新规律、新机制?
5) 核天体物理与元素起源:核合成的$ r $−过程、$ s $−过程和平稳核爆发性天体环境如何塑造宇宙的元素丰度?中微子在其中发挥了怎样的作用?
6) 先进核能与聚变能发展:新一代裂变堆和受控核聚变如何成为安全、清洁、可持续的能源体系的重要支柱?
7) 核技术跨界应用新前沿:核探测、核成像、核与放射医学、核化学、核光钟、同位素应用如何与量子技术、人工智能(AI)、材料科学等交叉融合?
8) 核安全与核废物处理的终极方案:高放废物处置、核燃料循环和核应急管理是否能形成系统性、长期有效的解决路径?
9) 先进加速器复合体与先进探测系统的颠覆性创新:如何突破能量、亮度和分辨率极限?AI驱动的智能实验平台是否将重塑核科学研究范式?
10) 核科技的国际合作与战略格局:在全球合作与竞争格局中,中国如何在大科学装置、国际大型实验、核能发展和安全治理中实现合作共赢?
图1[1]所示,这些问题围绕核物理的根本科学问题与国家战略需求展开,其中第1、2、3问与“放射性核束物理”“核天体物理”相关;第2问与“重离子碰撞”紧密相连;第4、5问与“奇特核”研究对应;第8、9问涉及“弱相互作用与对称性检验”;第6、7、10问则部分关联“方法学与交叉应用”。中国在这些领域的参与也正在进入一个新阶段。本文旨在以通俗科学的视角回顾这些研究进展,聚焦最具代表性的2025年成果及其科学意义,力图呈现原子核物理的“现状快照”与“未来走向”。
2025年,放射性核束物理领域迎来了前所未有的发展机遇,全球多个放射性束流装置,如日本理化研究所RIKEN的放射性同位素束流工厂RIBF、美国密歇根州立大学的稀有同位素束流设施FRIB,其技术取得显著进步。特别地,位于中国惠州的强流重离子加速器装置(high intensity heavy ion accelerator facility,HIAF),于今年10月完成束流调试,使得科学家能够深入探索核素图的极端区域,从滴线核素到超重元素,并揭示核力、壳结构演化以及集体运动模式的丰富物理内涵(图2[2])。
在超重核研究中,新近发现了超重核的同核异能态与短寿命的超重核。中国科研团队在超重核研究方面做出了重要贡献。特别是,中国科学院近代物理研究所近年来已发现多例超重核素,并为探索第8周期119号元素做好技术储备,有望在未来数年内实现中国新元素从0到1的突破。
过去30年间,在快速扩张的核素图上,弱束缚不稳定核中涌现出许多奇异的结构和动力学现象。这一快速发展领域的研究进展对多个关键交叉学科领域具有深远影响[3]
在轻核区域,南方科技大学核物理团队与国际合作组在10Be中观测到的近阈偶极共振,为核团簇结构研究提供了新的视角[4]。他们通过氘核非弹性散射反应发现了一个位于7.27(10) MeV的$ {1}^{-} $共振态,该能级恰好位于α发射阈值之下。通过耦合道计算推断的激发态形变长度表明,这一观测到的$ {1}^{-} $共振具有同位旋标量特征,为10Be中显著的α团簇结构提供了确凿证据(图3[4])。Gamow耦合道与集团模型计算支持这一解释,并表明近阈效应在这一激发能区可能起着重要作用。
原子核壳层结构与形变现象是核物理的基本概念,其代表着原子核单粒子性与集体性的互相竞争。北京大学、华东师范大学团队与合作者对丰中子银同位素$ {\mathrm{}}^{128}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{g} $的谱学研究[5]揭示了银同位素中$ N=82 $闭壳结构。他们首次识别了一个新的长寿命同核异能态,即原子核的“长寿命激发态”,该态半衰期为1.60(7) μs,具有$ {16}^{-} $的自旋宇称,由3个$ {g}_{9/2} $轨道质子空穴和1个$ {h}_{11/2} $轨道中子空穴的最大对齐组态构成,为奇−奇核中的seniority结构提供了一个良好案例。
同时,高精度质量测量也为滴线区的核结构提供了新的见解。在质子滴线附近,中国科学院近代物理研究所通过$ B\rho $定义的等时质量谱技术[6],首次对质子滴线核$ {\mathrm{}}^{22}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i} $进行了质量测量。他们确认$ {\mathrm{}}^{22}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i} $相对于粒子发射是束缚的,具有$ {S}_{p}/{S}_{2p}=+1412\left(114\right)/+ 229\left(54\right) $ keV,确定了Si元素的质子滴线位置。通过分析相邻$ \mathrm{s}\mathrm{d} $壳核的质量差异,他们发现$ {\mathrm{}}^{22}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i} $表现出与其镜像伙伴$ {\mathrm{}}^{22}\mathrm{O} $相似的双满壳特征,但镜像能量差偏离了系统性。Gamow壳模型计算也支持了$ {\mathrm{}}^{22}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i} $中的$ Z=14 $壳层结构。
位于滴线附近及外侧的原子核是核物理研究的前沿领域。滴线核会出现晕结构等奇特现象,而超出滴线的不稳定核更会自发地发射粒子,产生新型放射性衰变模式。近年来,在一些极缺中子核素中甚至观测到三质子、四质子乃至五质子协同发射现象。这些奇异衰变模式成为研究不稳定核结构的重要探针,为探索极端条件下的量子系统提供了“理想实验室”[7]
在滴线区域,质子−中子数量失衡常会引发镜像对称性破缺现象。虽然同位旋对称性原理要求镜像核具有相似结构,但实际观测到的偏差却能揭示核力、连续谱效应等深层机制。中国科学院近代物理研究所的研究团队与国际合作者首次发现20Al同位素存在三质子发射现象[8]。通过分析其基态衰变能与自旋宇称,研究人员为20Al与20N这对镜像核存在的对称性破缺提供了实验证据。该研究对极端开放量子系统的理论描述提出了新的挑战[9]
在丰中子核区,首次在电子散射实验中产生了丰中子氢同位素$ {\mathrm{}}^{6} $H[10]。复旦大学研究团队与国际团队通过测量$ {\mathrm{}}^{7}\text{Li}{\left(e,e'p{\text{π}}^{+}\right)}^{6}{\mathrm{H}} $反应中的散射电子、产生的质子和$ {\text{π}}^{+} $的三重符合,获得了6H的缺失质量谱。在$ {\mathrm{}}^{3}\text{H}+{n}+{n}+{n} $能量阈值之上观察到一个清晰的峰,得到6H基态能量为$ 2.3\pm 0.5\left(\text{stat}\right)\pm 0.4\left(\text{syst}\right) $ MeV,宽度为$ 1.9\pm 1.0\left(\text{stat}\right)\pm 0.4\left(\text{syst}\right) $ MeV(图4[10])。该工作对多核子相互作用的理解提出了新的挑战,并给出一种利用电子散射实验研究富中子轻核的新方法。
原子核反应是核物理研究的重要手段,也对研究核结构、测试原子核理论[11]具有重要意义。例如,巨共振(giant resonance,GR)为核物理和天体物理提供了至关重要的见解。利用电子等粒子激发巨共振是有效的,然而电子的角动量转移等却从未被研究过。西安交通大学与兰州大学的团队[12]研究了平面波电子和涡旋电子激发巨共振中的角动量转移,建立了一个能够分辨角动量的非弹性电子散射理论。他们发现即使是平面波电子也可以通过选择散射电子的特定角动量态,独立于模型提取更高多极性的跃迁强度(图5[12]),这为核结构研究提供了新的视角。
在电荷半径测量方面,北京大学研究团队与国际合作者利用欧洲核子中心(CERN)的同位素质量分离器(ISOLDE)使用共线激光光谱,测量了丰中子钪同位素$ {\mathrm{}}^{47-49}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{c} $的核电荷半径[13]。研究揭示钪同位素的电荷半径在$ N=20 $$ N=28 $之间有明显的趋势,$ {\mathrm{}}^{41}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{c} $$ {\mathrm{}}^{49}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{c} $同位素具有相似的值,反映了$ {\mathrm{}}^{40}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a} $$ {\mathrm{}}^{48}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a} $电荷半径的接近。成功解释钙同位素半径的理论模型无法解释观测到的钪半径行为(图6[13])。值得注意的是,新的半径数据揭示了$ N=28 $同中素和$ Z=20 $同位素的电荷半径在$ {\mathrm{}}^{48}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a} $核芯外部添加质子和在$ {\mathrm{}}^{40}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a} $核芯外部添加中子时的相似趋势。研究证明这种趋势与seniority模型的预测一致。该实验表明,开发的高分辨率、高灵敏度共线共振电离光谱系统,为精密核谱学测量提供了强大的实验工具。与此同时,基于共振X射线散射的核相位检索光谱方法[14]也为核能级结构研究提供了新的技术途径。通过新的激光光谱学测量得出的结果将对现代核理论提出了挑战,精确的电荷半径测量数据为核结构模型提供了严格的检验基准[15]
在核力基本性质研究方面,研究[16]报告了使用手征超子−核子与三体力对轻Λ超核的系统研究,揭示了超核结构与相互作用的细致特征。
北京航空航天大学的研究人员与合作者在Ab initio计算方面也做出了重要贡献[17]。其中,对7Be到12Be的铍同位素进行的系统研究中使用原子核格点有效场理论和N3LO相互作用,该计算结果与实验数据在能量、半径和电磁性质方面达成了良好一致。通过结合多体密度算符的蒙特卡洛采样算法,能自然地显现显著的双中心团簇结构、单中子晕,以及复杂的类分子结构如π轨道和σ轨道(图7[17])。
类似的格点有效场理论也被南开大学的研究人员与合作者应用到16O到20O氧同位素的电荷和物质半径研究中[18]。为有效解决核半径计算中遇到的蒙特卡洛符号问题,研究引入了部分针孔算法,显著减少了统计不确定度。他们计算得到的16O、17O和18O的电荷半径与实验数据符合程度好,并预测了20O的电荷半径为$ 2.810\left(32\right)\hspace{0.17em}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{m} $
另一方面,北京大学研究团队与合作者提出了低能中子−α散射可以作为长程三核子力的灵敏而干净的探针[19]。研究使用从手征有效场理论导出的直到第三展开阶的两核子和三核子相互作用进行Ab initio量子蒙特卡洛计算。他们表明,来自双π交换的最长程三核子力在中子−αD波相移的正确描述中起关键作用。该工作揭示了手征对称性在少体领域中的预测能力,并为探测和约束三核子力开辟了新的方向。
放射性核束物理在2025年取得了丰硕成果[20],从超重核的合成到滴线核素的结构研究,从核力的Ab initio描述到新型实验技术的发展,各个方向都有新的突破。
2025年,重离子碰撞物理研究在多个前沿方向取得了突破性进展[21]。从夸克−胶子等离子体(QGP)集体行为的精确表征到喷注与介质相互作用的微观机制,从重味夸克探针到量子色动力学(QCD)相结构的临界点搜索,研究深度和广度均显著拓展。中国科研团队在理论模拟、实验分析和新观测量的提出等方面做出了突出贡献。
集体流是重离子碰撞中产生的集体运动模式。近期复旦大学团队研究了横动量和粒子多重数之间涨落的关系[22],特别关注它们对提取QCD声速的影响。在热化的QGP中,这些涨落主要来源于碰撞核中的量子涨落,并且由于它们独立于热力学响应而表现出高斯分布。通过利用量子行为引发涨落的高斯性条件,即使存在显著的事例间涨落,声速的物理值也可以被统计提取。这个框架为在不同尺度的碰撞系统中探测热化和提取热力学性质提供了一个稳健的诊断工具。
喷注物理也在2025年取得了重要进展。山东大学与华中师范大学团队研究了重味喷注在真空和QGP中喷注子结构上的质量效应[23]图8)。由于能量−能量关联(EEC)在不同尺度上对喷注物理的强敏感性,因此是研究喷注子结构的极好观测量。研究人员对重离子碰撞中重味和轻味喷注EEC的介质修改进行了完整的模拟。由于质量效应,在真空和QGP中都观察到了清晰的味层次结构。在不同角度,单举喷注EEC的介质修正展现出了非常丰富的结构:在中间角度抑制,在小角度和大角度增强,这可以通过质量效应、能量损失、介质诱导辐射和介质响应的相互作用得到很好的解释。喷注EEC的这些特性可以用来探测不同尺度的喷注−介质相互作用物理,该性质有望不久能得到实验验证。
在喷注−强子关联方面,华中师范大学研究团队提出使用喷注−强子关联的快度不对称性作为双喷注中扩散尾迹的稳健且无背景的信号[24]图9)。在双喷注事件中,由于一个喷注的扩散尾迹通常与另一个喷注的介质诱导强子增强重叠,因此没有清晰的信号。他们提议使用具有有限快度间隙的双喷注相对于没有快度间隙的双喷注的喷注−强子关联的快度不对称性,作为扩散尾迹的稳健且无背景的信号。这种不对称性出现是因为一个喷注的扩散尾迹相对于另一个喷注移动到了有限的快度。因此,在扩散尾迹移动的快度区域出现软强子的耗尽,而在另一个喷注的快度区域出现增强,其软强子增强不再或较少被扩散尾迹减少。未来这种快度不对称性的测量可为喷注诱导的扩散尾迹和QGP的性质提供更精确的物理依据。
山东大学团队研究了使用极化轻子束的准单举深度非弹性散射中的Λ产生,发现自旋传递被靶碎裂显著抑制[25]。正如模型估计,一旦考虑靶碎裂,实验数据就可以很好地被描述,这缓解了仅基于当前碎裂的计算的欠缺。他们的研究表明,在现有固定靶实验的能量下,当前和靶碎裂区域的分离并不明显。自旋传递以及其他自旋效应为产生的强子的起源提供了灵敏的探针。
在原子核的初态研究方面,来自国内多家单位的研究团队以质子−原子核碰撞中的直接光子产生为例,首次澄清了在物理可观测量层面上色玻璃凝聚(CGC)和高扭(HT)之间的关系[26]。研究表明,超越冲击波近似的CGC框架,以及Landau−Pomeranchuk−Migdal干涉效应,与过渡区域内它们重叠的HT框架一致。这样的统一图景为从稀薄到稠密区域映射核介质中部分子密度的相图铺平了道路。
在QCD相结构方面,复旦大学与大连理工大学团队研究了QCD相变对夸克自旋涨落和关联的影响[27]。他们提出了夸克−反夸克关联,这与矢量介子自旋排列和${\text{Λ}}-\bar{\text{Λ}} $关联相关,并且可以作为QCD相图中临界终点(CEP)的新探针(图10[27])。研究使用Nambu−Jona−Lanisio模型定性地研究了夸克−反夸克自旋关联的性质。研究揭示了在手征相变的CEP附近出现峰值结构,这可能作为CEP的实验特征,并解释了最近实验中在低碰撞能量下观察到的ϕ介子排列的非单调行为。
在自旋极化研究方面,复旦大学团队提出一种通过重离子碰撞测量超氚核($ {}_{\text{Λ}}^{3}\mathrm{H} $)与Λ超子自旋极化来间接获取质子自旋极化的新方法[28]。由于质子自身难以直接测量,该方法利用$ {}_{\text{Λ}}^{3}\mathrm{H} $形成时保留核子与Λ自旋信息的特性(图11[28]),结合两者可通过弱衰变测量的优势,推导出质子极化与二者的线性关系$ {\mathcal{P}}_{p}\approx (3{\mathcal{P}}_{{}_{\text{Λ}}^{3}\mathrm{H}}+{\mathcal{P}}_{\text{Λ}})/4 $。模拟验证该关系在宽能区下可靠,为研究轻夸克自旋动力学、强子自旋输运及质子自旋结构提供了实验可行的新途径。
在跨能量尺度原子核结构交叉研究方面,复旦大学团队与国际合作者也取得了重要进展,相对论重离子对撞机−大型超导螺线管实验装置(RHIC−STAR)国际合作组在高能重离子碰撞实验成像研究高阶形变首次显著地观测到铀−238原子核基态“梨形”结构。相关研究工作[29]在STAR实验组以接近球形的金核−金核碰撞为基准,更加细致地研究了铀核−铀核碰撞中铀−238原子核的四极轴对称形变(β2)和三轴形变(γ)结构信息,并首次显著地观测到重核基态“梨形”(β3)形变证据。
重离子碰撞物理在2025年取得了多角度且深入的进展。从集体流到喷注淬火,从重味探针到QCD相结构[30],都呈现出蓬勃发展的态势。
从恒星核合成过程的理解到中子星内部结构的探测,从核反应率的精确测量到多信使天文学的融合,核天体物理正在经历一个前所未有的发展时期。中国科研团队在核天体物理过程模拟、核反应测量和理论模型构建等方面做出了重要贡献。
2025年,北京航空航天大学研究团队与国际合作组在核天体物理反应率研究方面取得了重要进展。研究通过木马(Trojan horse)方法间接测量了覆盖天体物理能量的$ {}^{19}\mathrm{F}{\left(p,\alpha \gamma \right)}^{16}\mathrm{O} $截面[31]图12)。该研究提取了11 keV共振的强度,并确定了与先前研究相比,其反应速率存在着显著降低。分析表明,该测量对关于氟和较重元素丰度的现有预测提出了挑战。
光中子反应截面是核物理、核天体物理及核技术应用中的关键参数。中国科学院上海高等研究院等国内团队依托上海激光电子伽马源(SLEGS)实验平台(图13[32]),对金−197和铽−159的光中子反应截面进行了首次系统测量。研究结果表明,SLEGS的测量数据与日本NewSUBARU装置的同类结果一致,且显著优于美国和法国的历史数据。这一工作为解决该领域自20世纪60年代以来长期存在的数据系统性差异问题,提供了高精度的新实验基准,为精确理解恒星内部的核合成过程奠定了更可靠的数据基础。
国内团队在致密天体方面也有多项重要进展。上海交通大学研究团队[33]通过对有限温度下夸克星发生并合时抛射出的非平衡状态方程的首次计算,确定了二元夸克星或夸克星−黑洞合并的喷射物性质(图14)。他们考虑了喷射物演化过程中所有相关的物理过程,包括夸克团蒸发和冷却,以及弱相互作用。他们发现依赖于这些夸克物质的结合能合并喷射物可以显著不同于中子星合并中的喷射物。因此,该研究提出未来对二元合并和千新星的观察可以对夸克物质的结合能和夸克星的存在施加严格约束。
兰州大学研究团队则通过结合相对论和非相对论能量密度泛函,研究了从GW170817推断的潮汐极化率Λ1.4和由PREX−2测量的$ {\mathrm{}}^{208}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b} $中子皮厚度$ \mathrm{\mathit{R}}_{\text{np}}^{208} $的多极相关性[34]图15)。结果表明,$ {K}_{\text{sym}} $在对解释非相对论与相对论的不同结果有重要作用。此外,从这些数据集对$ {K}_{\text{sym}} $的联合限制,为核状态方程的对称能提供了重要约束。
在弱相互作用过程研究方面,西南大学与上海交通大学团队[35]研究了强磁场对$ rp $过程(快质子俘获过程)等待点有效恒星$ {\beta }^{+} $和电子俘获率以及相应中微子能量损失率的影响。相关的核跃迁强度由投影壳模型提供。他们发现,平均而言,由于磁场效应,恒星中弱衰变率在所有密度和温度组合以及每个研究的等待点原子核中可以增加超过1个数量级。增强的弱衰变率可能显著改变等待点原子核的寿命,从而可能修改当前对$ rp $过程的理解。
核天体物理在2025年取得了新的进展。从恒星核合成过程的理解到中子星内部结构的探测,从核反应率的精确测量到多信使天文学的融合[36]。特别是在HIAF、江门中微子实验(JUNO)、SLEGS等大科学装置或设备的支撑下,中国核天体物理研究将迎来新的发展机遇。
长久以来,弱相互作用与基本对称性都是核物理重点关注的关键问题。从中微子质量测量到基本对称性检验,从稀有过程搜索到新相互作用探测,核物理的研究方法为探索超越标准模型的新物理提供了独特而灵敏的探针。中国也有大量科研团队在这一领域,特别是在中微子实验、双$ \beta $衰变搜索和精密测量方面深耕细作。
在无中微子双$ \beta $衰变($ 0\nu \beta \beta $)搜索方面,复旦大学等参与的CUORE合作组[37]使用超过2 t·a $ {\text{TeO}}_{2} $曝光量,对$ {\mathrm{}}^{130}\text{Te} $$ 0\nu \beta \beta $设置新下限$ {T}_{1/2} > 3.5\times {10}^{25} $ a(90% C.I.)。为该结果开发的工具和技术以及近1000个探测器5 a的稳定运行体现了可作为未来实验的关键基础设施,并能够在多个同位素中搜索$ 0\nu \beta \beta $图16)。
理论方面,降低核矩阵元(NME)的不确定度仍然是设计和解释旨在发现无中微子双$ \beta $衰变的实验的关键挑战。来自中山大学的研究团队发现一类与NME密切相关的可观测物理量,不同于其他低能核结构中常见的物理量,与高能核碰撞中的强子动量关联紧密联系[38]。研究聚焦于150Nd到150Sm跃迁,将150Nd结构的贝叶斯分析与高能150Nd+150Nd碰撞的模拟相结合。研究揭示了NME与这些过程中形成的夸克−胶子等离子体特征(例如空间梯度和各向异性)之间的显著关联,这些特征可以通过集体流测量而获得[39]
在双中微子双$ \beta $衰变研究中,CUORE实验也对$ {\mathrm{}}^{130}\text{Te} $$ 2\nu \beta \beta $半衰期进行了新的测量[40],获得$ {T}_{1/2}^{2\nu }= \left({9.32}_{-0.04}^{+0.05}\right. $stat $ {\mathrm{}}_{-0.07}^{+0.07} $ syst$ )\times {10}^{20} $ a。新实验框架的信噪比相比之前结果提升了70%,并首次将$ 2\nu \beta \beta $应用于$ {}^{130}\text{Te} $。在这个框架内,他们确定了核介质中有效轴耦合作为核矩阵函数的可信区间。这些发现为核模型提供了必要的限制,并为未来$ 0\nu \beta \beta $搜索提供了关键输入。
在反应堆中微子研究方面,中国大亚湾合作组基于大亚湾近点探测器收集了$ 4.7\times {10}^{6} $个反$ \beta $衰变候选者的完整数据集(图17),精确测量了反应堆反中微子谱和通量[41]。以每次裂变反$ \beta $衰变产额表示,所有反应堆可裂变同位素以及特定$ {\mathrm{}}^{235}\text{U} $$ {\mathrm{}}^{239}\text{Pu} $同位素的反中微子谱在重建能量接近3 MeV谱峰处分别以$ 1.3\mathrm{\%} $$ 3\mathrm{\%} $$ 8\mathrm{\%} $的不确定度测量,达到世界上最好的精度。总反中微子通量和同位素$ {\mathrm{}}^{235}\text{U} $$ {\mathrm{}}^{239}\text{Pu} $通量被精确测量为$ 5.84\pm 0.07 $$ 6.16\pm 0.12 $$ 4.16\pm 0.21 $,单位为$ {10}^{-43}$ cm2/fission。通过比较,发现大亚湾通量与库尔恰托夫研究所SM2023模型显示良好一致性,但与Huber-Mueller模型不一致。然而,所测的中微子谱与所有模型预测都不一致。这些结果丰富了对反应堆能量谱和通量的认识,同时对未来更高精度的测量和模型改进提出了需求。
中国科学技术大学的研究团队利用惰性气体核自旋体系作为磁场量子探测器(图18),提出并实现了超灵敏极弱磁场探测[42]。团队通过将量子精密测量与核磁共振、最优滤波技术等相结合,针对多种超越标准模型的自旋相互作用开展系统性搜寻实验,在观测窗口内将国际上探测界限提升至少17个数量级。
弱相互作用与基本对称性研究在2025年取得了显著进展,精密测量和稀有过程搜索为探索超越标准模型的新物理提供了有力的工具。
核物理研究经历了深刻的变革,机器学习、量子计算的应用正在重塑核物理的研究范式,同时技术的创新为核物理研究带来了前所未有的机遇[4344]。中国科研团队在这一领域展现出强大的创新能力,在多个方向做出了重要贡献。
中国团队在实验技术方面也做出了重要贡献。文献[45]开发并表征了高分辨率、高灵敏度共线共振电离光谱系统(图19),为核谱学精密测量提供了强大工具。该系统实现了前所未有的精度,为核结构研究展示了新的可能性。
核裂变能作为核物理与核技术的直接应用,已为社会发展、生产力进步提供了极大的支持。近年来,由中国科学院上海应用物理研究所牵头建成的2 MW液态燃料钍基熔盐实验堆首次实现钍铀核燃料转换(图20),在国际上首次获取钍入熔盐堆运行后实验数据,成为目前全球唯一运行并实现钍燃料入堆的熔盐堆[46],初步证明了熔盐堆核能系统利用钍资源的技术可行性。钍是一种放射性较弱的银色金属,天然存在于岩石中。钍基熔盐堆是以钍为燃料、以高温熔盐作为冷却剂的第四代先进核能系统,具有无水冷却、常压工作和高温输出等优点。这一技术路线契合我国钍资源丰富的资源禀赋,更能与太阳能、风能、高温熔盐储能、高温制氢、煤气油化工等产业深度融合,构建多能互补低碳复合能源系统。
近年来,核物理研究在从微观核结构到宏观天体演化的多个尺度取得系统性突破[4749]。展望未来10年,学科发展将围绕基础理论深化、实验技术革新与大科学装置驱动,呈现以下重要趋势。
在基础理论层面,Ab initio计算将实现从轻核到中重核体系的拓展,同时包含奇异结构、连续谱效应的理论框架也逐步完善。这些理论将更精准地描述滴线区原子核的结构与衰变。
极端条件下的核物质性质研究将进入新阶段。重离子碰撞实验结合格点QCD计算,有望构建从强子物质到夸克−胶子等离子体的统一相图,并对临界终点位置给出更强约束。
核天体物理正从“核数据输入”向“物理机制共建”转变。关键核反应率将通过放射性束流实验在天体物理能区实现直接测量,显著降低目前对理论外推的依赖。多信使天文学时代为核天体物理带来革命性机遇。引力波信号、脉冲星等观测数据,与核结构、核物质状态方程、中微子等输入结合,构建起连接微观与宏观的完整图景。
实验技术正经历智能化、精密化革命。新一代放射性束流装置如HIAF、FRIB将提供流强更高、种类更全的极端核素,使研究深入核素图的更偏远区域。探测器系统向高空间分辨率、高时间精度、高事例率处理能力方向发展,以人工智能算法实现在线事例筛选与重建,极大提升实验效率。
未来5~10年,中国的大科学装置将在多个关键问题上提供决定性数据:HIAF有望在滴线核素质量与寿命测量方面取得进展,并可能合成新超重元素;其提供的束流条件将首次在实验室精确测量多个关键天体核反应截面。JUNO实验将通过超高统计量数据最终确定中微子质量顺序,并对超新星中微子、地球中微子等稀有信号实现监测。锦屏深地核天体物理实验项目(JUNA)、SLEGS等装置将提供新的精确的有关核天体物理过程数据,上海光源等平台将助力核技术在能源材料、生命科学等领域的交叉应用。
中国核物理正处于从跟跑到并跑甚至领跑的关键阶段。未来需持续加强原始创新、推动大科学装置开放共享、深化国际合作,并注重理论与实验、物理与技术的交叉融合。为理解物质基本结构、宇宙元素起源等重大科学问题作出中国贡献,并服务于国家能源安全与科技发展战略。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12147101)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11925502)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11935001)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11961141003)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11890714)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00068
  • 接收时间:2025-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-03
  • 出版时间:2026-01-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-15
  • 修回日期:2025-12-20
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12147101)
国家自然科学基金项目(11925502)
国家自然科学基金项目(11935001)
国家自然科学基金项目(11961141003)
国家自然科学基金项目(11890714)
作者信息
    1复旦大学现代物理研究所,核物理与离子束应用教育部重点实验室,上海 200433
    2国家自然科学基金委与复旦大学,上海核物理理论研究中心,上海 200438
    3华东师范大学物理学院,上海 200241
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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