Article(id=1225386832431591505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765296000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-10, revisedDate=1767110400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770084587437, onlineDateStr=2026-02-03, pubDate=1768233600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769616000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770084587437, creator=system, updateTime=1774080548021, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1225386825246748695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770084585703, creator=system, updateTime=1774331268156, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243198702408544966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243198702408544967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225386832884576344, articleId=1225386832431591505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Hotspots in triboelectric nanogenerators in 2025, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is an emerging platform technology for achieving electro−mechanical energy conversion, with great potential for applications in various fields such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, and high entropy energy. This article provides a brief overview of the latest strategies and methods to improve the output performance of TENG since 2025, including composite triboelectric dielectric materials, unlocking accumulated charges at interfaces, and constructing bipolar symmetric step-down converters. Additionally, it reviews the latest progress of TENG in the fields of micro/nano energy, self−powered sensors, blue energy, wearable electronics, contact−electro−catalysis, and engineering applications, so that more scientific and technological workers can understand the latest development trends of TENG and promote faster development in related fields.

, correspAuthors=Zhonglin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie WANG, Yi XI, Hengyu GUO, Zhen WEN, Minyi XU, Chaoyu CHEN, Fengru FAN, Tinghai CHENG, Junyi ZHAI, Zhonglin WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1225386837284401375, articleId=1225386832431591505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=2025年摩擦纳米发电机热点回眸, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

摩擦纳米发电机是一项新兴的实现机电能量转换的平台技术,在人工智能、物联网和高熵能源等多个领域都有巨大的应用潜力。综述了2025年以来提高摩擦纳米发电机输出性能的最新策略和方法,包括复合摩擦起电介质材料、解锁界面累积电荷和构建双相对称降压转换器等,并回顾了摩擦纳米发电机在微纳能源、自驱动传感、蓝色能源、可穿戴电子、接触电致催化和工程应用等领域的最新进展,以便更多的科技工作者能了解摩擦纳米发电机的最新发展动态,促进相关领域更快发展。

, correspAuthors=王中林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王中林(通信作者),研究员,中国科学院外籍院士,研究方向为摩擦纳米发电机基础理论与压电(光)电子学,电子信箱:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=《科技导报》编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=eSN/8hYecCZEy6d1mlJRHQ==, magXml=eSN/8hYecCZEy6d1mlJRHQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=fL5OBI97H3HOR3E9YpIs+w==, pdfFileSize=5828784, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Cs2UeZ3Fcqq475ysPZnipg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YVXh4vo1K25Ym2GeRjx/tQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王杰,研究员,研究方向为摩擦纳米发电机的性能优化与应用,电子信箱:wangjie@binn.cas.cn

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王杰,研究员,研究方向为摩擦纳米发电机的性能优化与应用,电子信箱:wangjie@binn.cas.cn

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王杰,研究员,研究方向为摩擦纳米发电机的性能优化与应用,电子信箱:wangjie@binn.cas.cn

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2025年摩擦纳米发电机热点回眸
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王杰 1 , 奚伊 2 , 郭恒宇 2 , 文震 3 , 徐敏義 4 , 陈超余 5 , 范凤茹 6 , 程廷海 1 , 翟俊宜 1 , 王中林 1, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(1): 43-60
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科技导报 | 特色专题 2026, 44(1): 43-60
2025年摩擦纳米发电机热点回眸
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王杰1 , 奚伊2, 郭恒宇2, 文震3, 徐敏義4, 陈超余5, 范凤茹6, 程廷海1, 翟俊宜1, 王中林1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院北京纳米能源与系统研究所,北京 101400
  • 2重庆大学物理学院,重庆 400044
  • 3苏州大学功能纳米与软物质研究院,苏州 215123
  • 4大连海事大学海洋工程学院,大连 116026
  • 5江南大学纺织科学与工程学院,无锡 214122
  • 6厦门大学化学化工学院,厦门 361005
  • 王杰,研究员,研究方向为摩擦纳米发电机的性能优化与应用,电子信箱:wangjie@binn.cas.cn

通讯作者:

王中林(通信作者),研究员,中国科学院外籍院士,研究方向为摩擦纳米发电机基础理论与压电(光)电子学,电子信箱:
Hotspots in triboelectric nanogenerators in 2025
Jie WANG1 , Yi XI2, Hengyu GUO2, Zhen WEN3, Minyi XU4, Chaoyu CHEN5, Fengru FAN6, Tinghai CHENG1, Junyi ZHAI1, Zhonglin WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
  • 2School of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 3Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
  • 4College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
  • 5College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
  • 6School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
出版时间: 2026-01-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00050
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摩擦纳米发电机是一项新兴的实现机电能量转换的平台技术,在人工智能、物联网和高熵能源等多个领域都有巨大的应用潜力。综述了2025年以来提高摩擦纳米发电机输出性能的最新策略和方法,包括复合摩擦起电介质材料、解锁界面累积电荷和构建双相对称降压转换器等,并回顾了摩擦纳米发电机在微纳能源、自驱动传感、蓝色能源、可穿戴电子、接触电致催化和工程应用等领域的最新进展,以便更多的科技工作者能了解摩擦纳米发电机的最新发展动态,促进相关领域更快发展。

摩擦纳米发电机  /  微纳能源  /  自驱动传感  /  蓝色能源  /  可穿戴电子  /  接触电致催化

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is an emerging platform technology for achieving electro−mechanical energy conversion, with great potential for applications in various fields such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, and high entropy energy. This article provides a brief overview of the latest strategies and methods to improve the output performance of TENG since 2025, including composite triboelectric dielectric materials, unlocking accumulated charges at interfaces, and constructing bipolar symmetric step-down converters. Additionally, it reviews the latest progress of TENG in the fields of micro/nano energy, self−powered sensors, blue energy, wearable electronics, contact−electro−catalysis, and engineering applications, so that more scientific and technological workers can understand the latest development trends of TENG and promote faster development in related fields.

triboelectric nanogenerator  /  nano energy  /  self−powered sensors  /  blue energy  /  wearable electronics  /  contact−electro−catalysis
王杰, 奚伊, 郭恒宇, 文震, 徐敏義, 陈超余, 范凤茹, 程廷海, 翟俊宜, 王中林. 2025年摩擦纳米发电机热点回眸. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (1) : 43 -60 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00050
Jie WANG, Yi XI, Hengyu GUO, Zhen WEN, Minyi XU, Chaoyu CHEN, Fengru FAN, Tinghai CHENG, Junyi ZHAI, Zhonglin WANG. Hotspots in triboelectric nanogenerators in 2025[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (1) : 43 -60 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00050
自2012年王中林团队研发摩擦纳米发电机(triboelectric nanogenerator, TENG)以来[1],该领域在全球研究中持续蓬勃发展,目前已发展成一个涵盖材料科学、物理学、化学和电气工程学等多学科交叉的研究领域[23]。目前该技术已不再受限于纳米尺度,其核心机理在于利用摩擦电效应产生的麦克斯韦位移电流,耦合接触起电和静电感应效应,将环境机械能转化为电能或电信号[4]。得益于TENG的高输出电压特性,其在收集环境中广泛分布的弱振幅、低频次、低密度能源(即高熵能源)方面展现出独特优势。同时,TENG方便根据不同应用场景进行合理的结构设计和材料选择。由于接触起电是一种普适效应,TENG可以用固相、液相甚至气相的介电材料、半导体材料或电解质材料实现,以适应不同的应用需求[5]。TENG的主要应用包括:(1) 微纳能源,即作为电子器件的电源器件,有效收集环境机械能量,或通过与储能器件集成,实现可自充电的电源系统,通过实现能源自给的电源系统,TENG有望解决电子设备长时程供电困难、维护成本高的瓶颈问题;(2) 自驱动传感,即作为一种机电换能机制,TENG可将微弱的各类机械信号(力、形变、运动等)转换为电信号,实现自驱动或主动式的传感技术;(3) 高压电源,TENG具有输出电压高的特点,近来的研究甚至可以实现高达10 kV的电压输出,因此,TENG可以应用为经济、安全、可靠的高压电源;(4) 蓝色能源,TENG可有效收集低频水波能量,将自然界海洋环境中时刻存在的水波能量收集利用,实现海洋蓝色能源,助力“双碳”重大战略目标的实现。此外,TENG的广泛研究也推动了相关的基础科学研究,如接触起电的物理模型、摩擦伏特新物理效应、接触电致催化(contact−electro−catalysis,CEC)效应等,这些发现也必然进一步促进TENG的新应用技术研究。近年来,TENG已发展成为一个国内外广泛研究的前沿领域,且是一个具有显著多学科交叉创新特征的领域。以Web of Science数据库为数据源统计发现,2012—2025年间,TENG相关研究论文逐年递增,从事相关研究的机构和研究者人数也越来越多,截至2025年6月,通过发表文章可查询到已有90余个国家和地区、1800多个机构从事TENG的研究。
2025年以来,TENG在性能提升、技术开发和工程应用等方面都取得了显著的进步,从Web of Science数据库中可以查到2025年度共发表了2236篇论文,其中性能提升、微纳能源、可穿戴电子、自驱动传感、蓝色能源、CEC这6大热点方向分别发表论文793篇(35.47%)、588篇(26.30%)、500篇(22.36%)、441篇(19.72%)、241篇(10.78%)和117篇(5.23%),如图1所示。本文系统回顾了2025年TENG在这6大热点方向和工程应用等领域的代表性技术突破与进展。
虽然TENG的研究一直保持向前推进,但为了适用于复杂多变的应用场景,其器件性能的提升及其相关技术的突破,仍旧是目前亟需解决的难点之一。2025年,研究人员在之前的研究基础上,从精细优化其摩擦介电材料性能、持续升级其结构设计和能量管理策略等多维度协同出发,使TENG综合性能进一步提升,为其走向实际应用奠定基础。
TENG的输出性能从根本上受限于其摩擦界面的摩擦电荷密度,而在摩擦电荷的产生、传输、存储与释放过程中,由于其材料表面特性、界面状态及环境等因素影响其界面电荷密度,从而制约其器件能量转换效率和实际应用潜力。为了构建出高性能的TENG,研究人员从摩擦介电材料的表面形貌、组成成分变化等方面展开了相关的探索。
在表面修饰层面,通过引入纳米颗粒[6]图2(a))或利用激光刻蚀构建微纳结构[7]以构建多尺度粗糙结构来增加有效接触面积和电荷存储位点,从而显著提升表面电荷密度和输出电流。图2中CNF为纤维素纳米纤维,LNP为木质素纳米颗粒,PTFE为聚四氟乙烯,LCNF为木质素纳米颗粒−纤维素纳纤维,BTO为钛酸钡,PVDF为聚偏二氟乙烯,PDMS为聚二甲基硅氧烷,DI water为去离子水。在化学改性层面,利用引入或调控特定官能团[89],不仅从分子和介观尺度优化电荷产生,可直接增强材料的电荷捕获能力与摩擦电特性,而且改善潮湿环境下的性能[10]。采用复合材料的设计[1112]图2(b)),结合电荷产生、存储与运输功能分层或一体化设计,可使器件输出性能参数获得大幅度提升,目前最高面电荷密度已超过9 mC/m2[13]。这些从摩擦介电材料微观电荷行为到宏观结构的协同优化、协同创新,共同构成了推动TENG输出性能迈向新高度的核心驱动力。
将TENG的机电转换机制与结构的改进相结合[1416],不仅可以提高其电学输出性能,还可以提高设备的耐磨性和使用寿命等性能。基于界面累积电荷高效释放为目的,利用其器件的结构设计[16]图3(a))来突破传统滑动式TENG在界面电荷锁定与固有电容限制下的性能瓶颈。图3中PU foam为聚氨酯泡棉,FS−TENG为滑动式独立层TENG,LF−TENG为无电荷锁TENG,TAE−TENG为横向不对称电极结构滑动TENG,PA为尼龙。通过电极巧妙的设计,不仅能有效抑制界面粘附与摩擦热生成[17],而且能实现电荷在负载回路中的全周期有效传输,增强输出性能[18]图3(b))。在突破其机电转换核心机理研究方面,采用双通道设计巧妙地解决了有害击穿问题[19]和电荷积累问题[20],通过调控界面电荷策略来抑制侧向放电。解锁界面累积电荷、器件多通道设计等策略的共同发力,使得TENG已在微小位移、低频率、复杂工况下兼具高输出与高稳定性,为自供能传感、智能系统与环境能量采集落地奠定结构基础。
TENG的高输出阻抗造成与低功耗电子设备间的阻抗失配,不仅降低能量采集效率,而且TENG在实际应用中常受到不稳定、低频机械输入的限制,导致输出电压、电流波动大、频率随机等问题,能否将TENG走向实际应用,发展高效的能量管理电路成为解决其关键技术的重点之一。2025年在能源管理方面也取得了显著的进展,针对低电平、间歇输出设计定制电源管理电路[21]图4(a)),实现高瞬时电流与持续供电。构建双相对称降压转换器[22]图4(b))解决三元直流TENG输出存在阈值和电压不可控特性问题,实现电容交替充放电,从而获得高功率密度与电压稳定输出。综上所述,创新的能量管理电路有效缓解了TENG输出不稳定和阻抗不匹配等问题,为其在自供电系统中的应用奠定了基础。
TENG凭借其小型化、轻量化、材料选择广泛、结构设计灵活以及制备成本低等核心优势,能够将自然环境和生物体中广泛存在的机械能高效转化为电能。其可利用的机械能来源多样,涵盖自然界的微风、水流、雨滴、地表振动等环境能量,也包括生物体相关的器官活动、肢体运动与声波辐射等多类低频能量形式。通过这一能量转换机制,TENG可为微纳电子器件提供持续稳定电力支持,推动自供能系统发展。
风能作为一种可再生且全域分布的绿色能源,是缓解能源危机与环境压力的重要候选项。然而,受限于传统电磁发电机的结构刚性与材料特性,常规风力涡轮机通常需要不低于3 m/s的启动风速才能有效工作。相比之下,TENG技术在低速风能捕获方面展现出独特优势。Pan等[23]报道了一种由风杯驱动的旋转开关式TENG,该装置采用机械触发开关(开−关−开)以增强旋转过程中的瞬时电流脉冲。在2 m/s的风速下,TENG的峰值功率密度为20.8 mW/m2(基于摩擦层有效面积),可为无线信号发射器和温度传感器供电,为偏远无线服务提供自给自足的能源解决方案。受自然界鸟类羽毛交织的机制启发,Ding等[24]提出了一种多层拍打式TENG,通过升阻调节机制实现风能采集。该装置由垂直自由旋转翼片、PTFE及铜组成,在0.5 m/s的微风中即可启动;当风速提升至2.5 m/s时,峰值功率密度达7.66 mW/m2,能够直接点亮120个LED灯。Qu等[25]报道了一种可堆叠双叶片结构的风致薄膜振动TENG,它由通过螺杆挤出和连续压延工艺制备的PVDF与PA11薄膜构成。通过持续优化空气动力学约束结构,TENG在2~5 m/s的低风速范围内保持高效运行。在5 m/s的风速下,TENG产生434 V的开路电压、118 μA的短路电流、300 nC的转移电荷,并实现1183.33 mW/m2的峰值功率密度(图5(a))。更重要的是,其可堆叠、可扩展的结构设计支持集成数千个发电单元,显著提升单位体积功率密度,为大功率微风发电规模化应用提可行路径。
振动能量作为一种在环境与工业场景中广泛分布的微幅能源,因其能量密度低、振幅微小(通常仅为微米级),长期以来面临高效采集与利用的技术挑战。而TENG凭借其独特的电荷快速饱和特性,能够高效捕获微米级振动能量。Jiang等[26]受蜘蛛网拓扑结构启发,设计了一种网状TENG,用于微米级振动的采集。该器件核心由氨纶弹性纤维编织的蜘蛛网状弹性元件、铜电极及聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)薄膜构成。在5 μm的微幅振动下,TENG输出电压达100 V,峰值功率密度可达125.8 mW/m2。在实际应用中,当电机运行时外壳振动幅度约9 μm,该TENG输出电压升至109 V,可支持每26 s完成1次电机温度监测与数据传输,单次工作能耗仅150 μJ,为工业设备状态监测提供了自供电解决方案。Cheng等[27]报道了一种基于TENG的自供电管道泄漏检测系统,该系统集成悬臂梁振动式TENG、能量存储释放管理模块和无线传输模块。在4.8 μm的微弱振幅下,TENG仍能实现稳定的接触−分离运动,其峰值功率密度为9.59 mW/m2。当管道发生泄漏时,泄漏点激发的振动会在不同位置的装置中引发差异化的振动响应,系统通过采集这些微幅振动能量驱动无线模块发射特征信号,最终实现泄漏点的精准定位(图5(b))。
雨滴下落过程中蕴含着不规则与低能量密度的机械能,高效捕获这类分散式微能量一直是环境能量收集领域的挑战。TENG凭借其灵活的结构设计与电荷转移机制,为雨滴能的高效转化提供了创新解决方案。Chen等[28]提出了一种由液滴驱动的双模TENG, 由固液TENG和接触分离TENG组成。多个雨滴同时落下时,不仅会触发固液TENG工作,累积的液滴还会使柔性材料变形,从而触发接触分离TENG振动以收集机械能。这种集成设计可以在自然降雨事件中最大化利用雨滴动能,优化了能量收集效率。固液TENG和接触分离TENG的峰值输出功率密度分别可达791 mW/m2和744 mW/m2。通过模拟降雨条件,器件不仅成功为计算器、温湿度计等便携设备提供动力,还可以检测降水强度、频率和pH值(图5(c))。Wang等[29]通过“Plateau−Rayleigh不稳定性”原理设计了一种基于液体喷射的TENG。该装置将低频水流转化成高频液滴序列,显著提升了电荷转移效率,最终实现1234.8 mW/m2的超高功率输出。结合虹吸原理构建的液位感知模块,可通过液滴下落频率与高度的关联关系,实现对容器水位的实时监测与低液位预警,拓展了雨滴能在工业流体监测中的应用场景。Bao等[30]通过调控精确液滴与电极接触分离的时间,设计了一种直流输出的液滴TENG。单个液滴可触发32.5 nC的电荷转移,器件峰值功率密度达220 mW/m2。其直流输出特性省去了整流电路,直接适配低功耗电子器件供电需求,有效降低了自供电系统的复杂度与成本,为微型传感器节点与自驱动系统等提供了更简洁高效的雨滴能利用方案。
生物体因其日常活动与生理过程会持续进行生物力学代谢,以动能、势能及振动能等形式释放,是环境中最具“近场性”与“持续性”的微能源之一。而TENG凭借低频适配、柔性可贴合及微型化潜力,为生物机械能向电能的高效转化提供关键技术突破口。Mao等[31]受DNA螺旋结构启发,设计一种多层螺旋剪纸结构TENG,可将人体步行等机械运动直接转化为电能。实验表明,在脚步冲击激励下,TENG产生1552 V电压与31.04 μA电流输出,峰值功率密度达430.35 mW/m2,并与电致发光器件集成,成功驱动其发光并激活光敏剂,对耐药细菌的杀灭率超过99%,为发展自供电、可穿戴的智能鞋垫提供切实可行的技术路径(图4(d))。受甲虫触手结构的启发,Liu等[32]报道一种基于TENG的可穿戴、无电池且无线微针生物电子装置,以仿生结构集成TENG和微针技术。在糖尿病大鼠模型中,TENG产生的脉冲电压则为微针提供外源性电刺激,促进组织再生和糖尿病伤口愈合,为发展一体化、自供电的智能慢性伤口管理平台奠定了技术基础。Kaur等[33]设计一种集成于起搏器导线的螺旋缠绕式柔性TENG,可将心脏搏动导致的导线形变直接转换为电能。实验表明,在25 mmHg的液体环境中,该TENG可产生0.4 V电压输出,并借助集成电源管理电路提升至3.3 V,成功驱动商用起搏器运行,为发展微创、长效、自供电的心脏起搏技术提供切实可行的解决方案。
2025年,TENG技术在自驱动传感领域迎来了从基础原理创新到共性关键技术突破的关键转折。随着物联网、智能医疗与工业4.0的深度融合,对分布式、低功耗传感节点的需求呈暴发式增长,摩擦电传感技术以其独特的机械能转换与原位信号感知能力,成为构建未来智能感知网络的优先选项。TENG 技术正通过与人工智能、微纳加工、先进材料等领域的深度交叉,从单一的能源供给单元演变为集感知、供能、通信于一体的智能终端。本节从材料体系创新、器件结构设计、系统集成智能化、多元化应用场景及面临的挑战与展望等多个维度,系统回顾2025年TENG自驱动传感技术的代表性进展。
摩擦电传感技术的性能跃升正从单一灵敏度追求向高灵敏与宽量程兼具的方向转型,这一突破的核心源于传感材料的创新升级。高灵敏与宽量程的核心技术难点在于二者存在固有矛盾:高灵敏设计(如低模量材料、微纳结构)易导致材料过度形变而限制量程,宽量程需求(如高模量基体)则会削弱对微弱信号的响应。目前该领域常规传感器灵敏度多为5~30 kPa−1,量程集中在0~10 kPa,难以兼顾复杂场景需求[34]。新型功能材料与复合改性技术为性能优化提供关键支撑,使传感器在精准感知微弱信号的同时,能够适配更广阔的压力区间。Hao等[35]通过在聚合物基体中掺杂稀土氧化物,改善电荷捕获、介电性能和界面极化效应,从而提高能量转换效率,在0~44 kPa检测量程内可保持0.197 kPa−1的灵敏度,在尺神经损伤引起肌肉萎缩的评估和康复应用中表现出优异稳定性。Wang 等[36]提出晶界工程策略,利用壳聚糖与衣康酸的静电相互作用调控材料结晶度与晶粒尺寸,通过增强界面极化效应较传统器件提升1个数量级,其核心机制在于晶区与非晶区形成的双电荷层可显著强化电荷捕获与存储能力,为生物基摩擦电材料的性能突破提供新路径。另一方面,Chong等[37]采用铁磁流体作为摩擦层,结合底部磁铁的协同调控,实现灵敏度与量程的可控性调整,通过界面调控解决高灵敏与宽量程的固有矛盾,为多场景适配奠定材料基础。
当材料设计与结构优化深度融合时,摩擦电传感器的性能边界不断被突破,推动其从实验阶段走向多领域实际应用。Gao等[34]通过梯度凝胶材料设计,将分层式表面结构与梯度介质层复合,构建“感知—缓冲”一体化结构,使传感器不仅可感知2 Pa的微小压力,还能在100 kPa压力下感知200 Pa振动,成功应用于医疗健康领域的稳定脉搏监测。Zhang等[38]提出不对称的多级微锥结构,将MXene纳米片、碳纳米管与弹性体材料结合组装,既实现灵敏度与量程的协同优化,又提升了材料的检测下限与环境适应性。这些研究共同揭示,摩擦电传感材料的创新正朝着“高灵敏兼顾宽量程”的方向发展,核心突破集中在功能材料的精准设计、复合体系的协同调控,为传感技术的多领域普及提供关键支撑。
摩擦电传感技术的迭代升级正推动器件从单一信号采集功能向多功能集成的智能终端转型,核心动力源于器件设计与系统架构的深度融合。跨模态感知与智能处理单元的集成让传感终端突破“被动感知”局限,具备信号分析、数据决策的主动智能。Zhou等[39]将摩擦电传感单元与红外传感单元、蓝牙传输模块集成,通过内置算法对压力与红外信号进行实时解析,成功实现对座位压力的智能识别,相较于传统单一传感器,其误判率小于2%,且能直接输出决策结果。类似地,Xie等[40]构建眨眼与心率信号双模感知体系,结合深度学习算法强化特征提取与模式识别能力,有效提升疲劳驾驶状态的识别精准度,较单一信号模式识别方案,准确率显著提升31.2%。这些研究“硬件集成+算法嵌入”的一体化思路,为未来更复杂的任务场景提供坚实基础。值得注意的是,本文所涉TENG自驱动传感系统的核心是传感信号的无电源产生,能量转换与信号感知同步无扰。而整个系统需借助外部电源管理单元供能,避免波动干扰传感信号。
系统级协同优化与跨领域技术融合进一步拓展智能终端应用边界,让摩擦电器件从单一场景适配迈向全场景兼容。Tao等[41]将摩擦电传感系统与深度学习结合,通过与增强现实系统集成,提供实时健身监测和即时反馈,以促进用户姿势的持续调整。同时将训练好的模型部署在智能手机上,以实现智能颈椎姿势识别结果和提醒功能。与之不同,Lei等[42]开发基于摩擦电触觉传感器与有机突触晶体管的触觉近传感计算单元,通过多峰微结构与条纹凸结构实现压滑双模态感知,改性后明胶介质提升环境稳定性,可高效识别单双击、长按等人机交互动作,避免误触发。
随着性能提升,TENG自驱动传感的应用边界在2025年被大幅拓宽,已不再局限于可穿戴健康监测的单一场景,而是沿着“单一可穿戴测试—纹理识别—非接触感知”的技术路径,逐步拓展为跨领域、多维度的智能感知能力。这种场景延伸的核心驱动力源于传感机制优化、材料结构创新与功能集成技术的深度融合。在生物信号感知领域,可穿戴传感作为典型应用,依托高灵敏摩擦电传感材料实现人体脉搏、肢体运动等微弱生理信号的稳定采集[43],为健康监测提供核心技术支撑,其核心优势在于无需额外供电即可实现动态信号的实时捕捉(图6(a))。相较于单一传感应用,Hong等[44]进一步优化传感结构,通过还原氧化石墨烯通道与离子凝胶栅介质的垂直集成,开发出兼具慢适应与快适应特性的人工突触机械感受器阵列(图6(b))。该阵列利用摩擦电信号的高频响应特性,通过分析不同表面纹理接触时的突触后电流模式,实现对表面图案及材质纹理的高精度识别,将传感器功能从基础压力测试升级为触觉信息智能解析,拓展了其在智能检测、人机交互等领域的应用场景。在此基础上,Li等[45]构建接触−非接触双功能传感系统(图6(c)),在无需物理接触的情况下,仅通过电场变化即可在80 mm范围内实现手势识别与材质区分,彻底突破了传统传感器对物理接触的依赖限制,将摩擦电传感技术推向非接触感知的新维度。这些研究均表明,摩擦电传感器的场景拓展核心在于传感原理的多元融合与应用需求的精准匹配,而差异体现在功能侧重的阶梯式升级,即从生物信号的微弱感知到触觉信息的智能解析,再到非接触场景的高效交互,三者的技术递进性为传感器构建了更完整的应用生态。
总体而言,基于TENG的自驱动传感正实现从生物信号感知向多场景物质识别与非接触交互的关键转型。从依托高灵敏材料实现生理信号捕捉,到通过触觉解析完成表面纹理与材质精准识别,再到非接触式感知技术的突破,标志着其应用重心已从单一生物传感拓展至工业检测、人机交互等多元场景,为跨领域智能感知提供了全新技术路径,彰显了摩擦电传感的广阔应用潜力。
随着全球能源结构向可再生方向加速转型,海洋因其面积占地球表面的约70%,被视为最具潜力的可再生能源载体。海洋蕴藏的波浪能、潮汐能、海流能等“蓝色能源”具有能量密度高、可持续性强、时空分布广等特征。然而,传统的蓝色能源收集技术往往具有较复杂的机械结构,在获取随机性强的海洋高熵能量方面受到挑战。TENG可利用微弱的机械振动、波浪起伏或流场扰动实现机电转换,具有结构简单、材料多样、环境适应性好等优点。2025年,研究者通过结构创新、材料优化及智能控制等策略,有效提升了TENG的输出性能与环境适应力,为其在海洋环境中收集利用蓝色能源奠定了基础。
TENG的结构创新是提升其输出性能与环境适应力的重要路径。Feng等[46]设计了一种可有效利用低频波浪能量的脉冲拱形双层直流TENG(图7(a)),通过拱形结构设计为系统减少了工作阻力。滚动式TENG具有响应频带宽、方向适应性强等优势,Yang等[47]提出了一种基于钟摆力学的新型摆臂TENG,将波浪多向、不规则晃动转化为摆臂相对稳定的单摆运动,进而驱动滚子做定向滚动,增强其在真实海洋环境中的鲁棒性和稳定性。Zhang等[48]开发设计了一种无叶片式TENG(图7(b)),利用流致振动驱使内置介电小球滚动发电,实现低流速下启动,为利用中国海域广泛存在的低速海流能提供了新思路。Sun等[49]则设计了一种仿海带结构式TENG,利用柔性仿生结构摆动带动介电小球运动发电,为波浪能利用提供了一种新颖的仿生学思路。
转盘式TENG利用浮体的俯仰、升沉或扭转运动驱动电极滑动,可通过引入杠杆、齿轮或偏心质量块实现倍频响应,设计将低频波浪激励转化为摩擦层之间的相对高频旋转,从而提升单位时间接触次数与输出电流。Tuo等[50]设计了一种基于几何推力放大器的TENG,通过引入几何增益原理提高了全谱波浪能量的转换效率。Li等[51]采用行星齿轮作为频率提升机构,构建了一种机械倍频TENG(图7 (c)),将浮体不规则的、低速的往复运动,转换并提升为转盘高速且单向旋转运动,从而有效提升对波浪能的利用能力。
液固式TENG利用液体与固体界面之间的周期性接触–分离实现电荷转移,具有无机械磨损、耐腐蚀和稳定性高等优点。液体介质可为海水、离子液体或电解液,在流场作用下产生界面振荡并输出电能。Huang等[52]研制了一种管基耦合电极对液−固摩擦电纳米发电机。通过在流体流动中加入一对由固体材料封装的内部电极,扩大了固体和液体材料之间的界面接触面积,从而显著增强了单次接触分离过程中的电荷转移量和最终输出。Wang等[53]则研制了一种液−膜TENG,提高了固−液纳米发电机在低频激励下的性能,其产生的电能可以用于阴极保护,加强对于海洋结构物中金属的腐蚀保护。
针对波浪能来向的随机性、多变性,其方向适应性问题受到更多研究者的重视。Kumbhakar等[54]提出了一种轻量化和可扩展发电构型,通过引入包含多个折纸TENG的桶形浮动发电机,能够捕获不同频率、振幅和方向运动的波浪能。Chen等[55]研制了一种面向全向波浪能利用的摆动结构折纸式TENG。折纸式结构通过几何折叠实现机械放大效应,其柔性连接片在波浪作用下周期性展开与闭合,从而增加接触频率与摩擦面积。通过优化折叠角度与层叠数量,可在有限空间内提升能量密度,并分散冲击载荷、降低机械磨损。Dai等[56]设计了一种振荡浮子型TENG(图7(d)),它通过摩擦电材料的交错排列配对来提高输出电流,并采用行星齿轮和非接触往复旋转设计,更好地捕获多向的海浪能量。此外,构建波浪能发电装置阵列可获取更大的输出功率,而通过波浪能供电的多个分布式监测浮标可以结成覆盖广阔海区的监测网。Xi等[57]将以滚动式TENG供电的小型浮标阵列应用于近海环境参数监测,展示了波浪能自供电的分布式感知作为未来海洋物联网解决方案的巨大潜力。
材料优化是提升TENG装置输出性能的重要方面。TENG的能量输出与材料表面摩擦电荷密度密切相关,而表面化学组成、微纳结构形貌以及界面润湿性对电荷转移效率起关键作用。通过微纳加工技术在材料表面构建纳米线、纳米球或多孔结构,可以增加有效接触面积,在工作过程中注入更多的静电荷。
Lee等[58]用亲水性和疏水性官能团修饰了从海洋植物中提取的球等鞭金藻粒子纳米材料。特殊的表面性质使其能够更有效地与水分子相互作用,调控电荷的产生与耗散过程。随后以静电纺丝法将该功能化材料与聚合物复合,制备成连续的纳米纤维膜。用这些纳米纤维膜作为摩擦层制成的TENG装置,在蓝色能量收集应用中性能显著增强。在高湿度海洋环境中,空气介质的击穿场强降低,导致表面电荷容易通过空气放电而耗散。为此,Wang等[59]采用难碳化的双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜和易蒸发的背电极制备了具有高抗击穿性能的自恢复型TENG,利用高压源实现可控击穿现象,并采用电荷激励技术实现最大输出。该工作是高性能TENG在抗击穿方面的重要进展,使其能够长时间、稳定地利用蓝色能源。
TENG利用海洋环境能量是涉及流固耦合和机电转换的连续过程,受波浪特性、结构构型、材料特性、界面状态及负载阻抗等多种因素影响。因此,基于仿真和基于数据的智能控制研究也变得至关重要。Su等[60]设计了一种新型圆柱形颗粒基TENG,通过多材料导电3D打印技术制造,并结合流体动力学模拟优化浮体设计。采用ANSYS AQWA软件对浮体模型进行流体力学分析,重点关注浮力中心与重心的平衡关系,并通过红外光学追踪系统(IOCS)验证模型运动状态,验证了其运动稳定性。除了在设计和制造阶段的仿真优化,让TENG系统具备“智能”以适应多变海洋环境也是发展的重要方向。Li等[61]提出了针对变波方向的定向调整策略并设计了一种蝴蝶堆叠式TENG。根据最小阻力原理,该水滴型平台可以自动对准波浪来向,确保其上的所有的新型蝶形堆叠TENG器件以最佳迎浪方向高效运行。Mao等[62]提出了一种自供电的人工智能增强监测系统(SAMS),该系统通过固−固与液−固双模式协同,集成3种独立摩擦电转换机制实现波浪等级监测。SAMS的三模态架构实现三通道信号并行生成,并结合深度学习算法,将波浪等级识别准确率提升至96.25%。该工作为复杂海洋环境下的实时能量收集与状态监测提供了新的解决方案。
通过TENG多样的结构设计,使其能够高效捕获海洋中低频、无序的波浪与海流能。同时,功能材料的进步显著提升了其电荷密度与环境耐久性,而智能控制策略的引入更使其具备了应对复杂海洋环境的更强适应能力。未来,随着TENG结构、材料与控制创新的不断推动,其有望成为分布式、自供电的海洋物联网和可持续蓝色能源系统的重要技术。
TENG不仅能高效地将人体运动机械能转化为电能,其多功能性更是关键优势,可与电池、电容器、传感器等设备集成,为自供电智能系统提供了可能。同时,鉴于其良好的服用性及可通过机械设备直接生产的特性,TENG在智能可穿戴装备领域展现出广泛应用潜力,本节将总结2025年以来TENG在智能可穿戴领域的技术进展。
材料的选择是决定可穿戴 TENG 性能和舒适性的关键。目前研究主要通过复合改性和功能整合实现材料性能优化。在摩擦层材料设计中,多功能复合材料成为主流。Shi等[63]提出织物基集成TENG采用水性聚氨酯(WPU)作为防水封装层和摩擦层,聚吡咯(PPy)作为导电摩擦层,结合3D 机织织物结构,既解决传统TENG湿度敏感性问题(相对湿度20%~80%时仍保持78.78%的输出电压),又通过微观丝结构实现局部接触分离,提升弱信号检测灵敏度。
阻燃材料的引入拓展了可穿戴TENG的应用场景,Panda等[64]综述了聚合物、生物材料、气凝胶等阻燃体系,其中磷掺杂介孔碳涂层聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)基TENG,在保持158 V开路电压的同时,实现了56%的热释放速率降低,为高温或易燃环境下的可穿戴应用提供安全保障。
由于TENG的自供电可穿戴传感器代表了这一趋势的创新解决方案,但柔性TENG的输出性能仍然不理想。Jia等[65]制备了条带匹配的钛酸钙(CaTiO3)和氧化锌(ZnO)纳米结构,形成CaTiO3/ZnO(CTO/ZnO)Schottky异质结。然后将异质结掺杂到有机铁电聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中,形成柔性复合薄膜,通过空间电荷极化显著提高介电常数。CTO/ZnO−PVDF复合薄膜作为CaTiO3/ZnO−PVDF基TENG(CZP−TENG)的摩擦电材料。优化异质结中ZnO与CTO的摩尔比和PVDF中CTO/ZnO的质量比后,TENG的输出电压和电流密度都得到了显著提高,功率密度达到106.6 mW/m2。最后,CZP−TENG为发光二极管和温度传感器供电,作为可穿戴传感器,并实现自供电的人体传感,特别是在步态识别中,用于预防运动相关疾病和损伤康复。
Zhao等[66]利用可逆分子间作用力与动态共价键设计,采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)、季铵化壳聚糖(QCS)和氮掺杂碳量子点(N−CQDs),通过物理交联与冻融调控方法,制备了可完全回收的多功能智能水凝胶传感器(RMSHS),并利用该水凝胶的高拉伸性、快速自愈合性、高生物相容性与抗菌特性,实现了其在智能医疗康复训练(如手势识别与远程诊断)、实时远程人机交互(如无人机操控),以及作为绿色电极材料构建可持续TENG等方面的多功能应用。为了解决大多数软体机器人缺乏实时感官反馈的问题,将柔性传感器直接一体集成到软体机器人中,模仿生物器官的结构和功能,以实现有效的感官识别和多任务处理是至关重要的。Niranjana等[67]报告了一种具有催化剂扩散效应的导电液态金属−硅胶(LMS)油墨,并结合嵌入式3D打印工艺,实现了“一步制造”和“一体化集成”,用于直接制备柔性和可拉伸的自封装导电复合材料和基于TENG自封装柔性触觉传感器。它为实现可拉伸导体、高性能柔性传感器,以及与感知能力一体化的智能软体机器人的简易、快速制备,提供一条全新的技术途径。
无间隔纱线3D−X形织物、中空锭花式加捻技术制备的 3D 蜂窝结构织物等创新结构[68],进一步优化了TENG的透气性和力学稳定性(图8(a))。其中,3D 角联锁机织结构TENG采用硅橡胶涂层氧化石墨烯/棉复合纱线,输出功率密度达 225 mW/m2,可通过模拟人体行走振动能量点亮100盏LED灯,兼顾能量收集与穿着舒适性。此外,单电极模式和自由站立模式的设计简化器件结构,降低穿戴复杂度。例如,基于 MXene涂层织物的自充电电力系统[69],将微型超级电容器与TENG集成,通过单电极模式实现能量收集与存储一体化,为可穿戴设备的小型化提供新路径。
TENG作为一种能量输出装置,极大促进了可穿戴电子技术的应用,特别是在能量收集和人体运动监测方面。然而,应用于可穿戴电子产品的TENG不仅需要高输出性能,而且需要穿戴舒适。Qiu等[70]提供了一种聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)纳米纤维纱线为基础的TENGs。制备的纳米纤维纱线具有核壳结构,聚四氟乙烯/石墨烯纳米纤维形成摩擦壳层,铜线作为导电芯层。当石墨烯质量分数达到2%时,得到的机织物(GW−TENG−2)综合性能最佳(图8(b))。此外,通过将GW−TENG−2附着在人体不同部位(喉咙、手指、肘部等)上,可以有效监测这些部位的运动。
Chen等[71]利用摩擦纳米发电自供电技术,采用银涂层PA导电纱和常规PA纱,以橡胶材料为芯材,巧妙利用高速螺旋编织技术的仿生双螺旋结构,制备了超拉伸能量收集纱线(DHBY−TENG),并利用该纱线的超弹性、柔性和可编织特性,呈现了该纱线作为自供电传感器监测人体康复训练动作(如瑜伽绳计数)、婴儿活动(实时婴儿床预警),以及作为自供电灯绳控制开关等,同时可将纱线编织入织物中实现机械能收集并点亮多个LED灯(图8)。过去的可拉伸TENG主要依赖弹性材料(如涂层、弹性纤维)或复杂的多层复合/螺旋缠绕来获得弹性,其发电往往需要与外部材料接触。而该研究巧妙利用成熟的高速编织技术,将非弹性的普通纱线编织成仿生双螺旋结构,结合弹性芯纱,使“结构本身”产生了超弹性和自接触发电能力。
生理信号监测是可穿戴 TENG 最成熟的应用领域。除脉搏、呼吸监测外,基于木质气凝胶的 TENG 可实现步态分析,通过捕捉足底压力变化识别行走、跑步等运动状态, Wang等[72]制备了一种基于热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)和碳化木气凝胶(CWA)的多功能导电气凝胶。这种气凝胶不仅可以作为高灵敏度的压阻式传感器,还可以组装成高性能的摩擦电纳米发电机(TPU/CWA−TENG, PCWA−TENG)。PCWA(TPU/CWA)的导电网络使电荷能够分散在整个材料中,便于电荷转移,从而提高了输出性能。
由于在TENG中实现超高电流密度和耐水性仍然具有挑战性,主要是由于摩擦电层内部的电子未被利用,Sun等[73]提出连接摩擦电材料的电子云势阱(ECPWs)可以导致输出电流的大幅增加。通过将还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)的导电网络嵌入乙基纤维素(EC)和聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)的摩擦电层,验证了这一假设。在接触分离模式的TENG中,基于该模型的TENG显示出创纪录的高电流密度,约为3533 mA/m2。此外,这款TENG在高湿度甚至多雨的环境中表现出出色的耐久性。这项工作为制造具有超高输出电流和水阻的TENG提供了一种新颖而有前途的策略,极大地扩展了其在许多领域的实际应用。
TENG 基础研究的意义远不止于“机电转换”。近年来,TENG 的研究推动对接触起电(CE)这一古老物理现象的深层机制,特别是其过程中对界面电子转移行为的深入理解,从而催生出了一项利用机械能引发的接触起电效应直接驱动化学反应的新范式,称为CEC。至此,TENG 拓展至其“化学催化”新维度。2025年以来,研究者通过对CEC反应机制的不断深入认识、催化剂结构与材料体系的优化以及CEC的应用拓展,展示了 CEC 在催化领域的作用和潜力。
接触起电(CE)作为自然界无处不在的物理现象,其深层机制正被科研界持续破解。在该过程中,电子转移是固−固界面接触起电的核心机制,在此基础上,固−液界面接触起电的电子转移过程也被明确证实。固液两相原子碰撞时因电子云重叠引发电子转移,使固体表面带负电;随后,负电荷通过静电引力吸附液体中的相反电荷,形成双电层结构。该过程的关键在于,固液接触中的电子转移会在界面触发氧化还原反应,产生活性氧(ROS),并依托活性氧推动一系列高级氧化过程,从而发生 CEC[74]。2025 年 CEC 的反应机制得到进一步的深入研究。一是对引发 CEC 过程中涉及的活化电子进行了定量分析,阐明了 CE 过程中参与 CEC 反应的电子比例,从而深入了解了 CE 向 CEC 的转变过程;二是系统地证明了 CEC 中的氧化还原选择性受反应物标准电极电位(SEP)的控制,存在一个清晰的阈值区分氧化和还原途径[75]。此外,当前常用的超声激发方式被证实可通过机械搅拌增强超声空化效应,促进活性氧的原位释放,从而为 CEC 机制提供了进一步的实验支持与验证[76]
从材料演进看,2025 年的 CEC 已从通用含氟聚合物(如聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、全氟乙烯−丙烯共聚物(FEP))转向可按应用定制的结构与表面化学,实现由“通用型”向“应用场景化”的跨越。在具体策略上,围绕“起电与跨界面电子转移”这一主线,TENG 的可迁移思路尤为有效:FDTES 修饰 SiO2 能在水相构建高电荷密度界面、显著提升能量收集,用于 CEC 可使甲基橙降解的表观速率常数较未修饰 Si 提升约29倍(图9(a))[77];引入 Fe3O4 兼顾活性与磁分离回收[78];以及通过氧化物的氟化处理适应180℃高温度环境的接触电催化应用[79]。除表面化学调控外,利用全氟聚合物的高介电/驻极体特性,通过极化构建内建电场以促进载流子分离与跨界面注入,PTFE/FEP 驻极充电已被证明可加速水–聚合物界面电子注入与·OH生成[80];同时通过疏水/亲水复合界面扩大有效固–液接触而不牺牲起电强度,从而提升整体效率[8182]。另一方面,半导体–液体因功函数/能带差形成类肖特基结;在机械扰动下,硅–水界面的动态势垒可驱动周期性电荷转移,触发并放大界面催化反应[8384]
依托接触起电触发的ROS与电荷转移,2025年的CEC应用正由传统染料降解拓展到化学与环境多领域,并在能源、环境、生物医学等方向展现出应用潜力[76,8586]:在化学合成方面,界面电场与活性氧途径支撑了双氧水绿色合成和气体小分子转化(如氮气、甲烷、二氧化碳)等低能耗策略[76,8588];在环境与资源方面,CEC通过界面电子转移与ROS作用实现贵金属高效回收、抗生素深度降解与无化学剂的细菌灭活;在生物医学方面,CEC疗法被提出并不断发展[89]图9(b))。
2025年,CEC的多场协同策略开始被重点研究,通过整合接触电与其他能量场的优势,显著提升催化效率与反应适用性。激发方式已由单一超声扩展至球磨、搅拌及多模式并行,大幅拓宽适用边界。多场协同通过放大活性物种生成、强化电荷分离与质/能传递显著增效:一是“接触电+芬顿”就地活化在惰性PTFE体系中累积的H2O2,将其转化为更高活性的 ROS,弥补直接产物易自缔合、利用率低的缺陷,催化甲基橙降解效率比单独CEC提升了约6倍[81];二是“接触电+声空化/搅拌”借空化微泡破裂带来的高频扰动,持续刷新固–液界面并促进电荷快速转移,避免界面电荷堆积导致的活性衰减,已在水氧化/氧还原制H2O2等反应中实现更高产率;三是“接触电+光”利用光生e/h+与接触电建立的内建场协同抑制复合、延长载流子寿命,兼具拓宽光响应与增强电荷分离,突破单一体系瓶颈,在固氮转化成氨的催化应用上提升了10倍的性能[90]
总体来看,CEC正在“机理、材料、应用和多场协同”四维度耦合推进:以接触起电驱动的电子转移/ROS 路径为化学基础,催化剂设计合成与多场协同的进步,为清洁能源转化与环境治理提供可持续的新范式。然而仍有3类关键问题有待解决:一是基础层面对动态条件(如声空化)下的原位界面过程认知不足,需依托原位表征厘清反应本质;二是设计层面现有催化剂选择性仍弱,亟需面向目标产物的精准结构定制;三是应用层面应由“二元耦合”迈向“多元耦合”和“场景适配优化”。此外,有必要将研究从以水体系扩展到有机溶剂体系,利用CEC生成的自由基探究有机合成等领域,开拓更具价值的应用前景。
2025年TENG在工程应用领域取得了显著成效,在多个领域实现应用示范。
1) 在海洋蓝色能源应用方向,浮标型TENG项目在功率性能方面实现跨越式提升。2025年王中林院士团队持续推进技术攻关,成功研制并完成世界首台最大单体TENG(1 m3)的海上测试。测试结果显示,该设备峰值功率密度达114.8 W/m3,平均输出功率密度突破20 W/m3,标志着摩擦纳米发电技术在功率性能方面实现跨越式提升。这可为海洋油气勘探、深海养殖等提供适配的能源解决方案,实现对海洋生态环境的长期、实时监测,保障海上航运安全等监测设备的持续供电。
2) 在环保领域,CEC技术助力锂电池电极材料回收。基于CEC技术提出的新型的LIBs正极材料回收方法,将材料接触起电现象与催化学科交叉融合,提出一种利用接触起电过程产生的电荷转移生成的自由基来实现LIBs正极材料的湿法催化回收新方法。这可用于工业化回收各类锂离子电池正极材料,为储能材料的回收再生提供新的方法。
3) 在低空飞行传感领域,基于TENG技术的智能流体力学能量收集技术实现飞行器实飞验证。开发了前端自驱动航空器表面流态原位感知系统,创新耦合TENG与压电发电机技术,实现原位自驱动感知飞行器表面湍流流态。研制的原位感知全系统轻质化、小型化、集成化,适用多种机型、复杂环境,飞行器原位自驱动表面流态传感工作信噪比大于50 dB。应用范围广阔,可以进行飞行器表面流态传感、摩阻传感、角度传感,以及航天器变构件位移量传感、力学传感、车辆辅助传感。颠覆性的进行前端“无线无源”传感设计,自驱动感知飞行器表面流态分布,传感预警失速的发生,保障飞行安全,可替代体积大、质量大的现有风标失速传感,建立分布式空中交通传感网。
4) 在管道流体自驱动监测领域,系列自驱动智能水表在自来水公司开展示范应用。利用TENG俘获管道流体能量实现自供电,并利用TENG传感特性对流体流量进行计量,最终实现了对管道流体的自供电智能监测。耐久性测试已进行超12个月,累计计量用水7000余t,满足正常家用水表6年使用水量(1500 t)的计量要求,且全部流量点满足国家标准GB/T 772–2005的要求。一批TENG水表已开展示范应用,经历高温天、雷雨天等恶劣多变天气环境的考验,试用效果良好。基于本项目研制的系列产品,可从根本上解决智慧水务系统中“最后关键环节”——传感器稳定供电问题,实现多参数传感,保障数据底座的坚实性,让智慧水务真正“智慧”。
5) 在智能电网传感领域,自驱动电力智能传感器实现挂网应用。面向输电线路风致振动宽频、低幅、无序等特点,利用TENG高效收集输电线路风致振动产生的能量并转化为电能,基于宽频带振动响应、多方向振动能俘获等关键技术,研发了电力传感器、线路智能金具等系列产品形态,实现对输电线路振动能量高效收集,构建输电线路分布式自驱动电力智能传感系统,实现对架空输电线路如温度、振动、舞动、覆冰等状态参数的无源在线智能运检。实验样机顺利通过CNAS检测,并在多地完成挂网测试。该项成果可有效降低输电线路传感终端的建设和维护成本,大规模应用对智能电网建设的发展具有重要的科学意义和工程价值。
本文系统回顾了2025年TENG技术的前沿发展,着重聚焦于TENG的性能优化以及TENG在微纳能源、自驱动传感、蓝色能源、可穿戴电子和CEC等领域关键方向。相关研究在多个方面取得了突破性进展,有效提升了TENG的电性能与稳定性,并在海洋蓝色能源、环保领域、低空飞行传感领域、管道流体自驱动监测领域和智能电网传感领域进行了应用示范。然而,TENG在得到大规模应用之前,仍有几个关键问题需要解决:首先是TENG的性能需要进一步提升,特别是TENG的能量转换效率与寿命,以实现通过TENG收集环境的能量完全满足自驱动系统的持续运行,这需要结合材料创新与器件设计来共同完成;其次是TENG批量制备技术需要突破,以满足规模化应用的需求;最后是标准的制定,TENG从实验室走向市场的过程中,建立TENG的标准化评估体系尤为重要。伴随着TENG技术在各个方面的持续推进,TENG技术必将迈向一个崭新的台阶,2025年的研究成果为TENG的规模化应用于跨领域拓展奠定了坚实的理论和技术基础。
  • 国家科技部重点研发计划项目(2021YFA1201602)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20147)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(T2422003)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52272191)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(62304024)
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2026年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2026.01.00050
  • 接收时间:2025-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-02-03
  • 出版时间:2026-01-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-10
  • 修回日期:2025-12-31
基金
国家科技部重点研发计划项目(2021YFA1201602)
国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20147)
国家自然科学基金项目(T2422003)
国家自然科学基金项目(52272191)
国家自然科学基金项目(62304024)
作者信息
    1中国科学院北京纳米能源与系统研究所,北京 101400
    2重庆大学物理学院,重庆 400044
    3苏州大学功能纳米与软物质研究院,苏州 215123
    4大连海事大学海洋工程学院,大连 116026
    5江南大学纺织科学与工程学院,无锡 214122
    6厦门大学化学化工学院,厦门 361005

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王中林(通信作者),研究员,中国科学院外籍院士,研究方向为摩擦纳米发电机基础理论与压电(光)电子学,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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