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2025年12月30日,中国氨燃料船舶研制取得突破性进展,标志着氨能源船舶技术正式从实验室研究阶段迈入实船应用与推广新阶段。由中车大连机车车辆有限公司自主研制的2台12V240H-DFA型氨燃料发动机,成为支撑中国首艘氨燃料船舶落地运行的核心动力装备。

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(图片来源:《科技日报》)

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    2025年12月30日,中国氨燃料船舶研制取得突破性进展,标志着氨能源船舶技术正式从实验室研究阶段迈入实船应用与推广新阶段。由中车大连机车车辆有限公司自主研制的2台12V240H-DFA型氨燃料发动机,成为支撑中国首艘氨燃料船舶落地运行的核心动力装备。

    . 氨燃料发动机从实验室驶向实船应用. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (1) : 7 -7 .
    . Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (1) : 7 -7 .
    2025年12月30日,中国氨燃料船舶研制取得突破性进展,标志着氨能源船舶技术正式从实验室研究阶段迈入实船应用与推广新阶段。由中车大连机车车辆有限公司自主研制的2台12V240H-DFA型氨燃料发动机,成为支撑中国首艘氨燃料船舶落地运行的核心动力装备。
    在航运业低碳转型背景下,氨被视为极具潜力的零碳船用燃料之一。与传统化石燃料不同,氨分子中不含碳元素,燃烧过程中理论上不直接产生CO2。但工程应用并不简单:氨自燃温度高、火焰传播速度慢、可燃范围窄,单独作为燃料难以在发动机中稳定点燃和高效燃烧,一直被视为制约氨能源船舶发展的关键技术瓶颈。
    此次实现工程突破的12V240H-DFA型发动机,采用“双燃料引燃”技术路线,以氨作为主体燃料,通过少量柴油点火源触发燃烧,并配合电控喷射、空燃比精确调节和缸内燃烧组织优化,实现了不同负荷工况下的稳定运行。公开信息显示,该型发动机单缸功率可达208 kW,在示范运行中氨能占比达到85%,在显著降低化石燃料消耗的同时,兼顾了船舶动力性与运行可靠性。
    在排放控制方面,氨燃料发动机面临的挑战同样突出。一方面,氨燃烧过程中容易生成氮氧化物;另一方面,还需防止未完全燃烧的氨随尾气排放造成“氨逃逸”。研发团队通过燃烧参数协同优化与后处理系统匹配,在实船示范中实现了尾气排放满足国家相关标准要求,为氨燃料动力装备的工程化应用提供了关键验证数据。
    安全性是氨燃料上船的另一道“硬门槛”。氨具有毒性和一定腐蚀性,对燃料储运和船舶系统设计提出了更高要求。示范项目中,发动机及燃料系统采用了双层管路、泄漏监测、自动切断和通风惰化等多重防护设计,并经受了长周期实船运行考验。
    氨燃料发动机实现高功率密度与高氨能占比的实船验证,意味着中国已跨过从“能点火”到“能稳定替代”的关键阶段。随着后续在工况拓展、排放进一步优化以及加注与安全规范完善等方面持续推进,氨燃料发动机有望在港作拖轮、近海工程船等场景率先推广应用,为航运业深度脱碳提供新的技术路径。
    (综合:《科技日报》、中国船级社官网)

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    2种不同金属材料的力学参数

    Family
    属数
    Number of
    genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of
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    Genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of total
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    鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
    小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
    多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
    红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
    小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
    光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
    红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
    栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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