Article(id=1225386828254069029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765814400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-16, revisedDate=1767542400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770084586440, onlineDateStr=2026-02-03, pubDate=1768233600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769616000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770084586440, creator=system, updateTime=1774080546698, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1225386825246748695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768233600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770084585703, creator='system', updateTime=1774331268156, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243198702408544966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243198702408544967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=34, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225386828547670313, articleId=1225386828254069029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Electrocatalytic synthesis in 2025: A research hotspot, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the backdrop of the global transition toward green and low−carbon development, electrocatalytic synthesis technology utilizes renewable electricity to drive chemical reactions, offering a highly promising pathway for the direct synthesis of chemicals under mild conditions. By precisely regulating electrode potential to achieve high−selectivity synthesis, this approach combines the advantages of atom economy and low−carbon efficiency, positioning itself as a critical link between renewable energy and future intelligent manufacturing. In the context of the "dual carbon" goals, this review systematically summarizes key advances in the field of electrocatalytic synthesis over the past year. In terms of inorganic molecular conversion, it focuses on the interfacial microenvironment engineering and electrolyzer design for CO2 reduction reaction, the exploration of novel catalysts and mechanisms for nitrogen reduction reaction, and the development of highly efficient and stable catalysts for water electrolysis toward hydrogen production. In the area of organic electrosynthesis, it covers mechanism−driven innovations and process intensification, including potential−mediated precise synthesis of aryl halides, green electrochemical synthesis of amino acids, and the upcycling of plastic waste and biomass−derived molecules. The coordinated development of electrocatalytic synthesis technology provides robust support for achieving the "dual carbon" goals and offers valuable references for future research directions in this field.

, authors=null, authorsList=Xinzhi WANG, Cunpu LI, Zidong WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cunpu LI, Zidong WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1225386830628045148, articleId=1225386828254069029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=2025年电催化合成科技热点回眸, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在全球绿色低碳转型的背景下,电催化合成技术利用可再生电能驱动化学反应,为温和条件下直接合成化学品提供了极具前景的路径。该技术通过精准调控电极电位来实现高选择性合成,兼具原子经济性与低碳排放优势,正成为连接可再生能源与未来智能制造的关键枢纽。基于“双碳”目标,综述了电催化合成领域的重要进展,在无机分子转化方面,聚焦CO2还原的界面微环境工程与电解槽设计、氮还原新型催化剂与机制探索,以及高效稳定电解水制氢催化剂的开发;在有机电合成方面,涵盖了通过电位调控实现芳基卤化物精准合成、氨基酸绿色电合成,以及塑料废弃物与生物质分子升级回收等机制创新与工艺强化。电催化合成技术的协同发展为实现“双碳”目标提供了坚实支撑,并为后续电催化合成的研究方向提供相应参考。

, authors=

王鑫智,博士研究生,研究方向为有机电化学合成,电子信箱:

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李存璞(通信作者),教授,研究方向为锂金属硫电池和有机电化学合成,电子信箱:;
魏子栋(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为新能源材料化学与化工,电子信箱:
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journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1225386828254069029, language=CN, label=图7, caption=苯胺衍生物的卤化

(a) 常规氨基卤化法;(b) 常规化学及电化学卤化法;

(c) 通过调控电位实现单/双卤化物的选择性分离

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2025年电催化合成科技热点回眸
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王鑫智 1 , 李存璞 1, 2, * , 魏子栋 1, 2, *
科技导报 | 特色专题 2026,44(1): 34-42
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科技导报 |特色专题 2026 , 44 (1) : 34 -42
2025年电催化合成科技热点回眸
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王鑫智1 , 李存璞1, 2, * , 魏子栋1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1重庆大学化学化工学院,重庆 400044
  • 2重庆大学锂电及新材料遂宁研究院,遂宁 629000
通讯作者:
李存璞(通信作者),教授,研究方向为锂金属硫电池和有机电化学合成,电子信箱:;
魏子栋(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为新能源材料化学与化工,电子信箱:
Electrocatalytic synthesis in 2025: A research hotspot
Xinzhi WANG1 , Cunpu LI1, 2, * , Zidong WEI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 2Suining Lithium Battery Research Institute of Chongqing University (SLiBaC), Suining 629000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00084
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在全球绿色低碳转型的背景下,电催化合成技术利用可再生电能驱动化学反应,为温和条件下直接合成化学品提供了极具前景的路径。该技术通过精准调控电极电位来实现高选择性合成,兼具原子经济性与低碳排放优势,正成为连接可再生能源与未来智能制造的关键枢纽。基于“双碳”目标,综述了电催化合成领域的重要进展,在无机分子转化方面,聚焦CO2还原的界面微环境工程与电解槽设计、氮还原新型催化剂与机制探索,以及高效稳定电解水制氢催化剂的开发;在有机电合成方面,涵盖了通过电位调控实现芳基卤化物精准合成、氨基酸绿色电合成,以及塑料废弃物与生物质分子升级回收等机制创新与工艺强化。电催化合成技术的协同发展为实现“双碳”目标提供了坚实支撑,并为后续电催化合成的研究方向提供相应参考。

电催化合成  /  有机电合成  /  可持续性化学  /  “双碳”目标

Against the backdrop of the global transition toward green and low−carbon development, electrocatalytic synthesis technology utilizes renewable electricity to drive chemical reactions, offering a highly promising pathway for the direct synthesis of chemicals under mild conditions. By precisely regulating electrode potential to achieve high−selectivity synthesis, this approach combines the advantages of atom economy and low−carbon efficiency, positioning itself as a critical link between renewable energy and future intelligent manufacturing. In the context of the "dual carbon" goals, this review systematically summarizes key advances in the field of electrocatalytic synthesis over the past year. In terms of inorganic molecular conversion, it focuses on the interfacial microenvironment engineering and electrolyzer design for CO2 reduction reaction, the exploration of novel catalysts and mechanisms for nitrogen reduction reaction, and the development of highly efficient and stable catalysts for water electrolysis toward hydrogen production. In the area of organic electrosynthesis, it covers mechanism−driven innovations and process intensification, including potential−mediated precise synthesis of aryl halides, green electrochemical synthesis of amino acids, and the upcycling of plastic waste and biomass−derived molecules. The coordinated development of electrocatalytic synthesis technology provides robust support for achieving the "dual carbon" goals and offers valuable references for future research directions in this field.

electrocatalytic synthesis  /  organic electrosynthesis  /  sustainable chemistry  /  "dual carbon" goals
王鑫智, 李存璞, 魏子栋. 2025年电催化合成科技热点回眸. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (1) : 34 -42 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00084
Xinzhi WANG, Cunpu LI, Zidong WEI. Electrocatalytic synthesis in 2025: A research hotspot[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (1) : 34 -42 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00084
在“双碳”目标与全球能源转型的双重驱动下,化学工业亟待突破对化石原料与高能耗过程的依赖,迈向低碳化生产。由此,如何在温和条件下实现化学品的高效、选择性合成,成为当前面临的关键科学与工程挑战。
电催化合成技术依托可再生电能驱动化学反应,可在常温常压下直接转化反应物分子,兼具原子经济性优势与碳减排潜力,被视为协同应对能源转换与绿色化工挑战的重要路径。随着该领域研究逐渐从局部催化剂优化转向整体系统构建,学界关注点日益聚焦于真实反应条件下的界面动态行为、微环境调控及电解装置工程化等系统性议题,并积极推动电合成向集成化、实用化方向迈进。具体表现为:聚焦催化剂在反应环境下的真实活性结构演化;着力调控电极界面微环境以优化传质与反应过程;研发高性能膜电极组件并推进电解槽的工程转化;同时积极探索与生物质转化、塑料升级回收相结合的资源循环新范式。
电催化合成技术有望通过基础研究与工程创新的协同突破,重塑化学工业的底层逻辑,为实现绿色、低碳、可持续的物质制造体系提供决定性支撑。与此同时,新反应、新催化体系与新工艺的持续涌现,也将为碳中和目标下的化学工业转型提供核心科技动力。
近年来,无机分子电催化领域的研究取得了重要进展。其显著变化在于研究重心已从以往孤立地探究催化剂的本征活性,全面转向对“催化剂−界面−系统”多尺度耦合的深入理解与协同调控。这一转变标志着该领域的研究正向更复杂、更贴近实际应用场景的方向系统演进。
电催化CO2还原(CO2 reduction reaction,CO2RR)技术将温室气体转化为高附加值燃料和化学品,是实现“双碳”目标的关键路径之一[12]。其核心是利用可再生电能(如太阳能、风能)驱动CO2分子在催化剂表面发生还原反应。从热力学角度看,CO2分子呈线性且高度稳定,其碳原子处于最高氧化态(+4价)。将其还原至低氧化态产物,是一个典型的多电子、多质子耦合的复杂过程,该反应路径高度依赖催化剂的特性与反应环境,可能生成多种C1(如一氧化碳、甲酸等)乃至C2+产物(如乙烯、乙醇等),各路径之间相互存在竞争[34]。近期研究已明确认识到,实现高效、高选择性的CO2还原,尤其在追求高价值多碳产物时,仅靠优化催化剂表面结构已远远不够。
近期,研究者将研究重点聚焦于界面微环境的定量调控。洛桑联邦理工学院的Chang等[5]通过在铜(Cu)表面共价生长一层功能化的苯基团,探索其对CO2RR性能的影响。通过假设这种表面修饰能够改变界面水结构,从而影响质子耦合电子转移(PCET)过程,如图1[5]所示,进而提高C2+产物的生成效率。该研究揭示了表面修饰通过减少界面阳离子水合层,弱化氢键网络,增强水解离能力,进而提高质子供应,同时增加阳离子密度,强化局部电场,稳定C2+产物生成中间体的机制。重庆大学魏子栋团队[6]利用锡基材料控制电还原过程中对产物甲酸的定向选择。Sn在电催化CO2还原为甲酸时因吸附中间体过强,导致后续的脱附成为决速步骤,难脱附引起的不断加氢阻碍产物生成。对此,提出一种调控决速步骤的思路,通过不同电负性和原子半径的S、Se和Te来调控电化学还原过程中的界面吸附强度和Sn—Sn原子间距,从而获得一种平衡吸附的策略,最终提升了CO2还原到甲酸的选择性。
此外,通过对电子结构的精细调控,也可有效提升目标产物的产率与法拉第效率。重庆大学李存璞团队[7]通过精细调控电子结构,关键中间体*OCHO在Sb表面的对称吸附成功转变为在Te掺杂Sb电极上的非对称吸附。在该非对称吸附过程中,会形成一种高极性物质O=CH—Ounsy·,该物质能够轻易进行电子注入和氢化反应,从而完成还原过程,如图2[7]所示。最终,Te掺杂的锑碳纤维催化电极在流动池中表现出卓越的催化性能,达到98.4%±1.5%的甲酸盐法拉第效率,同时在相对于可逆氢电极(reversible hydrogen electrode,RHE)−1.6 V下连续运行22 h,法拉第效率保持约90%,电流密度稳定在约−95 mA/cm2
为实现工业化所需的电流密度(>200 mA/cm2),研究者的重心已从H型电解池迅速转移至膜电极组件和流动电解槽的设计。其中开发新型气体扩散电极(GDES),对优化CO2气相传输与电解液浸润的平衡提供了一种优异的研究思路。南京大学李朝升教授团队[8]开发了一种原位电聚合方法,提出酞菁钴在气体扩散电极上的直接共价接枝的方法。该方法以聚吡咯为连接桥梁,通过电聚合过程中引发的C—C偶联反应,依次将气体扩散电极与聚吡咯、聚吡咯与酞菁钴共价接枝,从而将催化剂稳固锚定在电极界面,如图3[8]所示。该策略不仅保障了催化位点的牢固负载与均匀分散,而且无需复杂的分子修饰或电极预处理,有效维持了电极的疏水特性,有利于CO2的高效传输。电化学测试结果显示,所制备的复合电极在保持酞菁钴本征氧化还原性质的基础上,其氧化还原峰电位明显负移,电流响应显著增强,初步表明聚吡咯与酞菁钴之间存在电子协同效应。
除了调控微环境和改善电极组件/电解槽来提高CO2RR性能之外,直接从空气中捕获的稀薄CO2或工业尾气中的杂质耐受性研究也成为研究热点。苏州科技大学杨鸿斌团队[9]研究了一类基于原子级相邻镍(Ni)和磷(P)位点的集成催化对(ICPs),即Ni1−Px/ICPs,其能够协同活化CO2和H2O,并在贫CO2条件下实现高选择性CO生产。电化学结果表明,即使在5 vol% CO2浓度下,Ni1–Px/ICPs仍能保持高CO选择性(~95%)和卓越的CO2RR催化活性。与传统的Ni单原子催化剂(Ni1/SACs)相比,ICPs在工业相关的低CO2浓度下表现出显著增强的CO2到CO转化性能。
电催化氮还原(nitrogen reduction reaction,NRR)反应由于其反应温和,可直接耦合可再生能源,成为合成氨的一种新技术。其核心原理是利用可再生电能(如太阳能、风能),在常温常压的电解质溶液中,驱动氮气(N2)和质子源(如H2O)在催化剂表面发生还原反应,直接合成氨[10]。然而NRR反应面临活性和选择性2大挑战,尤其是与氢气析出反应(HER)的竞争导致法拉第效率低。目前NRR研究主要集中在单原子催化(SACs)(如Fe、Mn、Ru、Cu、Au等),其在N2吸附和活化方面已有显著进展,但仍受限于对称电子分布和中间体吸附能之间的线性关系。双原子催化剂(DACs)通过异核金属对的电子不对称分布,可打破这种限制,增强N2吸附和PCET过程效率[1114]
南京大学夏兴华团队[15]报道了一种嵌入氮掺杂碳(NC)基质中的异核金属−金属键合双原子(DA)Mn−Cu催化位点的合成,如图4[15]所示,局域在双原子位点上的不对称电子分布协同增强了N2的吸附与活化,促进了复杂的质子耦合电子转移过程。与单原子(SA)−Mn/NC相比,DA−MnCu/NC在NRR反应性能上表现出4倍提升,不仅如此,该催化剂表现出长期稳定性,可在长时间运行中保持其性能。
目前较为成功的常温条件下电化学合成氨途径是基于非水相锂介导氮还原反应(Li−NRR),该反应最早于20世纪90年代由Tsuneto等[16]开展研究,锂介导N2电化学还原被认为是最具前景的常温常压“绿色”合成氨路径之一,可实现>95%的法拉第效率。然而,反应性能(如法拉第效率、产率)与施加电势的关系,以及电势如何影响关键的固体电解质界面(SEI)的组成和性质,此前由于缺乏稳定的参比电极而研究不清。代尔夫特理工大学Kortlever团队[17]报道并首次在高压(2 MPa N2)Li−NRR体系中,引入并验证了一种基于部分脱锂的LixFePO4(LFP)的稳定参比电极,如图5[17]所示。解决了传统准参比电极电位漂移的问题,实现了对工作电极电位的精确控制与测量,通过施加更负的电势可以驱动形成富含LiF的致密固体电解质界面(SEI),此SEI作为优异的传输调节器,是获得高氨法拉第效率的关键。
由于硝酸根离子在水中溶解度较高,且N=O键能(204 kJ/mol)较低,因此电催化硝酸盐还原反应(nitrate reduction reaction,NO3RR)的法拉第效率与氨产率通常显著高于氮气还原反应,此外,该方法还能以富含硝酸盐的废水为原料,兼具环境修复价值[1821]。NO3RR的核心在于开发对硝酸盐还原具有高选择性,同时能有效抑制析氢和亚硝酸盐副产物生成的催化剂。天津大学朱胜利团队[22]提出在Pt/np−Co2P催化剂上实现的氢溢流途径,氢气溢流机制如图6[22]所示。这是一种在宽电位范围内有效调控活性氢可用性并提升NO3RR性能的策略,Pt/np−Co2P催化剂在−0.1至−0.7 V(600 mV)的电位范围内实现了超过90%的高法拉第效率,并在1 A/cm2的分电流密度下保持约100%的法拉第效率,同时展现出优异的稳定性。
氢气作为一种高能量密度、环境友好的能源载体,被认为是最具发展前景的化石燃料替代品,因此受到了广泛关注[2325]。电化学水分解制氢技术因其高效、清洁的特点,被认为是实现氢气大规模生产的重要途径之一[26]。然而,该技术的大规模商业化应用仍面临着诸多挑战,其中最关键的问题之一便是高效、稳定电催化剂的开发。在电化学水分解过程中,氢气析出反应(hydrogen evolution reaction,HER)和氧气析出反应(oxygen evolution reaction,OER)是2个关键步骤[27]。近年来,过渡金属氧化物、硫化物和磷化物等材料因其独特的电子结构和丰富的活性位点,在电催化HER中展现出了巨大的潜力。基于此,研究人员在深入理解催化剂在电化学反应过程中的结构演变机制中,致力于开发出高稳定、高性能的电催化剂。
香港城市大学张文军课题组[28]报道了一种具有超长时间稳定性、高性能催化剂,通过对Co2Mo3O8预催化剂进行电位依赖性重建,得到了电化学稳定的Co(OH)2@Co2Mo3O8催化剂,额外的Mo以MoO42−的形式溶解到电解质中。Co(OH)2@Co2Mo3O8界面加速了Volmer反应,诱导的负电位Mo2O72−(来自MoO42−)进一步增强了质子吸附和H2解吸。通过MoO42−/Mo2O72−修饰的Co(OH)2@Co2Mo3O8催化剂在−0.4 V vs. RHE下实现了99.9%的法拉第效率和1.85 mol/h的产氢率。此外,该催化剂能在约100 mA/cm2下保持稳定超过1个月,具有较高的工业适用性。这为设计高性能、稳定的电催化剂提供重要的理论和实验依据。
在过去几年中,有机电合成领域的研究实现了从传统电解工艺优化向反应机制创新的关键跨越。其核心目标在于,通过对电子转移过程的精确调控,突破传统热化学方法在反应选择性与转化效率上的局限,从而为复杂分子的绿色、精准合成提供了全新的解决方案。
2025年研究的重大进展在于,将电化学从单纯的“电源”角色,提升为能够主动调控反应路径的“智能反应元件”。在有机反应中,控制反应的取代程度(如单取代或双取代)通常需要使用不同的试剂、反应条件和温度,这往往导致分离成本增加[2932]。简化这种复杂性,同时开发更直接、高效的方法来控制反应结果,一直是有机化学中的一个挑战。特别是对于芳基卤化物的合成,这些化合物在天然产物、农药和药物中广泛存在,其合成通常依赖于芳香化合物与分子卤素(Cl2、Br2、I2)的反应,但这种方法往往缺乏选择性,导致多卤代产物的复杂混合[33]。基于此,重庆大学李存璞团队[34]研究催化剂Bu4NBr在精准的电极电位调控下选择性地卤化芳胺衍生物,如图7[34]所示。在相对于标准氢电极(standard hydrogen electrode,SHE)1.38 V的情况下,通过生成卤素自由基(X·)实现选择性的对位卤化;而在较高电极电位(2.88 V vs. SHE)下,通过生成卤素阳离子(X+)实现双卤代产物的高效生成。这种方法无需使用氧化剂、过渡金属或外部碱,利用电极激活的独特能力提高底物的反应活性和反应效率。
氨基酸作为蛋白质的基础组成单元和人体代谢的关键调节剂,在食品、医药和化工等领域具有广泛应用。传统氨基酸生产主要依赖微生物发酵、酶催化和化学合成,但这些方法存在废水处理成本高、底物特异性强、使用有毒化学品等问题[3538]。电催化碳氮偶联作为一种多功能新兴策略,已成功实现尿素[39]、酰胺[40]、胺类[41]及肟等化合物的电合成。通过该路径合成氨基酸通常涉及羟胺对α−酮酸的亲核加成,随后对生成的肟进行还原。这种电合成方法具有操作简便、反应条件温和、底物适应性广等优势,为氨基酸合成提供了极具潜力的解决方案。
中国科学院化学研究所韩布兴课题组[42]提出通过质子调控策略来提高氨基酸电合成选择性与生产速率的方法。在原位电还原/结构重构的纳米枝状铋催化剂上,通过α−酮酸与含氮源(如硝酸盐)的C—N耦合制备氨基酸,如图8[42]所示。他们以草酸和硝酸盐电还原合成甘氨酸(Gly)为模型产物研究质子的影响,发现在硝酸盐还原过程中,适宜的质子浓度促使*NH2OH中间体以质子化形态(NH3OH+)从催化剂表面脱附,有效阻止其进一步还原为氨,从而为甘氨酸合成保留关键中间物。同时在最佳质子浓度下,乙醛酸肟通过质子耦合电子转移主导的加氢路径高效还原为甘氨酸。基于此质子调控机制,通过优化各步骤反应电位设计了顺序还原策略,实现了甘氨酸电合成性能的突破。
聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate,PET)作为全球产量第4大的热塑性聚合物,PET的高化学稳定性也导致其在自然环境中极难降解,其生命周期估计超过450 a[4344]。目前全球PET回收率不足11%,大量废弃PET进入填埋场或自然环境,造成严重生态污染和资源浪费[45]。传统的PET回收方法主要包括机械回收、热回收与化学回收。机械回收虽工艺简单,但多次循环后材料性能显著下降;热回收过程能耗高且伴随有毒气体排放;化学回收虽可实现单体再生,但普遍存在反应条件苛刻、催化剂失活快、经济性差等问题。因此,亟需开发一种绿色、高效、可持续的PET回收与升级利用新策略[46]。近年来,电催化升级回收技术因其反应条件温和、过程可控、可与可再生能源耦合等优势,成为塑料废弃物高值化利用的前沿方向。通过电化学氧化PET水解产物(如对苯二甲酸和乙二醇),可同步制备甲酸、甲酸盐、乙二醇酸等高附加值化学品,并与阴极反应(如产氢、CO2还原、硝酸盐还原)耦合(如图9[47]所示),构建能量与物质协同转化体系。
中南大学林璋课题组[48]以(M = Mn,Fe,Co,Cu,Ni)为模型催化剂,研究发现晶格氧活性是调控废弃聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯电化学升级的关键因素。其中 NiCo2O4 表现出最高的氧活性,最多的O 2p配体空穴和最接近费米能级的O 2p带中心,促进晶格氧参与表面电氧化反应,实现98.3%的甲酸选择性和98.9%的法拉第效率,为过渡金属催化剂中最高之一。该团队后续研究进一步演示了真实废弃PET的直接电催化升级回收,估算每吨回收PET可获利739美元,证明了其经济可行性。
将生物质资源转化为高附加值化学品,对于可再生碳资源增值具有重要意义[4950]。其中5−羟甲基糠醛(HMF)、甘油等生物质衍生物选择性氧化为2,5−呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)、羟基乙酸等高附加值化学品,是阳极反应的明星方向。近期的进展在于开发低成本、高活性的非贵金属催化剂,利用广泛存在且具备可再生特性的生物质资源作为原料,合成高附加值化学品,正展现出广阔的发展前景[5152]。FDCA作为一种核心的生物基平台化合物,有望取代石油基单体对苯二甲酸合成可降解聚酯等材料。电催化氧化HMF是制备FDCA的一种重要途径,开发高效的电催化材料非常必要。
华中科技大学王得丽团队[53]通过制备苯甲酸配体杂化的BZ−NiCo(OH)x纳米线催化剂。苯甲酸配体具有很强的吸电子能力,可促进晶格羟基的活化,从而在纳米线表面产生大量的高价Ni3+/Co3+活性位点。Ni/Co位点协同促进羟基和醛基转化为羧基,从而使BZ−NiCo(OH)x纳米线表现出优异的HMF氧化活性,在1.4 V时的电流密度高达111.2 mA/cm2。同时,BZ−NiCo(OH)x可以实现99.56%的HMF转化率、97.33%的FDCA产率和96.59%的法拉第效率。此外,在1.4 V下连续进行5次电氧化循环后,仍能保持较高的FDCA产率和法拉第效率。同时,在NiCo(OH)x中引入苯酚、苯磺酸和苯基亚膦酸配体也证实了配体杂化策略的普遍性。
近年来,电催化合成领域在基础研究与技术应用层面均取得了系统性进展,研究范式呈现出从“局部优化”向“全局协同”的深刻转变。在无机分子转化方面,研究焦点已超越对催化剂本征活性的孤立探索,深入至对“催化剂−界面−微环境−系统”多尺度耦合机制的解析与调控。针对CO2还原,通过界面工程、电极结构创新及原料适应性拓展,C2+产物的选择性与反应电流密度得以协同提升;氮还原研究则通过开发新型双原子催化剂、锂介导机制以及开拓硝酸盐还原氢溢流新机制,在活性和选择性上获得了重要突破;电解水制氢催化剂的设计更加注重动态重构与长效稳定。在有机电合成方面,研究实现了从工艺优化到机制创新的跨越,通过精准调控电子转移路径,实现了芳基卤化物的电位依赖性选择性合成、氨基酸的绿色电合成,并成功将废弃PET塑料和生物质分子高效转化为高附加值化学品,展现了电化学在实现精准合成与资源循环方面的独特优势。
此外,电化学合成技术将持续拓展。在科学认知层面,研究将从静态表征走向动态追踪与实时调控。利用原位表征技术,深刻揭示催化活性位点在真实电势、特定微环境及反应物传质过程中的动态演化规律。对界面双电层结构、局域pH值、离子浓度梯度等微环境的精准设计与主动调控,将成为突破选择性瓶颈的关键;在工程化层面,发展重点将从实验室的催化剂转向面向工业放大的膜电极组件与模块化电解槽。通过设计高导电、高稳定、抗污染的新型膜材料,优化三相界面结构,并建立电极与电解质的匹配原则,旨在持续提升反应器的能量效率、运行稳定性和规模化生产能力。在跨学科融合方面,电催化合成将进一步突破传统反应边界。一方面,与生物催化、热催化等过程相结合,发展“电−生物”或“电−热”级联催化策略,实现难以通过单一途径获得的高值化学品合成;另一方面,其应用场景将从单纯的小分子转化延伸至复杂原料的升级再造,构建以可再生碳资源为起点的“电合成−循环”的新路线,真正实现从分子到产品的全链条碳减排。
通过以上路径的持续推进,基础科学的不断突破与工程技术的迭代创新,电催化合成有望重塑化学工业的底层逻辑,为实现碳中和目标与绿色化学制造提供核心科技支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(22478043)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(22075033)
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2026年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00084
  • 接收时间:2025-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-03
  • 出版时间:2026-01-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-16
  • 修回日期:2026-01-05
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(22478043)
国家自然科学基金项目(22075033)
作者信息
    1重庆大学化学化工学院,重庆 400044
    2重庆大学锂电及新材料遂宁研究院,遂宁 629000

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李存璞(通信作者),教授,研究方向为锂金属硫电池和有机电化学合成,电子信箱:;
魏子栋(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为新能源材料化学与化工,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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