Article(id=1225386827922719009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=1752854400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770084586363, onlineDateStr=2026-02-03, pubDate=1768233600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769616000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770084586363, creator=system, updateTime=1774080485185, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1225386825246748695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2026', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='140', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768233600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770084585703, creator='system', updateTime=1774331268156, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243198702408544966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243198702408544967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1225386825246748695, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=102, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1225386829206176054, articleId=1225386827922719009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Survey on self−interference suppression technologies for co−time co−frequency transmit−receive arrays, columnId=1150494644690366681, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Driven by dual demands of intensive frequency utilization in military electronic warfare equipment and high−spectral−efficiency communication in civilian devices, the co−time co−frequency transmit−receive array technology has become a research hotspot. However, this technology faces serious self−interference problems, which restricts its performance improvement. This review comprehensively synthesizes recent advancements in self−interference suppression techniques, covering interference coupling channels, spatial, analog, and digital domain mitigation strategies, and experimental validations. Current state−of−the−art demonstrates a transmit–receive isolation of 137.3 dB for a 256×256 transmit–receive separated array at a 26.4 GHz center frequency in China, and 140.5 dB for a 4×4 transmit–receive separated array at 2.45 GHz in America, approaching engineering viability. Nonetheless, the widespread adoption of large−scale multi−antenna systems in complex environments exposes these arrays to intense near−field multi−dimensional cross−coupling interference. Future research priorities should include elucidating near−field interference mechanisms, optimizing spatial degrees of freedom, simplifying analog domain processing, and refining non−ideal factor compensation models, thereby enabling practical deployment of this transformative technology.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jian YANG, Mu YAN, Changqing SONG, Dian XIAO, Chengzhe SHI, Shihai SHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Changqing SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1225386832754557336, articleId=1225386827922719009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=同时同频收发阵列自干扰抑制研究, columnId=1146540929516700224, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在军用电子战装备密集用频、民用设备高频谱效率通信的双重需求驱动下,同时同频收发阵列技术因其高效频谱复用特性受到广泛关注。但收发通道间的强自干扰导致接收灵敏度显著恶化,成为其工程化应用的关键技术壁垒。系统梳理了同时同频收发阵列自干扰抑制技术的研究进展,涵盖自干扰耦合信道、空间域抑制、模拟域抑制、数字域抑制及实验验证5个方面。目前国内针对256发256收同时同频收发分置阵面在26.4 GHz载频处实现了137.3 dB的收发隔离度,国外针对4发4收同时同频收发分置阵面在2.45 GHz载频处实现了140.5 dB的收发隔离度,基本具备工程实用化条件;然而随着军民领域大规模多天线阵列用频设备的广泛部署,同时同频收发阵列将面临更严峻的近场多维交叉耦合强自干扰挑战。未来研究应聚焦于明确近场自干扰耦合机理、优化空间自由度利用、降低模拟域重建复杂度以及完善非理想因素补偿策略,以推动同时同频收发阵列技术的发展与应用。

, authors=

杨健,研究员,研究方向为电磁频谱感知识别与定位技术,电子信箱:

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宋长庆(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为同时同频发射接收信号处理技术,电子信箱:
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杨健,研究员,研究方向为电磁频谱感知识别与定位技术,电子信箱:

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研究机构阵列架构阵元数目频点/GHz带宽/MHzEIRP/dBm抑制方案隔离度/dB
MIT林肯实验室[69]收发
阵面
分离
7T−3R0.370.130空间域55.0
岩手大学[70]4T−4R2.40.110空间域+数字域76.0
南洋理工大学[71]2T−4R4.52012空间域97.0
坦佩雷理工大学[72]2T−2R2.4720空间域+模拟域
+数字域
100.0
电子科技大学[73]256T−256R26.480054空间域+数字域137.3
查尔姆斯理工大学[74]15T−15R3.5空间域80.0
莱斯大学[12]36T−36R2.420空间域+数字域87.0
MIT林肯实验室[75]8T−1R2.453024.2空间域+模拟域104.3
MIT林肯实验室[76]4T−4R2.4510044.8空间域+数字域140.5
中电14所[77]30T−10R10单音空间域+数字域150.0
哥伦比亚大学[78]收发
阵面
集成
8T−8R1.6520空间域+数字域60
哥伦比亚大学[79]8T−8R0.7316.2516.5空间域+数字域100
), ArticleFig(id=1242146886442889463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1225386827922719009, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

同时同频收发阵列自干扰抑制实验验证研究现状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究机构阵列架构阵元数目频点/GHz带宽/MHzEIRP/dBm抑制方案隔离度/dB
MIT林肯实验室[69]收发
阵面
分离
7T−3R0.370.130空间域55.0
岩手大学[70]4T−4R2.40.110空间域+数字域76.0
南洋理工大学[71]2T−4R4.52012空间域97.0
坦佩雷理工大学[72]2T−2R2.4720空间域+模拟域
+数字域
100.0
电子科技大学[73]256T−256R26.480054空间域+数字域137.3
查尔姆斯理工大学[74]15T−15R3.5空间域80.0
莱斯大学[12]36T−36R2.420空间域+数字域87.0
MIT林肯实验室[75]8T−1R2.453024.2空间域+模拟域104.3
MIT林肯实验室[76]4T−4R2.4510044.8空间域+数字域140.5
中电14所[77]30T−10R10单音空间域+数字域150.0
哥伦比亚大学[78]收发
阵面
集成
8T−8R1.6520空间域+数字域60
哥伦比亚大学[79]8T−8R0.7316.2516.5空间域+数字域100
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杨健 1, 2 , 严牧 2 , 宋长庆 2, 3, * , 肖典 2, 4 , 时成哲 2, 4 , 邵士海 2, 4
科技导报 | 研究论文 2026,44(1): 102-115
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科技导报 |研究论文 2026 , 44 (1) : 102 -115
同时同频收发阵列自干扰抑制研究
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2电磁空间认知技术国家级重点实验室,北京 100089, bio={"content":"

杨健,研究员,研究方向为电磁频谱感知识别与定位技术,电子信箱:

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杨健,研究员,研究方向为电磁频谱感知识别与定位技术,电子信箱:

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杨健1, 2 , 严牧2, 宋长庆2, 3, * , 肖典2, 4, 时成哲2, 4, 邵士海2, 4
作者信息
  • 1北京理工大学网络空间安全学院,北京 100081
  • 2电磁空间认知技术国家级重点实验室,北京 100089
  • 3南京航空航天大学航天学院,南京 211106
  • 4电子科技大学通信抗干扰全国重点实验室,成都 611731
通讯作者:
宋长庆(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为同时同频发射接收信号处理技术,电子信箱:
Survey on self−interference suppression technologies for co−time co−frequency transmit−receive arrays
Jian YANG1, 2 , Mu YAN2, Changqing SONG2, 3, * , Dian XIAO2, 4, Chengzhe SHI2, 4, Shihai SHAO2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Cognition and Intelligent Control Technology, Beijing 100089, China
  • 3College of Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aerospace and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
  • 4National Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
出版时间: 2026-01-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00014
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在军用电子战装备密集用频、民用设备高频谱效率通信的双重需求驱动下,同时同频收发阵列技术因其高效频谱复用特性受到广泛关注。但收发通道间的强自干扰导致接收灵敏度显著恶化,成为其工程化应用的关键技术壁垒。系统梳理了同时同频收发阵列自干扰抑制技术的研究进展,涵盖自干扰耦合信道、空间域抑制、模拟域抑制、数字域抑制及实验验证5个方面。目前国内针对256发256收同时同频收发分置阵面在26.4 GHz载频处实现了137.3 dB的收发隔离度,国外针对4发4收同时同频收发分置阵面在2.45 GHz载频处实现了140.5 dB的收发隔离度,基本具备工程实用化条件;然而随着军民领域大规模多天线阵列用频设备的广泛部署,同时同频收发阵列将面临更严峻的近场多维交叉耦合强自干扰挑战。未来研究应聚焦于明确近场自干扰耦合机理、优化空间自由度利用、降低模拟域重建复杂度以及完善非理想因素补偿策略,以推动同时同频收发阵列技术的发展与应用。

同时同频收发阵列  /  自干扰抑制  /  空间域  /  模拟域  /  数字域

Driven by dual demands of intensive frequency utilization in military electronic warfare equipment and high−spectral−efficiency communication in civilian devices, the co−time co−frequency transmit−receive array technology has become a research hotspot. However, this technology faces serious self−interference problems, which restricts its performance improvement. This review comprehensively synthesizes recent advancements in self−interference suppression techniques, covering interference coupling channels, spatial, analog, and digital domain mitigation strategies, and experimental validations. Current state−of−the−art demonstrates a transmit–receive isolation of 137.3 dB for a 256×256 transmit–receive separated array at a 26.4 GHz center frequency in China, and 140.5 dB for a 4×4 transmit–receive separated array at 2.45 GHz in America, approaching engineering viability. Nonetheless, the widespread adoption of large−scale multi−antenna systems in complex environments exposes these arrays to intense near−field multi−dimensional cross−coupling interference. Future research priorities should include elucidating near−field interference mechanisms, optimizing spatial degrees of freedom, simplifying analog domain processing, and refining non−ideal factor compensation models, thereby enabling practical deployment of this transformative technology.

co−time co−frequency transmit−receive arrays  /  self−interference suppression  /  spatial domain  /  analog domain  /  digital domain
杨健, 严牧, 宋长庆, 肖典, 时成哲, 邵士海. 同时同频收发阵列自干扰抑制研究. 科技导报, 2026 , 44 (1) : 102 -115 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00014
Jian YANG, Mu YAN, Changqing SONG, Dian XIAO, Chengzhe SHI, Shihai SHAO. Survey on self−interference suppression technologies for co−time co−frequency transmit−receive arrays[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (1) : 102 -115 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00014
随着现代军民场景对电磁频谱利用向大容量、多功能、高集成方向发展,传统基于分时、分频、分空域的频谱协调技术已难以满足需求[1]。在民用领域,如图1(a)所示,现有无线电系统为规避设备间干扰采用分时或分频工作模式,致使频谱效率损失达50%[2];在军事领域,如图1(b)所示,作战平台电子设备集群化部署加剧频谱使用密集程度,同频收发互干扰问题在有限空间内尤为突出,严重制约频谱资源的高效利用[3]
同时同频发射接收信号处理技术通过主动抑制集成平台电磁自干扰,在理论层面可使频谱效率倍增,为侦察、干扰、探测、通信、导航的同时同频一体化集成提供关键技术路径。近年来,大规模天线阵列在各类用频设备中的广泛应用与持续演进,促使为阵列系统赋予同时同频收发能力的需求愈发强烈。这一能力将为下一代移动通信系统、电子战多功能一体化装备及空天地融合通信网络,提供具备高可靠性与高频谱效率的底层技术支撑,有力推动相关领域的技术革新与产业升级[4]
在同时同频发射接收信号处理技术与阵列天线融合应用中,存在2种主流设计架构:其一为收发分离同时同频阵列,如图2(a)所示,采用空间分置的双天线阵列分别承担发射与接收功能;其二为收发集成同时同频阵列,如图2(b)所示,单个阵元兼具收发功能。2类架构的核心差异在于天线单元的收发模式,但其均面临共性技术瓶颈[5]:有限空间内收发阵列单元的密集部署,使接收阵列遭受多维交叉耦合产生的强自干扰[6],进而引发接收灵敏度下降、射频前端低噪声放大器非线性饱和等问题,严重制约系统性能提升。
针对同时同频收发阵列中的强自干扰难题,当前国内外研究主要聚焦3个方向:一是,开展同时同频收发阵列自干扰耦合信道分析,通过实验测量收发阵面的自干扰耦合功率,并构建自干扰信道理论模型、解析其耦合信道特性;二是,设计同时同频收发阵列自干扰抑制算法,从空间域、模拟域、数字域3个维度,实现自干扰抑制与目标信号提取;三是,进行同时同频收发阵列自干扰抑制实验验证,研制原理验证样机并在典型实验环境下检验自干扰抑制效能与关键技术指标。本研究将系统梳理上述研究进展,研究框架如图3所示,旨在为突破该技术瓶颈提供基础支撑。
通过系统的实验测量,精确刻画阵列自干扰的功率分布、时空频率特性,并深入剖析阵列间自干扰耦合机制,为自干扰抑制算法的设计与性能验证提供关键数据依据。现有研究多聚焦于单发单收场景,而针对阵列系统的自干扰测量尚处于起步阶段,且研究频段主要集中于毫米波频段。相关测量工作主要涵盖收发波束间与收发阵元间自干扰测量2个维度。
1) 波束间自干扰测量。在同时同频收发阵列自干扰功率水平研究方面,已有学者开展初步探索。2014年,德国Infineon Technologies公司[7]针对毫米波频段同时同频收发无线回传系统,在28 GHz载频、8×8均匀平面阵列上,对室内外环境分别进行波束扫描实验;结果表明,现有隔离措施提供的收发隔离度仅为60~80 dB,显著低于该场景中110 dB的收发隔离度需求,亟需加入额外的自干扰抑制手段。2022年,德国Fraunhofer HHI毫米波研究所[8]聚焦城市街道场景,利用2个8×8毫米波频段相控阵及一个标准定向喇叭天线,对26.5~28.5 GHz频段自干扰信道的频率响应与时延功率谱展开测量;实验发现,相控阵与定向喇叭天线间的耦合强度高度依赖于波束转向配置,当两者波束对齐时耦合强度急剧上升,并且自干扰信道多径效应显著增强。
针对现有实验存在扫描波束数量不足、难以完整表征自干扰耦合空间分布特性的问题,2022年美国加州大学洛杉矶分校[9]基于第3代合作伙伴计划(3rd generation partnership project,3GPP)定义的同时同频收发集成接入与回传系统配置,在28 GHz频段、16×16均匀平面阵的微波暗室环境下,开展近650万次的大规模自干扰测量实验,并系统分析自干扰功率随波束转向的空间变化规律与角度扩散特性。实验结果表明,当发射波束与接收波束相向互指时,自干扰功率达到峰值;而波束指向发生微小变化(约1°)时,自干扰功率产生显著波动,揭示出自干扰功率空间分布对波束指向的高度敏感性。究其原因,在于收发阵列间距仅30 cm,处于近场环境的波束并非“高度定向”,使自干扰功率随波束指向发生剧烈波动。
总体来说,当前毫米波频段同时同频收发阵列的自干扰测量研究已积累一定成果,但低频段阵列系统的自干扰研究仍较为匮乏,且大多局限于单天线配置[10]。由于低频段在信号传播特性、天线阵列配置及多径效应机制等方面与毫米波频段存在本质差异,针对低频段阵列系统自干扰耦合特性的系统性研究亟待开展,以填补该领域理论与技术研究缺口。
2) 阵元间自干扰测量。在阵元间自干扰测量研究方面,已有成果呈现多维度探索态势。2024年,加拿大麦吉尔大学[11]利用一对交叉极化8×8矩形天线阵列,于微波暗室内完成实验,发现在3.5 GHz中心频率、20 MHz带宽条件下,阵元间平均收发隔离度可达56 dB;2016年,美国Numerica Corporation机构[12]通过室内外环境对比测量,证实阵元间耦合强度存在显著空间差异:相邻阵元耦合较强,收发隔离度低至15 dB;室外远距离收发阵元隔离度可达60 dB以上,而室内环境远距离收发阵元隔离度普遍低于50 dB,并且对于相距较远的阵元,环境反射的回波耦合功率要强于直接路径耦合功率。
在阵元间自干扰功率特性研究层面,2024年中国电子科技集团公司第二十八研究所[13]基于30发10收的收发分离同时同频阵列,分析9、10 GHz等单一频率下收发阵元的耦合特性,揭示工作频率会对阵元间耦合特性产生显著影响;2025年美国麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology,MIT)林肯实验室[14]依托收发集成同时同频贴片天线阵列,证实阵元辐射的H面耦合强于E面耦合,并提出插入金属墙可有效抑制收发阵元间互耦,且金属墙高度与耦合强度呈显著负相关。
总体来说,阵元间耦合侧重于单个阵元间的电磁互作用,如表面波、近场感应电流等;波束间耦合则指阵列通过波束赋形形成的整体辐射波束之间的相互干扰,其强度不仅取决于阵元间的局部耦合,还与阵列规模、波束指向、赋形算法、多径环境等全局参数紧密相关。因此,仅依赖提升局部隔离度却忽略波束域的全局耦合,会导致局部隔离度改善但系统级抑制效果未同步提升。并且,现有阵元间耦合模型在动态波束调制、多径近远场转换及大规模阵列尺度效应等方面存在局限,无法单独支撑波束间耦合的准确刻画;即便掌握了局部耦合参数,也难以直接推导出赋形后波束域的自干扰特性。
由此可见,尽管上述研究已覆盖不同频段与阵列配置下的阵元间自干扰耦合测量,为波束耦合分析提供了基础,但其静态特性和局部特性不足以替代对阵元耦合到波束耦合整体映射与物理机理的系统揭示,这成为制约该领域理论突破的关键瓶颈。
在同时同频收发阵列系统中,自干扰耦合信道主要包含收发阵列间的直接耦合与环境反射体的回波耦合2部分。然而,受系统空间布局约束,收发阵列间距通常小于远场距离阈值,使自干扰耦合信道呈现近场球面波传输特性[1516]。当前,阵列近场自干扰信道模型多基于经验信道模型的拓展构建,具体阐述如下。
1) 近场球面波传输信道模型。在近场自干扰信道经验模型研究领域,美国佐治亚理工学院[17]和挪威Telenor Research and Innovation电信公司[18]研究证实,远场平面波模型无法准确描述近场耦合环境特性。为此,2家机构提出采用球面波模型刻画近场信号传播过程中的功率衰减与相位变化特征,其表达式为
$ \left[{{H}}_{\text{SI}}\right]_{m,n}=\frac{\rho}{r_{m,n}}\exp\left(-\mathrm{j}2\text{π}\frac{r_{m,n}}{\lambda_c}\right) $
式中,$ {r}_{m,n} $表示第$ m $个发射阵元与第$ n $个接收阵元间的物理间距,该参数由实际收发阵列空间几何布局决定,$ {\lambda }_{c} $为载波波长,$ \rho $为归一化常数因子。
2) 近远场结合的莱斯信道模型。针对同时同频收发阵列中近远场共存的自干扰耦合现象,北京大学[19]与扬州大学[20]利用远场射线模型与近场球面波模型相结合的莱斯信道模型,实现了对近远场自干扰耦合效应的统一表征。进一步地,美国加州大学洛杉矶分校[15]及英国南安普敦大学[21]聚焦毫米波等高频信号的波束角度稀疏特性,将近场交叉耦合信道等效拆解为远场回波不同离开角和到达角的子径叠加,有效刻画了多径反射的角度扩展效应;提出融合了远近场传播效应的同时同频收发阵列自干扰耦合信道模型,包含近场直接耦合分量与远场回波反射分量,可表示为
$ {{H}}_{\text{SI}}=\sqrt{\frac{\kappa}{\kappa+1}}{{H}}_{\text{LOS}}+\sqrt{\frac{1}{\kappa+1}}{{H}}_{\text{NLOS}} $
式中,$ \kappa $为莱斯因子,用于描述直接耦合与多径反射分量的相对强度;直接耦合分量$ {{H}}_{\text{LOS}} $采用式(1)所示的球面波传输模型表征,多径反射分量$ {{H}}_{\text{NLOS}} $则采用扩展后的Saleh−Valenzuela信道模型[22]表征,即
$ {{H}}_{\text{NLOS}}=\sum\limits_{c=1}^{N_{\text{clust}}}\sum\limits_{r=1}^{N_{\text{rays}}}\beta_{c,\mathit{\mathrm{\mathit{r}}}}\alpha_{\text{rx}}\left(\theta_{c,r}\right)\alpha_{\text{tx}}^{\text{H}}\left(\phi_{c,r}\right) $
式中,$ {N}_{\text{clust}} $表示多径簇的数目,$ {N}_{\text{rays}} $表示每个簇内的多径数目,$ {\beta }_{c,r} $表示每个多径分量的随机增益,$ {{\alpha }}_{\text{tx}} $$ {{\alpha }}_{\text{rx}} $分别为发射阵列和接收阵列的导向矢量,$ {\phi }_{c,r} $$ {\theta }_{c,r} $分别表示第$ c $个簇中第$ r $条多径分量的离开角和到达角。进一步地,文献[23]考虑了远场多径反射所产生的时延分量,将该模型拓展至宽带应用场景,提升了其普适性与工程实用性。
3) 基于实测数据的统计信道模型。2022年,美国加州大学洛杉矶分校[9,24]基于实测数据揭示,受阵列外壳、周围环境及非各向同性天线单元等非理想条件影响,传统基于几何拓扑的理想球面波信道模型难以精准描述实际的自干扰耦合特性,为此提出基于实测数据的近场自干扰信道表征方法。2023年,该校利用毫米波阵列信号高路径损耗引发的空间角度稀疏特性[9,25],在等效远场子径叠加模型的基础上,探索了自干扰耦合的小尺度变化与角度扩展特征,成功构建可表征不同收发波束角度下自干扰功率的毫米波频段阵列近场自干扰耦合信道模型。
总体来说,尽管上述研究已从几何拓扑、信号带宽及反射路径等维度,系统刻画了近场自干扰耦合的时域扩展与频域选择性特征,并基于阵元加权和角度变化刻画了阵列近场自干扰信道的功率特征,但现有模型多假定阵元间耦合相互独立,尚未充分考虑阵元互耦效应引发的信道相关性。因此,构建包含互耦效应的完备近场自干扰信道模型,成为当前该领域亟需突破的关键科学问题。
在同时同频收发阵列系统中,空间域自干扰抑制主要采用被动隔离与主动抑制2种技术路径。被动隔离技术通过优化天线结构设计、引入特殊物理屏障等方式,实现自干扰信号的物理衰减,具有成本低廉、实现复杂度低的特点,适用于环境参数相对稳定的静态场景。主动抑制技术则充分挖掘多天线系统的空间自由度,基于波束赋形算法在收发阵列近场区域形成自干扰零陷,在环境快速变化的动态场景中展现出显著优势。实际工程应用中,通常需要将2种技术有机融合,形成互补优化机制,以实现自干扰抑制效能的最大化。
在同时同频收发阵列系统中,自干扰主要以表面波和空间波2种形式从发射天线耦合至接收天线。其中,表面波耦合源于馈电结构激励引发的电路板介质表面电磁耦合;空间波耦合则是发射天线辐射的电磁波经空间反射等过程,在接收天线上产生感应电流。空间域被动隔离技术以降低收发天线间表面波耦合、提升收发隔离度为核心目标,依据实现方式可划分为无需增加额外结构与需要增加额外结构2类技术路径。
1) 不需要增加额外结构。在无额外辅助结构介入的情况下,通过优化天线设计与布局,挖掘天线固有特性以抑制天线表面波耦合、提升隔离度,包括天线空间分离、极化分集和方向图分集3种技术路径。
(1) 天线空间分离:依据电磁波传播特性与Friis自由空间传播损耗公式[26],收发天线间的自干扰强度与天线间距呈反比关系。因此,增加天线间距可有效提升收发天线隔离度,但受设备物理尺寸约束,仅适用于空间充裕场景。
(2) 天线极化分集:利用极化正交特性实现收发天线去耦合(如水平极化发射与垂直极化接收),或者将相同极化的收发天线以正交方式布置,通过降低收发天线间的相关性抑制自干扰[2728],如图4(a)所示。
(3) 天线方向图分集:通过优化天线布局,使各天线方向相互处于零陷区域,从而削弱耦合强度[2930]图4(b)展示了一种环形天线阵列排布方式,不同天线通过线性相位调节构建近场零陷与全向远场辐射模式。虽然该技术可实现理想隔离与辐射特性,但需多个发射天线元件以环形方式排列在接收天线元件周围,在空间受限场景中的应用存在显著局限性。
2) 需要增加额外结构。在保持天线固有结构特性不变的前提下,可通过引入额外去耦结构提升收发隔离度。依据去耦结构特性,主要分为耦合场对消、带阻滤波和耦合网络3类技术。
(1) 耦合场对消去耦:通过在天线间加载谐振结构,产生与直接耦合场幅值相等、相位相反的间接耦合场,实现场域对消以提升隔离度[31]。典型的中和线去耦[3233]技术如图5(a)所示,通过在收发天线间增设金属条带抵消天线表面耦合电流、降低互耦效应。该方法具有结构紧凑、去耦效果显著的优势,但对天线馈电形式存在特定要求,通用性受限。
(2) 带阻滤波去耦:在天线耦合路径上嵌入带阻型谐振结构,通过阻挡表面波电流传输,减弱互耦影响、提高隔离度,包括电磁带隙结构[3435]、缺陷地结构[3637]和地板枝节[3839]等典型技术。其中,电磁带隙结构由周期排列的电导金属或有耗介质单元构成,如图5(b)所示,利用结构谐振特性产生的高阻抗特性,阻断表面波及空间波传播路径,实现有效去耦。
(3) 耦合网络去耦:在天线单元间插入定制化阻抗元件构建去耦网络,如图5(c)所示,其核心原理与耦合场对消技术类似,均基于间接耦合场抵消机制。不同之处在于,该方法通过馈电网络引入间接耦合场,而不是直接在天线间添加谐振结构[4042]。由于在设计去耦合网络时将阵列天线等效成微波网络,不依赖于天线的具体结构,因而具备更强的通用性;然而,外接元件引入的馈电损耗会降低天线辐射效率,且可能破坏原有电路谐振特性,需要重新设计阻抗匹配网络,增大工程实现复杂度。
总体来说,被动隔离技术具有低成本、低复杂度等优势,但只能抑制自干扰传输过程中的表面波耦合、无法处理空间波耦合,在隔离效能上存在固有局限。因此,在实际工程应用中,常将被动隔离与主动抑制技术相结合,通过优势互补优化提升自干扰抑制性能。
作为被动隔离技术的重要补充,空间域主动自干扰抑制技术通过动态调节波束赋形的幅相加权系数,优化波束辐射方向图,在空间传播路径上主动隔离收发信号、降低自干扰功率[4345]。依据波束赋形实现架构差异,其幅相调控可通过可调衰减器、移相器等模拟器件完成,也可以借助数字处理模块实现,由此衍生出发射与接收波束赋形2类抑制技术。
1) 发射波束赋形自干扰抑制。该技术通过优化发射波束的辐射方向图,在接收阵列处构建近场零陷区域,从而抑制接收阵元处的自干扰功率、保护接收射频前端的低噪声放大器免于饱和[44]。如图6(a)所示,$ {{f}}_{\text{tx}} $表示发射波束赋形矢量,$ {{H}}_{\text{SI}} $表示空口自干扰耦合信道矩阵,则接收阵元上的自干扰强度可表示为$ {{H}}_{\text{SI}}{{f}}_{\text{tx}} $。图中绿色矢量与自干扰信道的行空间完全正交,此时可完全消除接收自干扰,但会导致发射波束方向性模糊与增益损失。蓝色矢量表示常规的发射波束赋形,在期望发射方向上具有高分辨率和高增益优势,但在自干扰矩阵行空间上的投影较大、会在接收阵列处产生强自干扰。因此,最优发射波束赋形矢量应介于绿色和蓝色矢量之间,如红色矢量所示,以在自干扰抑制效果与发射波束性能之间寻求平衡。
2) 接收波束赋形自干扰抑制。该技术通过优化接收波束的辐射方向图,在发射阵列处构建近场零陷区域,进而降低接收端自干扰强度[45]。如图6(b)所示,$ {{w}}_{\text{rx}} $表示接收波束赋形矢量,$ {{w}}_{\text{rx}}^{\text{T}}{{H}}_{\text{SI}}{{f}}_{\text{tx}} $表示从发射端耦合至接收端的自干扰强度。当选取与自干扰泄露矢量(紫色矢量)垂直的接收波束赋形矢量(绿色矢量)时,可完全抑制自干扰,但会导致接收波束方向性模糊与增益损失;常规接收波束赋形(蓝色矢量)虽在目标接收方向性能优异,却无法有效抑制自干扰。因此与发射波束赋形类似,最优接收波束赋形矢量应介于绿色和蓝色矢量之间,如红色矢量所示,以在抑制效果与接收波束性能之间寻求平衡。
总体来说,尽管阵列天线提供了丰富的空间自由度,但在实际工程应用中,受限于硬件复杂度、计算资源等约束条件,需要对有限的空间自由度进行高效分配,以实现自干扰抑制性能与波束赋形性能的最优协同与平衡。
模拟域自干扰抑制架构如图7所示,该技术基于本地发射参考信号的先验信息,通过构建额外的自干扰重建链路,生成与接收端自干扰反相的重建信号,从而实现自干扰抑制。根据实现方式不同,分为直接耦合模拟域自干扰抑制与数字辅助模拟域自干扰抑制两种架构。作为空间域自干扰抑制技术的重要延伸,模拟域自干扰抑制能够进一步削减进入接收射频前端的自干扰功率,不仅可有效避免低噪声放大器饱和,还能显著降低模数转换器的量化动态范围损耗[4647],为提升系统整体性能提供关键技术支撑。
直接耦合模拟域自干扰抑制以发射链路功放输出信号为参考源,通过时域或频域多抽头滤波器重建并抑制接收射频前端的自干扰,包含时域重建和频域重建2种技术路径。
1) 时域重建架构:如图8(a)所示,该架构将发射功放输出的参考信号功分至多个模拟抽头单元,各抽头分别对参考信号实施时延、幅值与相位的独立调节,随后将处理后的多路信号合路生成自干扰重建信号[4849]。其性能依赖于抽头数量以及抽头时延覆盖范围,在应对大带宽、多径效应显著的自干扰信号时,需部署大量模拟抽头以实现有效抑制,由此导致计算复杂度与硬件实现成本大幅攀升。
2) 频域重建架构:如图8(b)所示,该架构在整体框架上与时域方案具有相似性,但在模拟抽头单元设计上存在本质差异。频域重建抽头集成可调衰减器与带通滤波器,通过独立调节滤波器的中心频率、相位响应及品质因子,实现对自干扰信号频率响应的精准匹配[50]。相较于时域重建,该方法无需配置延时单元,显著降低了集成电路的硬件复杂度,在工程实现方面展现出显著优势。
数字辅助模拟域自干扰抑制如图9所示,该技术通过数字域与模拟域协同实现干扰抑制。具体而言,基于本地基带参考信号在数字域完成自干扰信号的精准重建,随后借助辅助发射通道将数字信号转换至模拟域,并在接收射频前端实现自干扰抵消[51]。相较于传统模拟域方法,数字域处理赋予各抽头更高的调控精度,可对幅度、延迟及相位进行精细化调节,通过多抽头叠加技术灵活建模自干扰多径分量,从而有效应对宽频带自干扰场景。但该技术依赖额外辅助发射通道(集成数模转换器、混频器等),不可避免地引入新的器件噪声与非线性失真,并且增加硬件实现的复杂度[52],在实际工程应用中需综合权衡性能与代价。
总体来说,尽管模拟域自干扰抑制技术在单发单收系统中已展现良好的工程适用性,但其在大规模天线阵列系统中的扩展性面临显著挑战。以$ N $$ N $收的同时同频阵列系统为例,每个接收阵元均需要处理来自$ N $个发射阵元耦合的自干扰信号,导致每个接收射频前端均需部署独立的自干扰抑制模块。若采用传统模拟域抑制方案,系统需配置$ {N}^{2} $个自干扰重建通道,使得硬件复杂度随天线数量呈平方级增长,严重制约其在实际工程中的应用可行性。因此,探索适用于同时同频收发阵列系统的低成本、轻量化模拟域自干扰抑制技术,突破硬件复杂度瓶颈,成为该领域亟待攻克的关键科学问题。
实际工程应用中,受元器件性能、硬件复杂度及成本等因素制约,即便经过空间域与模拟域的自干扰抑制处理,同时同频收发阵列天线系统模数转换器输出信号中仍存在残余自干扰。因此,需要进一步采用数字域自干扰抑制技术实现干扰的深度消除。其原理架构如图10所示,以本地基带数字信号为参考源,通过对自干扰传播特性、射频硬件损伤与信号处理误差进行精确建模,在数字域实现对同时同频收发阵列自干扰的精准抑制与目标信号的有效提取[5354]。依据自干扰模型构建方式的差异,可将其划分为线性与非线性2类架构。
当仅考虑收发传输过程及自干扰耦合信道产生的记忆效应,而忽略其他非理想传输因素时[5557],自干扰信道可近似为线性收发传输链路。在此条件下,可采用离散有限脉冲响应滤波器实现自干扰分量的精确重建[58],其原理架构如图11所示。
该重建机制与基于时域的模拟域自干扰抑制方案存在相似性,所采用的离散有限脉冲响应滤波器由数字可控的时间延迟单元与复值加权系数构成抽头延迟线结构。该重建滤波器以本地发射信号为参考源,经时延调整、幅度相位调节后,与接收信号进行反向叠加,从而实现数字域内的自干扰有效抑制。得益于数字处理的高自由度,该方法可灵活配置大量自干扰重建抽头,在自干扰抑制性能与参数调节灵活性方面展现出显著优势。
在测控、雷达、宏基站等应用场景中,由于对等效全向辐射功率(equivalent isotropic radiated power,EIRP)指标要求严苛,发射端射频功率放大器常工作在近饱和状态,由此在发射信号中引入显著的非线性失真。为有效重建并抑制接收自干扰中的非线性分量,亟需对射频功率放大器的非线性失真特性进行精确建模,典型地包含了非线性失真与记忆效应的功放行为模型如下所示[59]
Volterra级数模型通过多维度核函数的叠加结构表征非线性系统的记忆效应,将非线性作用分解为可解析的层级化分量,构建结构化非线性描述框架,是理论上最完备的非线性建模方法[6061]。对于离散时间输入信号$ x\left[n\right] $,其等效基带输出$ {y}_{\text{Vol}}\left[n\right] $可表示为
$\begin{split} {y}_{\text{Vol}}\left[n\right]= & {\sum\limits_{{\begin{array}{c}p\!=\!1\\ p\;\text{odd}\end{array}}}^{P}}\sum\limits_{{k}_{1}=0}^{M}\cdots \sum\limits_{{k}_{p}=0}^{M}{h}_{p}\left({k}_{1},\cdots ,{k}_{p}\right)\\& \prod\limits_{i=1}^{\left(p+1\right)/2}x\left[n-{k}_{i}\right]\prod\limits_{j=\left(p+3\right)/2}^{p}{x}^{\ast }\left[n-{k}_{j}\right] \end{split}$
式中,$ P $为非线性阶数,$ M $为记忆深度,$ {h}_{p}\left({k}_{1},\cdots ,{k}_{p}\right) $为第$ p $阶Volterra核系数。该模型的优势在于无需预设非线性形式,通用性强,能够完整表征不同记忆深度下的非线性组合,在通信系统非线性失真校正、声学/振动系统非线性辨识及生物医学信号非线性建模等领域具有重要应用价值。但其核系数数量随非线性阶数和记忆深度的增加呈指数级增长,导致计算复杂度急剧上升,工程实现较为困难;并且,现有研究中基于Volterra级数的建模多聚焦于幅度/相位畸变的拟合,对非线性过程中产生的新频率分量(如谐波、交调产物)的频谱分布特征刻画不足,这是后续研究需要突破的方向。
Wiener模型与Hammerstein模型作为Volterra级数模型的简化形式,均通过将非线性和线性滤波器的级联实现系统建模[6264]。Wiener模型由表征记忆效应的线性滤波器和表征非线性失真效应的幂级数模型串联构成;Hammerstein模型与Wiener模型类似,只是将线性和非线性滤波器的位置互换。这2种模型的等效基带输出可以分别表示为
$ {y}_{\text{W}}\left[n\right]=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{K}{a}_{k}\left\{\sum\limits_{q=0}^{Q-1}{h}_{q}x\left[n-q\right]\right\}{\left| \sum\limits_{q=0}^{Q-1}{h}_{q}x\left[n-q\right]\right| }^{2k} $
$ {y}_{\text{H}}\left[n\right]=\sum\limits_{q=0}^{Q-1}{h}_{q}\sum\limits_{k=0}^{K}{a}_{k}x\left[n-q\right]{\left| x\left[n-q\right]\right| }^{2k} $
式中,$ Q $为记忆深度,$ {a}_{k} $为非线性系数,$ {h}_{q} $为线性滤波器抽头系数,$ K $为仅考虑了奇数阶非线性的非线性阶数。相较于Volterra级数模型,这两种模型在结构上更为简单、参数估计量更少、重建复杂度更低,但复杂的参数估计制约其在实际工程中的应用推广。
广义记忆多项式(generalized memory polynomial,GMP)模型兼顾了超前记忆项与滞后记忆项,以抬升计算复杂度为代价,可描述记忆效应更显著的非线性系统[6566]。其等效基带输出可表示为
$ \begin{split}{y}_{\text{GMP}}\left[n\right]= & \sum\limits_{k=0}^{{K}_{a}}\sum\limits_{q=0}^{{Q}_{a}-1}{a}_{k,q}x\left[n-q\right]{\left| x\left[n-q\right]\right| }^{2k}\\ &+\sum\limits_{k=0}^{{K}_{b}}\sum\limits_{q=0}^{{Q}_{b}-1}\sum\limits_{p=1}^{{P}_{b}-1}{b}_{k,q,p}x\left[n-q\right]{\left| x\left[n-q-p\right]\right| }^{2k}\\ &+\sum\limits_{k=0}^{{K}_{c}}\sum\limits_{q=0}^{{Q}_{c}-1}\sum\limits_{p=1}^{{P}_{c}-1}{c}_{k,q,p}x\left[n-q\right]{\left| x\left[n-q+p\right]\right| }^{2k}\end{split} $
式中,$ K_a $$ K_b $$ K_c $为非线性阶数,$ {Q}_{a} $$ {Q}_{b} $$ {Q}_{c} $为记忆深度,$ {P}_{b} $$ {P}_{c} $为交叉记忆深度,$ {a}_{k,q} $$ {b}_{k,q,p} $$ {c}_{k,q,p} $为非线性参数。式(7)中的第2项与第3项分别表示滞后和超前交叉记忆项。
记忆多项式(memory polynomial,MP)模型是GMP模型的一种特殊形式,其结构为一种横向滤波器。通过将式(7)中的滞后和超前交叉记忆项删除,即可得MP模型[6768]。其等效基带输出可表示为
$ {y}_{\text{MP}}\left[n\right]=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{K}\sum\limits_{q=0}^{Q-1}{a}_{k,q}x\left[n-q\right]{\left| x\left[n-q\right]\right| }^{2k} $
式中,$ Q $为记忆深度,$ K $为仅考虑了奇数阶非线性的非线性阶数,$ {a}_{k,q} $为滤波器抽头系数。
值得注意的是,同时同频收发阵列系统中各射频发射通道的功放非线性失真特性存在显著差异,若采用单一模型进行统一表征易导致建模失准。然而,若为每个功放独立地构建高精度模型,参数估计所需的计算资源将随阵列规模呈指数级增长。因此,在数字域自干扰抑制技术研究中,亟需解决性能优化与资源消耗之间的矛盾。
当前,国内外研究机构针对不同同时同频收发阵列架构开发了系列实验样机,并开展自干扰抑制性能测试,相关的实验研究如表1所示。按阵列架构分类梳理相关实验内容,可以发现:现有研究多聚焦于收发分离式阵列架构,而收发集成式阵列因面临隔离度提升困难、阵元收发链路设计复杂等技术瓶颈,研究进展相对滞后。实验样机的阵元配置覆盖2~256通道,以一维线形阵列和二维矩形阵列排布为主;工作频段覆盖0.37~26.4 GHz,瞬时带宽最高可达800 MHz,最大EIRP约为54 dBm。受测试带宽、发射功率和阵列规模等因素影响,各实验样机的收发隔离度存在显著差异。
国内研究以电子科技大学抗干扰全国重点实验室为代表。文献[73]针对毫米波同时同频阵列天线基站系统开展了自干扰抑制实验测试,采用256发256收的矩形阵列,工作频段为26~26.8 GHz,单个天线的发射功率约为6 dBm,常规发射波束赋形下的EIRP约为54 dBm,收发阵列波束赋形增益约为24 dB。实验测试结果表明:基于空间域被动隔离技术可实现70~85 dB的收发隔离,且隔离性能不受天线工作频率和极化方式显著影响;叠加数字域自干扰抑制后,残余自干扰功率降至−83.3 dBm,仅高于接收机底噪1.73 dB,最终实现137.3 dB的收发隔离度。
国外研究以MIT林肯实验室为代表。文献[76]利用8通道数字相控阵(4发4收线性阵列)开展测试,工作中心频率为2.45 GHz,瞬时带宽为100 MHz,阵元间距7.5 cm,收发子阵的波束赋形增益约为11.5 dB,单个天线的发射功率约为27.3 dBm。实验测试结果表明:常规发射波束赋形下的EIRP约为44.8 dBm,此时接收自干扰功率最高可达6.5 dBm,经发射波束赋形自干扰抑制后降至−22 dBm以下;常规接收波束赋形下的接收合成自干扰功率约为−40.6 dBm,经接收波束赋形自干扰抑制后降低至−46.3 dBm;结合数字域自干扰抑制后,残余自干扰功率降至−96.1 dBm(仅高于接收机底噪2.5 dB),实现140.5 dB的收发隔离度,且发射和接收的波束赋形增益仅分别降低了0.5 dB和0.2 dB。
值得注意的是,鉴于不同阵列结构、信号频率、带宽与波形,以及暗室或室外的测试场景对收发隔离度结果带来的高度影响,表中的性能指标仅作定性参考。后续研究应构建统一测试平台与性能评估框架,系统开展多频带、多波形及多场景下的对比实验,并结合收发分离与集成两种架构的硬件设计差异,深入分析自干扰抑制性能的量化指标。
总体来说,收发分离式阵列凭借天然空间隔离优势[80],仅通过空间域被动隔离与主动波束赋形技术即可实现高达97 dB的隔离度,而收发集成式同时同频阵列需要进一步融合数字域或模拟域自干扰抑制技术。针对强频率选择性的自干扰信道,模拟域自干扰抑制需要大量的重建抽头、工程实现复杂度较高,因此多数实验样机采用空间域结合数字域的抑制方案,在保证接收射频前端线性工作且模数转换器动态范围充裕的情况下,将同时同频自干扰信号采样至数字域进行高精度抑制。
面向高精度抑制同时同频收发阵列中的自干扰、高质量提取目标信号需求,现有研究构建了空间域、模拟域和数字域三维递进的自干扰抑制架构:首先,利用空间域被动隔离与主动波束赋形技术,实现阵元级自干扰初步抑制,保障接收射频前端工作在线性区域;其次,通过模拟域自干扰重建抵消,提升接收信号无杂散动态范围,优化模数转换器对目标信号的采样精度;最后,依托数字域自适应滤波,将残余自干扰抑制到接收机底噪水平。
在单发单收及小规模阵列场景下,国内外研究通过“估计—重建—抑制”的技术手段,已实现超120 dB的干扰抑制效能,将残余自干扰有效控制在接收机底噪附近,基本具备工程实用化条件。然而,随着军民领域大规模多天线阵列用频设备的广泛部署,同时同频收发阵列面临近场多维交叉耦合强自干扰的严峻挑战,以下4方面关键问题亟待突破。
1) 近场自干扰耦合机理不明确。针对同时同频收发阵列间的近场多维交叉自干扰耦合现象,其物理作用机制尚未明晰,导致自干扰传播阻断策略缺乏理论支撑,实际抑制性能难以达到预期。
2) 阵列空间自由度利用不完全。虽然阵列天线具备丰富的空间自由度,但现有主动波束赋形抑制技术未能实现自干扰抑制性能与波束增益的全局优化,存在显著的自由度利用冗余,制约系统性能提升。
3) 模拟域自干扰重建复杂度高。传统直接耦合模拟域重建方法难以适配阵列系统的阵元级抑制需求,面对频率选择性强的自干扰耦合信道,需要部署大量模拟抽头,导致硬件复杂度剧增、抑制能力受限。
4) 非理想因素建模与补偿缺失。实际工程中射频器件非线性、相位噪声及信号处理误差等非理想因素对自干扰抑制性能的影响机制尚未明确,缺乏有效的补偿策略,导致系统性能与理论设计存在显著偏差,影响可靠性与稳定性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(62071094)
  • 通信抗干扰全国重点实验室2024年度基础科研创新基金(稳定支持)项目(IFN202402)
  • 中国博士后基金项目(2025M773490)
  • 中国博士后基金项目(GZC20240217)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.05.00014
  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-02-03
  • 出版时间:2026-01-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
  • 修回日期:2025-07-19
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(62071094)
通信抗干扰全国重点实验室2024年度基础科研创新基金(稳定支持)项目(IFN202402)
中国博士后基金项目(2025M773490)
中国博士后基金项目(GZC20240217)
作者信息
    1北京理工大学网络空间安全学院,北京 100081
    2电磁空间认知技术国家级重点实验室,北京 100089
    3南京航空航天大学航天学院,南京 211106
    4电子科技大学通信抗干扰全国重点实验室,成都 611731

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宋长庆(通信作者),副研究员,研究方向为同时同频发射接收信号处理技术,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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