Article(id=1218130582299656385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, articleNumber=null, orderNo=13, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1759248000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-01, revisedDate=1761926400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768354562592, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1762963200000, pubDateStr=2025-11-13, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766678400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768354562592, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080266303, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212410683682099946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='21', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762963200000', pubDateStr='2025-11-13', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766990832490, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330578192, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195808502366441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195808502366442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212410683682099946, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=23, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218130582639395015, articleId=1218130582299656385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Ocean carbon trading innovative mechanisms, columnId=1157710593584190220, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Special to S & T Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The ocean is Earth's largest dynamic carbon reservoir and a cornerstone of global climate governance. Building on the microbial carbon pump (MCP) theoretical framework, the ONCE (ocean negative carbon emissions) mega−science program was launched by UNESCO−IOC, followed by an ISO/TC8/WG15 standard platform established by the ISO, which have created a methodology chain of "science−technology−protocols−international standards". Following the logic of "carbon credit—trading mechanism—international governance", this paper briefs ocean carbon sequestration processes and their monitoring methods, examines how standardized methodologies enable credible ocean−based carbon credits and associated finance, and proposes a dual−engine model in which negative carbon emission technological innovation works in tandem with carbon−market leverage to drive green development. Practice in China would offer scalable solutions for the world's low−carbon economy and sustainable development.

, authors=null, authorsList=Nianzhi JIAO, Yanli LEI, Yan LI, Ning ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nianzhi JIAO, Yanli LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218130583155294416, articleId=1218130582299656385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=科技创新驱动海洋碳汇交易机制建设, columnId=1150494644438708440, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=本刊专稿, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海洋作为地球最大的活跃碳库,在全球气候治理和“双碳”战略中具有重大意义。基于“微型生物碳泵”(MCP)理论,中国科学家发起海洋负排放(ocean negative carbon emissions,ONCE)国际大科学计划,并在国际标准化组织(ISO)成立ISO/TC8/WG15工作组,构建了从科学原理到方法学再到国际标准的海洋负排放全链条路径。围绕“科学—方法学—碳信用—交易机制—国际规则”的逻辑主线,梳理了海洋碳汇的基本过程机制与监测方法学,探讨了基于方法学碳信用的碳交易机制以及相关碳汇金融财政政策,提出了以“负排放科技创新+碳交易市场杠杆”双轮驱动经济发展模式,助力中国在全球治理中从参与者走向引领者。

, authors=null, authorsList=焦念志, 类彦立, 李彦, 张宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=焦念志, 类彦立, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
焦念志(通信作者),教授,中国科学院院士,研究方向为海洋生态学及相关资源环境效应,电子信箱:;
类彦立(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为海洋生物多样性与全球变化及国际标准化,电子信箱:
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科技创新驱动海洋碳汇交易机制建设
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焦念志 1, * , 类彦立 2, * , 李彦 3 , 张宁 4
科技导报 | 本刊专稿 2025,43(21): 23-30
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科技创新驱动海洋碳汇交易机制建设
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焦念志1, * , 类彦立2, * , 李彦3, 张宁4
作者信息
  • 1厦门大学碳中和创新中心,厦门 361005
  • 2中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生物分类与系统演化实验室,海洋负排放(ONCE)国际标准研究中心,青岛 266071
  • 3国家应对气候变化战略研究和国际合作中心合作部,北京 100032
  • 4山东大学威海前沿交叉科学研究院,威海 264209
通讯作者:
焦念志(通信作者),教授,中国科学院院士,研究方向为海洋生态学及相关资源环境效应,电子信箱:;
类彦立(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为海洋生物多样性与全球变化及国际标准化,电子信箱:
Ocean carbon trading innovative mechanisms
Nianzhi JIAO1, * , Yanli LEI2, * , Yan LI3, Ning ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1Innovative Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 2Laboratory of Marine Biology and Systematic Evolution, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; International Standards Research Center for Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions (ONCE), Qingdao 266071, China
  • 3Department of International Cooperation, National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation (NCSC), Beijing 100032, China
  • 4Weihai Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
出版时间: 2025-11-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00015
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海洋作为地球最大的活跃碳库,在全球气候治理和“双碳”战略中具有重大意义。基于“微型生物碳泵”(MCP)理论,中国科学家发起海洋负排放(ocean negative carbon emissions,ONCE)国际大科学计划,并在国际标准化组织(ISO)成立ISO/TC8/WG15工作组,构建了从科学原理到方法学再到国际标准的海洋负排放全链条路径。围绕“科学—方法学—碳信用—交易机制—国际规则”的逻辑主线,梳理了海洋碳汇的基本过程机制与监测方法学,探讨了基于方法学碳信用的碳交易机制以及相关碳汇金融财政政策,提出了以“负排放科技创新+碳交易市场杠杆”双轮驱动经济发展模式,助力中国在全球治理中从参与者走向引领者。

海洋负排放(ONCE)  /  微型生物碳泵(MCP)  /  碳信用  /  碳交易  /  国际标准  /  全球治理

The ocean is Earth's largest dynamic carbon reservoir and a cornerstone of global climate governance. Building on the microbial carbon pump (MCP) theoretical framework, the ONCE (ocean negative carbon emissions) mega−science program was launched by UNESCO−IOC, followed by an ISO/TC8/WG15 standard platform established by the ISO, which have created a methodology chain of "science−technology−protocols−international standards". Following the logic of "carbon credit—trading mechanism—international governance", this paper briefs ocean carbon sequestration processes and their monitoring methods, examines how standardized methodologies enable credible ocean−based carbon credits and associated finance, and proposes a dual−engine model in which negative carbon emission technological innovation works in tandem with carbon−market leverage to drive green development. Practice in China would offer scalable solutions for the world's low−carbon economy and sustainable development.

ocean negative carbon emissions(ONCE)  /  microbial carbon pump (MCP)  /  carbon credit  /  carbon trading  /  international standards  /  global governance
焦念志, 类彦立, 李彦, 张宁. 科技创新驱动海洋碳汇交易机制建设. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (21) : 23 -30 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00015
Nianzhi JIAO, Yanli LEI, Yan LI, Ning ZHANG. Ocean carbon trading innovative mechanisms[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (21) : 23 -30 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00015
全球气候变化是人类面临的重大挑战。联合国第29届气候大会就《巴黎协定》第六条第四款(以下简称《巴黎协定》6.4条)下的碳信用及其动态更新机制达成共识,标志着全球碳市场机制建设取得重大进展[12]。这跨越了碳排放权市场难以逾越的鸿沟——减排成本的区域性和行业性差异——使得建立基于碳信用的全球统一碳交易市场成为可能。与此同时,欧盟碳边境调节机制(CBAM)、欧盟海运燃料倡议[3]等新规加速落地,推动全球碳价和碳税体系结构性重塑[45]。这些变化深刻影响全球能源、航运业、国际贸易乃至世界经济结构与未来发展。在此背景下,中国及时出台了“推进绿色低碳转型加强全国碳市场建设的意见”(以下简称“意见”)[6]。“意见”要求着力提升碳市场活力、丰富交易产品、扩展交易主体;针对兼具可持续发展生态效益和社会效益的重点领域加快方法学开发,有效服务社会自主减排和生态产品价值实现;鼓励碳排放权交易试点市场健康有序地发展碳金融机制,全面加强碳市场能力建设,提高国际认可度,积极服务有关行业企业国际履约和产品碳中和。
海洋是地球上最大的活跃碳库,其碳储量约为陆地碳库的20倍、大气碳库的50倍[7],在缓解气候变化、维系地球系统平衡中发挥着不可替代的作用。但海洋碳汇尚未纳入碳交易范畴,是亟待开发的领域,也是各国必争之地。中国是海洋大国,拥有1.8万km大陆海岸线、1.4万 km的岛屿海岸线和400多万km2的海洋国土,有着丰富的生物多样性和巨大的负排放空间。本文根据“意见”精神、COP29“碳交易共识”、COP30“行动号召”,本着“三重务实”的海洋负排放(ONCE)理念[89],结合中国海洋自然条件和海洋科技优势,从海洋负排放的科学原理、海洋碳汇监测方法学、碳信用机制及其金融化路径展开讨论,提出适应中国国情并可全球推广的海洋碳汇交易策略。力求通过科技创新赋能绿色发展、通过碳交易市场杠杆撬动经济发展,在发展中发现和解决问题,为搭建《巴黎协定》6.4条的落实机制提供范式,引领海洋碳汇交易国际规则与标准制定。
海洋碳汇通常统称“蓝碳”[10],包括海岸带(如红树林、盐沼、海草床等)和海洋水体碳汇。前者对于生态系统服务功能至关重要,但碳汇总量不足以应对气候变化;而后者总量巨大,对调节全球气候变化具有举足轻重的作用。
海洋碳汇的形成由一系列相互作用的碳泵机制共同驱动[11]。迄今已知的碳泵包括生物碳泵(BCP)、碳酸盐碳泵(CCP)、微型生物碳泵(MCP)和溶解度碳泵(SCP)。SCP主要通过气体交换将CO2溶解到海水里并由洋流输送到深海储碳(可达百年至千年)[12];BCP依赖浮游植物光合作用固定CO2形成有机碳及其沿食物链传递过程中形成颗粒有机碳沉降到深海乃至海底,最终实现长期储碳(可达百万年)[13];CCP主要是通过钙化生物实现碳酸盐沉降(百万年级),但由于碳酸盐析出过程释放等当量的CO2,因此CCP被称为反泵[14]。长期以来BCP、CCP、SCP堪称海洋碳汇“三人舞”。然而,还有一个存在于海洋水体中的巨大碳库——惰性溶解有机碳(RDOC)库。现代海洋中RDOC碳库与大气碳库相当,地球历史上RDOC碳库波动对气候变化产生了直接影响[15]。半个世纪以来,RDOC碳库的形成机制一直被认为是不解之谜[16],直到微型生物碳泵(MCP)储碳机制的提出[17]揭开了其面纱。MCP被《Science》评论为“巨大碳库的幕后推手”[18]。近期研究揭示,MCP是气候变化的双向调节器[19],在气候变化研究中有着特殊意义。就储碳过程而言,与BCP、CCP、SCP储碳机制依赖于垂直位移不同,MCP可在任何水层发生,RDOC可储存在整个海洋水体中。RDOC的千年储碳周期契合了气候变化的地质尺度。大型生态系统模拟体系Aquatron实验证明了MCP效率极高,可在年度尺度上实现从活性有机碳到惰性有机碳的转化[20],因而MCP成为基于自然的应对气候变化的重要路径。MCP理论被纳入政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)在《气候变化中的海洋和冰冻圈特别报告》[21]、联合国政府间海洋委员会(IOC)的《海洋碳报告》[22],成为全球气候治理的重要科学基础。
基于MCP原创理论,中国发起ONCE国际大科学计划,并于2022年获得联合国教科文组织政府间海洋委员会(IOC−UNESCO)批准,正式纳入“联合国海洋十年(UN Ocean Decade)”框架。2023年,党中央、国务院于批准ONCE大科学计划正式立项。ONCE提出基于4个储碳机制协同效应的BCMS四泵联合(BCP−CCP−MCP−SCP)负排放增汇路径[23],并获批国际标准化组织(ISO)“海洋负排放与碳中和”ISO/TC8/WG15国际标准化工作组,逐步建立起“原创理论—方法路径—国际标准”的链条,为开发海洋负排放路径、推动国际标准制定提供了坚实的基础,标志着中国在海洋与全球气候治理中从“参与者”走向“贡献者”。
海洋碳汇的科学认定与未来市场化应用,必须依赖可靠的方法学体系。不同组分的碳汇监测与核算不仅是科研问题,也是后续碳信用生成的基础。海洋碳汇的重点监测指标包括溶解无机碳(DIC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、惰性溶解有机碳(RDOC)等[17, 2425]
1) 海岸带蓝碳生态系统。红树林、盐沼和海草床等与陆地生态系统具有相似的碳储机制,因其较高的可观察性和可测量性,成为最早得到系统研究的海洋碳汇类型。目前,国际上已形成较为成熟的核算方法体系,如Verra的VM0033 方法学对潮间带湿地与海草床项目的项目边界、监测与核算要求作出规定,为蓝碳碳信用的生成提供了基础性技术参考[26]。中国也在制定一些相应的标准[2729]
2) DIC与海气CO2通量。水中的DIC与海气界面CO2通量,常用方法包括化学滴定、红外光谱以及基于pCO2差异的气体交换模型[30]。近年来,伴随自主观测浮标和卫星遥感的发展,区域和全球尺度的海气CO2通量估算精度显著提升[31]
3) POC通量与沉积沉积物捕获器结合放射性同位素示踪(如234Th/238U)是主要手段,可对下沉颗粒通量进行定量[32],已在“海洋碳通量”国际合作计划中广泛应用,但在边缘海和高动态环境中仍存在不确定性。
4) DOC与RDOC。高温催化氧化法(HTCO)是国际上测定DOC的通用方法[33]。RDOC组分的甄别依赖傅里叶变换离子回旋质谱(FT−ICR MS)、稳定同位素示踪及分子指纹分析等技术[3435]
对于所有形式的海洋碳汇,其增量与额外性测定是国内外研究的瓶颈[36]。一方面,海洋碳汇过程受生物生产力、物理输运和化学稳定性等多因子耦合控制,缺乏统一的参数化体系,难以定量区分自然背景碳汇与人为干预产生的增汇部分;另一方面,现有监测多局限于短期、局地尺度,尚未形成跨尺度、多过程的系统框架。若将海洋碳汇纳入碳信用体系,必须建立可重复、可追溯的长期观测与建模方法,以科学区分“自然碳汇”和“人为增汇”,确保其额外性与可核证性。
海洋碳汇的科学价值若要真正转化为经济价值,必须通过碳信用的形式进入市场。碳信用是指经过科学核算、第三方认证的减排或增汇量,以标准化金融产品的方式进行交易[37]。在这一过程中,方法学是承接科学发现与市场应用的关键环节。
现有碳信用的生成通常遵循“六步链条”[26,38],包括科学量化、方法学认证、项目实施、监测与报告、第三方核查、碳信用签发与市场交易。其中,方法学不仅决定了基准线情景的设定与额外性的判定,还界定了项目的边界条件、监测计划、泄漏控制和持久性的要求。缺乏国际认可的统一方法学支撑的碳信用,往往缺乏公信力,难以获得国际市场认可。与陆地碳汇相比,海洋碳汇具有储量大、周期长、外溢效应强等优势。例如,RDOC一旦形成可在稳定环境中封存上千年,海洋负排放在增汇的同时可兼顾生态修复和生物多样性保护等协同效益,这为其进入碳市场增添了附加价值[39]。尽管优势显著,但海洋碳汇测试对象缺乏成熟的核算框架和标准化的监测与计算方法。
海洋碳信用正处于从“科学探索”向“市场实践”转变的关键阶段。近年来,中国在海洋碳信用方面已开展了若干探索。例如,在湛江市、福建省、浙江省等地进行过红树林恢复、海水养殖碳汇、沉积物碳汇等碳交易的小范围先行尝试[4041]。这些案例表明,基于方法学的碳信用在中国已具备初步可行性,但要实现大规模应用,仍需依托方法学创新和国际标准化路径,推动海洋碳信用在全球碳市场中获得认可。为此,未来应从3方面发力:完善方法学框架;加强国内外示范项目,形成可复制的“方法学—项目—信用—交易”闭环;推动建立统一、透明、可互认的方法学国际标准系列[42]。如此,海洋碳信用才能真正进入国际碳市场,成为支撑“双碳”战略和绿色发展的重要工具。
传统碳市场强调“吨碳精确测量”,在森林、草地等陆地生态系统中相对可行。但在复杂多变的海洋环境中,这一模式面临巨大的技术与成本挑战。海洋碳汇过程涉及溶解、沉降、再循环和多尺度输送,在可接受成本和统一口径下精确量化每一吨碳的动态路径难以实现,这成为制约海洋碳汇进入碳市场的关键瓶颈[4344]。因此,要在短期内落实COP29共识,并与《巴黎协定》6.4条的动态更新精神保持一致,有必要探索新的市场机制,实现从“结果导向”到“过程导向”的转型。
目前国际碳市场体系主要分为2类:自愿市场与强制市场。自愿碳市场(VCM)以企业或组织自愿抵消温室气体排放为目的,代表性机制包括由国际标准机构Verra管理的核证碳减排标准(VCS)以及黄金标准(GS)等。强制碳市场(CCM)则依托政府或区域法规运行,包括《京都议定书》下的国际排放贸易机制(IET)、欧盟碳排放交易体系(EU ETS)、美国区域温室气体减排行动(RGGI)、韩国碳市场(KETS)、新西兰碳市场(NZ ETS)以及中国碳排放权交易市场(CNETS);此外,还有基于自愿机制的中国核证减排量项目(CCER)。这些体系为全球碳交易的制度框架打下基础,为信用生成、核证与交易提供了可参考的程序与规则,并为未来海洋碳汇纳入国际市场提供了参考。然而,上述体系多以陆地生态系统或工业减排部门为核心,尚缺乏针对海洋碳汇的核算、认证与交易机制,这成为海洋负排放进入国际碳市场的关键缺口。
根据“意见”精神和国际上已有的碳交易机制(如VCS、GS、IET、EU−ETS等)的基本原则,并结合ISO系列温室气体管理与气候行动标准(如ISO 14064、ISO 14067、ISO/CD 25283−1等)的通行框架,本文提出一种适用于海洋碳汇的新型交易机制——“跨越物理碳汇测定的过程认证机制”,其核心在于基于活动过程可信度和国际标准体系相衔接的认证机制,即通过科学验证的活动参数和监测指标来代表增汇或减排效果,以弥补在复杂海洋环境中直接量化碳储量的不确定性。该机制强调对负排放增汇活动全过程进行科学认证,统一披露口径与证据链,降低信息不对称与交易成本,从而构建多层次信任体系,生成可交易的碳信用。主要包括以下3个层次。
1) 科学信任层。通过建立“活动白名单”,将被证明能够有效增汇或减排的活动(如红树林恢复、生态养殖、人工上升流、富营养化治理、污水处理负排放等)纳入清单。Verra已在自愿碳市场体系中发布潮汐湿地与海草修复的自愿碳标准方法学(《VM0033 VCS methodology for tidal wetland and seagrass restoration》)[26],通过规定项目边界、碳汇计算方法、泄漏控制及监测要求,为蓝碳生态系统(包括红树林、盐沼和海草床)的碳信用开发提供了可操作范式[26]。根据VCS方法学体系,每个方法学均须在“3.2 applicability conditions”中明确适用边界,限定可参与碳信用计算的活动类型、规模和干预方式;并在监测与量化部分规定参数和公式,将活动量与碳汇或减排量建立可核查的转换模型[45]。项目需经独立验证和核查机构(VVB)审核,符合VCS关于“真实性、可测量性、额外性、永久性、独立核查、透明注册”等基本要求,方可发行核证碳信用(VCUs)。此外,方法变更与重新量化程序[46],以及验证与核查要求[47]允许在方法学更新后对历史监测期进行再定量,以确保信用体系与科学模型进一步保持一致[26]。从经济学看,方法学中的适用性条款、边界与监测要求相当于把“质量信息”前置公开,显著缓解信息不对称,并为后续核证与交易提供可核查的公共基准,从而降低不同项目之间的比较与对接成本。
2) 过程信任层。依托区块链、物联网与多源数据融合,构建从项目实施、监测到核证的数字化、可追溯、可复核链路:关键元数据(方法学版本、适用性条款、监测期、采样设计要点、核证结论、不确定度口径及来源分解、永久性管理方案等)以带时间戳与版本号的摘要固化存证,形成“记录即责任”的审计轨迹;原始观测数据与核证材料在受控环境保存,并与摘要一一对应,确保可查证、可抽审、可还原。通过统一的数据字段与最小充分披露集,不同项目在同一口径下可比较,显著降低信息不对称与交易成本,抑制因信息不充分导致的逆向选择与道德风险。同时,系统支持方法学动态更新(再定量):当参数或口径调整时,生成可溯源的版本迁移记录,对未注销批次给出修订值并公开差异说明,已注销批次保留法律效力且并列披露。对于跨境使用场景,过程数据中预留对应调整(CA)等会计字段,便于与《巴黎协定》6.4条要求以及第三方审计对接。总体而言,这一数字化证据链既降低了“逐吨计量”在海洋环境中的高成本,又在可核查与防篡改的前提下提升信用生成的透明度与公信力,并为国际互认提供了可操作的技术基础[48]
3) 市场信任层。通过建立信用评级与风险基金,对不同类型和风险水平的碳信用实行与质量对应的分级定价,既能吸引投资者进入市场,又能增强市场的稳定性[49]。同时,政府可通过政策激励和财政引导,为早期项目提供明确的使用指引与过渡期保障,降低进入门槛、扩大有效供给。在此基础上,引入“质量分级—使用场景匹配”的做法:将不确定性与永久性差异内生为风险溢价,以便于质量更高的项目进入要求更严格的应用场景并获得更高可信度,处于探索阶段的项目类型以自愿减排与示范为主;既抑制逆向选择(避免“劣币驱逐良币”),也推动有限资源优先流向边际收益更高、外部性更优的项目类型。与此同时,通过再定量与公开披露,把科学更新引发的口径转化为透明、可审计的调整,增强制度的时间一致性与可预期性。
与传统模式相比,该机制克服了海洋场景中计量成本高、口径难统一的局限,更契合海洋碳汇的复杂性和长期性。未来,中国完全有条件率先在国内建立基于“过程认证”的海洋碳汇示范交易平台,并通过国际标准化机制推动该模式走向全球,为国际碳市场提供基于中国实践的实用方案。
在全球气候治理体系中,科学理论可以通过国际认可的方法学和标准的转化进入政策和市场层面,并最终形成具有约束力的国际规则[50]。中国在这一链条中已形成由原创理论引领走向国际规则制定的清晰路径。
1) 原创科学原理与方法学标准化突破。“微生物碳泵(MCP)”理论系统地阐明了RDOC的形成与长期储碳机制及其潜在的应用思路[17, 20, 36, 5162],弥补了国内外传统蓝碳(红树林、盐沼、海草床等)认定中关键缺失要素——甲烷、氧化亚氮等对碳汇的抵消作用,可导致对生态系统“源”与“汇”的认知颠覆,而RDOC碳汇的纳入可确保评估的完整性。进一步,BCMS(MCP−BCP−CCP−SCP)综合储碳协同效应[23]以及气候调节机制的认识[19]揭示了海洋碳汇的独特作用,成为国际气候治理的重要科学依据[2122]。目前,中国已成功主导推动成立ISO/TC8/WG15,并启动《ISO/CD 25283–1 海洋负排放与碳中和——总则与要求》及后续系列标准的制定[42],正在从原创科学理论向海洋碳汇方法学与标准化体系建设迈进。
2) 海洋碳汇实践与金融创新。中国曾经在湛江市、福建省、浙江省等地进行过几例海洋碳汇交易的小范围先行探索[4041]。下一步,在方法学与市场机制逐步成型的基础上,可先行探索将小岛屿国家的海洋碳汇信用纳入碳减排市场,也有国际报告提出将其作为跨境交易试点的潜在方向[49]。未来可探索设立“中国–小岛屿国家海洋碳汇发展基金”,推动技术转移和试点工程;同时探索蓝色债券、碳保险、生态补偿等金融工具[48],引导资本进入海洋碳汇领域,形成“资源—信用—资金”的国际合作模式。
3) 国际规则嵌入与话语权塑造。依托ONCE国际大科学计划,中国已在ISO、PICES、ICES、IOC等国际组织中发挥重要作用[63]。下一步,应推动相关的标准与方法学纳入UNFCCC、IPCC等全球治理框架,并对接欧盟CBAM、IMO航运减排规则[45],推动中国方案转化为国际制度性安排。
面向未来,中国应坚持“科技创新赋能、碳市场驱动”的双轮路径,加快海洋碳汇进入国际规则体系。海洋碳汇不仅是全球气候治理的重要科学议题,更是未来碳市场与国际规则的战略前沿。中国已从海洋储碳机制原创理论迈向海洋碳汇国际标准化进程(ISO/TC8/WG15),逐步嵌入国际碳市场与治理框架。随着国际标准的推进和国内外示范工程的实践落地,中国有望在国际气候规则中实现制度性引领,形成“负排放科技创新+碳交易市场杠杆”的双轮驱动模式。这一战略路径体现出从科学发现到方法学创新、从标准构建到规则塑造的系统演进——以科学确立原创优势,以方法奠定技术基础,以标准促进国际互认,以实践形成可复制模板,最终推动中国方案融入全球治理体系,可望为全球气候治理提供新的解决方案,也为世界绿色低碳转型贡献可复制、可推广的实践范式。
  • “海洋负排放国际大科学计划”(ONCE)
  • 国家自然科学基金基础科学中心项目(42188102)
  • 中国科协联合国咨商海洋生态环境专委会/中国科学院咨询项目(2023−DX−03−13−028)
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2025年第43卷第21期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.10.00015
  • 接收时间:2025-10-01
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2025-11-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-01
  • 修回日期:2025-11-01
基金
“海洋负排放国际大科学计划”(ONCE)
国家自然科学基金基础科学中心项目(42188102)
中国科协联合国咨商海洋生态环境专委会/中国科学院咨询项目(2023−DX−03−13−028)
作者信息
    1厦门大学碳中和创新中心,厦门 361005
    2中国科学院海洋研究所海洋生物分类与系统演化实验室,海洋负排放(ONCE)国际标准研究中心,青岛 266071
    3国家应对气候变化战略研究和国际合作中心合作部,北京 100032
    4山东大学威海前沿交叉科学研究院,威海 264209

通讯作者:

焦念志(通信作者),教授,中国科学院院士,研究方向为海洋生态学及相关资源环境效应,电子信箱:;
类彦立(共同通信作者),教授,研究方向为海洋生物多样性与全球变化及国际标准化,电子信箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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