Article(id=1212430804400116534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212430797412409505, articleNumber=null, orderNo=15, doi=10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1758988800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-28, revisedDate=1762963200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766995629644, onlineDateStr=2025-12-29, pubDate=1764259200000, pubDateStr=2025-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766764800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766995629643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774080330171, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1212430797412409505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, year='2025', volume='43', issue='22', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764259200000', pubDateStr='2025-11-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766995627976, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1774330566881, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243195761085756072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212430797412409505, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243195761085756073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, issueId=1212430797412409505, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=39, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212430804706300752, articleId=1212430804400116534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=EN, title=Electrochemical energy initiatives under the dual carbon goals, columnId=1150494642224591153, journalTitle=Science & Technology Review, columnName=Exclusive, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With China's "Dual Carbon" goals (carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060) entering a critical implementation window, the next five years represent a decisive phase for determining the success of this transition. As one of the core supports of clean energy systems, electrochemical energy technology is witnessing unprecedented development opportunities. Based on the latest policy orientations and technological trends, this study analyzes the current status, target pathways, and strategic actions for electrochemical energy storage and conversion against the "countdown" backdrop of the Dual Carbon initiative. Against the escalating global climate crisis and growing energy security concerns, clean energy has emerged as a central direction for the worldwide energy transition. The development of clean energy not only helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels and cut greenhouse gas emissions but also promotes the diversification of energy mix and enhances energy security. Consequently, the clean energy sector is facing new development opportunities and challenges. This study aims to provide a systematic exploration of the development status, technological innovations, market trends, and application prospects across five key areas: electrocatalysis, solar cells, fuel cells, lithium batteries, and bioenergy, thereby offering insights to support the further deployment and sustainable development of clean energy.

, authors=null, authorsList=Li TAN, Tao WANG, Wei TAN, Cunpu Li, Zidong WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cunpu Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212430806832813024, articleId=1212430804400116534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, language=CN, title=“双碳”目标下的电化学能源行动, columnId=1150494642375586098, journalTitle=科技导报, columnName=特色专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

电催化、太阳能电池、燃料电池、锂电池、生物质能5大清洁能源技术正协同构建新型能源体系的核心支柱。电催化作为关键转换技术,聚焦于绿氢制备与二氧化碳资源化利用。太阳能电池技术成熟且成本持续下降,正通过结构创新与效率提升,逐步成为主力电源。燃料电池凭借高效率与零排放特性,在交通动力与分布式供能领域展现出应用潜力。锂离子电池主导电化学储能市场,技术创新围绕高比能材料体系与本质安全展开。生物质能通过催化转化等路径,实现有机废弃物的能源化与高值化利用,是循环经济的重要环节。综上,上述技术共同构成了“发电—储能—转换—利用”一体化的清洁能源生态链,为清洁能源的进一步推广和可持续发展提供参考。

, authors=

谭丽,硕士研究生,研究方向为新能源锂硫电池正极材料改性,电子信箱:

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李存璞(通信作者),教授,研究方向为锂金属硫电池和有机电化学合成,电子信箱:
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模块效率/% 2 T的每瓦成本/美元 4 T的每瓦成本/美元
25 0.364/WDC 0.359/WDC
30 0.303/WDC 0.299/WDC
35 0.260/WDC 0.257/WDC
), ArticleFig(id=1242146239622492439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212430804400116534, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

效率与成本表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块效率/% 2 T的每瓦成本/美元 4 T的每瓦成本/美元
25 0.364/WDC 0.359/WDC
30 0.303/WDC 0.299/WDC
35 0.260/WDC 0.257/WDC
), ArticleFig(id=1242146239677018392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212430804400116534, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间节点成本目标普及目标
2028年预计降至约1100元/kW,其中电堆成本约600元/kW预计其全生命周期成本将开始低于电动重卡
2035年燃料电池汽车百公里综合成本与纯电动汽车基本持平预计实现大规模推广应用,建立完备的产业链
2040年持续推动燃料电池成本下降性能提升(如续航里程目标提升至1000 km)
), ArticleFig(id=1242146239744127257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031591421210625, articleId=1212430804400116534, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

成本降低目标和普及时间预测表

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时间节点成本目标普及目标
2028年预计降至约1100元/kW,其中电堆成本约600元/kW预计其全生命周期成本将开始低于电动重卡
2035年燃料电池汽车百公里综合成本与纯电动汽车基本持平预计实现大规模推广应用,建立完备的产业链
2040年持续推动燃料电池成本下降性能提升(如续航里程目标提升至1000 km)
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“双碳”目标下的电化学能源行动
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谭丽 1 , 汪涛 1, 2 , 谭伟 3 , 李存璞 1, 2, * , 魏子栋 1, 2
科技导报 | 特色专题 2025,43(22): 39-51
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科技导报 |特色专题 2025 , 43 (22) : 39 -51
“双碳”目标下的电化学能源行动
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谭丽,硕士研究生,研究方向为新能源锂硫电池正极材料改性,电子信箱:

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谭丽,硕士研究生,研究方向为新能源锂硫电池正极材料改性,电子信箱:

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谭丽1 , 汪涛1, 2, 谭伟3, 李存璞1, 2, * , 魏子栋1, 2
作者信息
  • 1重庆大学化学化工学院,特种化学电源全国重点实验室,重庆 400044
  • 2重庆大学锂电及新材料遂宁研究院,遂宁 629000
  • 3遂宁高新科技服务中心,遂宁 629000
通讯作者:
李存璞(通信作者),教授,研究方向为锂金属硫电池和有机电化学合成,电子信箱:
Electrochemical energy initiatives under the dual carbon goals
Li TAN1 , Tao WANG1, 2, Wei TAN3, Cunpu Li1, 2, * , Zidong WEI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 2Suining Lithium Battery Research Institute of Chongqing University (SLiBaC), Suining 629000, China
  • 3Suining High−tech Science and Technology Service Center, Suining 629000, China
出版时间: 2025-11-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00115
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电催化、太阳能电池、燃料电池、锂电池、生物质能5大清洁能源技术正协同构建新型能源体系的核心支柱。电催化作为关键转换技术,聚焦于绿氢制备与二氧化碳资源化利用。太阳能电池技术成熟且成本持续下降,正通过结构创新与效率提升,逐步成为主力电源。燃料电池凭借高效率与零排放特性,在交通动力与分布式供能领域展现出应用潜力。锂离子电池主导电化学储能市场,技术创新围绕高比能材料体系与本质安全展开。生物质能通过催化转化等路径,实现有机废弃物的能源化与高值化利用,是循环经济的重要环节。综上,上述技术共同构成了“发电—储能—转换—利用”一体化的清洁能源生态链,为清洁能源的进一步推广和可持续发展提供参考。

清洁能源  /  电催化  /  太阳能电池  /  锂电池  /  生物质能

With China's "Dual Carbon" goals (carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060) entering a critical implementation window, the next five years represent a decisive phase for determining the success of this transition. As one of the core supports of clean energy systems, electrochemical energy technology is witnessing unprecedented development opportunities. Based on the latest policy orientations and technological trends, this study analyzes the current status, target pathways, and strategic actions for electrochemical energy storage and conversion against the "countdown" backdrop of the Dual Carbon initiative. Against the escalating global climate crisis and growing energy security concerns, clean energy has emerged as a central direction for the worldwide energy transition. The development of clean energy not only helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels and cut greenhouse gas emissions but also promotes the diversification of energy mix and enhances energy security. Consequently, the clean energy sector is facing new development opportunities and challenges. This study aims to provide a systematic exploration of the development status, technological innovations, market trends, and application prospects across five key areas: electrocatalysis, solar cells, fuel cells, lithium batteries, and bioenergy, thereby offering insights to support the further deployment and sustainable development of clean energy.

clean energy  /  electrocatalysis  /  solar cells  /  lithium batteries  /  biomass energy
谭丽, 汪涛, 谭伟, 李存璞, 魏子栋. “双碳”目标下的电化学能源行动. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (22) : 39 -51 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00115
Li TAN, Tao WANG, Wei TAN, Cunpu Li, Zidong WEI. Electrochemical energy initiatives under the dual carbon goals[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (22) : 39 -51 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00115
自习近平总书记提出“2030年前实现碳达峰、2060年前实现碳中和”的重大战略目标以来,一幅波澜壮阔的绿色转型画卷在中华大地徐徐展开。如今站在“双碳”目标的关键节点,第1个里程碑即2030年碳达峰已进入倒计时阶段。能源作为国民经济的基础产业,其发展与变革始终与经济社会的发展紧密相连。随着全球能源需求的持续增长和环境问题的日益严峻,传统能源的过度使用已经给地球环境带来了严重的污染和破坏。为了解决这些问题,须转向清洁能源的开发和利用,以期减少对传统能源的依赖,降低环境污染,并推动经济的可持续发展。清洁能源,如太阳能、风能、水能、地热能等,以其可再生性和清洁性的特点,成为全球能源转型的焦点。在各国政府、企业和民众的共同努力下,清洁能源将迎来更加广阔的发展前景,为人类社会的可持续发展作出更大的贡献。
“液态阳光”的概念由中国科学院液态阳光研究组于2018年9月在《Joule》上首次正式命名[1],旨在描述一种生产过程碳排放极低,甚至为零的清洁甲醇。其核心思路是利用太阳能、风能等可再生能源发电来电解水制取绿氢,然后催化捕捉的二氧化碳(CO2)与绿氢反应合成甲醇(CH3OH),从而将可再生的能量以液态化学燃料的形式储存和利用,形成一个近乎零排放的循环,示意如图1[2]所示。这一技术已走出实验室,进入工业化示范阶段并取得了实质性突破。例如,为响应国家能源转型重大需求,全球首套千吨级合成示范装置已于2020年在兰州新区试车成功。此外,2024年11月,国内首个拥有100%自主知识产权的10万吨级“液态阳光”CO2加绿氢制CH3OH工业化示范项目在内蒙古鄂尔多斯正式开工建设,计划于2026年10月建成,标志着该技术正向大规模商业化应用迈进。尽管技术前景广阔,但“液态阳光”要实现大规模商业化,仍需跨越3个主要障碍:(1) 成本是当前主要障碍,在不考虑碳税的情况下,液态阳光CH3OH的直接成本目前仍高于传统煤制甲醇;(2) 全流程涵盖可再生能源发电、电解水制氢和CO2加氢制甲醇3大环节,技术整合与系统复杂度高;(3) 碳定价机制不完善。因此,可以通过技术降本增效、政策碳税引导、多元化市场应用以及规模效应与产业链协同,共同推动液态阳光甲醇商业化。
大气中CO2水平的升高和化石燃料储量的减少引发了人们对全球气候变化和未来能源供应的后果的深切关注。目前,有3种主要方法可用于降低大气中的CO2水平:直接减少空气中的CO2,CO2捕获和储存,CO2的利用和转化[36]。由于与高生活水平相关的能源需求不断上升,通过提高传统化石燃料的利用效率来减少CO2排放是不切实际的。因此,将CO2转化为有用的化学品和燃料更具吸引力,不仅可以减轻环境污染,还可以产生增值化学物质,为应对能源和环境挑战提供了双重补救措施[710]。CO2电化学转化是一种有前景的能量转换方法,也可以捕获CO2排放。在CO2电催化过程中,能量分裂CO2分子,碳被组装成化合物,如甲酸,这些化合物可以进一步加工以产生各种有价值的产品。这被称为CO2电化学还原(CO2 reduction reaction,CO2RR)[11]
华中科技大学夏宝玉团队[12]在《Nature》中的研究指出一种质子交换膜系统,并利用废旧电池回收制备铅基催化剂,用于酸性CO2电解。全新的反应机理让CO2在电解过程中只产生甲酸(HCOOH)和少量氢气(H2)的同时,还实现了极高的转化效率。同时,兼具耐酸性腐蚀与高催化活性,这种性能优越的催化剂还能够实现千克级甚至吨级的量产,以满足工业化的需求。其电解槽示意如图2[12]所示,其中氢氧化反应(hydrogen oxidation reaction,HOR)在阳极发生,CO2在阴极直接转化为甲酸,以超过93%的法拉第效率生产甲酸。该系统与启动/关闭过程兼容,在600 mA/cm2的电流密度和2.2 V的电池电压下,CO2的单程转换效率接近91%,并显示连续运行超过5200 h。综上所述,通过使用坚固高效的催化剂、稳定的三相界面和耐用的膜,这种卓越的性能将有助于推动碳中和技术的发展。此研究方法,更像是一位“系统工程师”,聚焦于解决限制CO2电解技术走向实际应用的“寿命”和“稳定性”瓶颈。
清华大学王定胜团队像是“分子建筑师”,专注于通过原子级别的精准设计,挑战CO2还原中更为复杂和困难“高值化”合成路线。王定胜团队[13]在《Journal of the American Chemical Society》中的研究指出超低配位铜催化剂,研究表明,具有活性单位点的均质分子复合物在电催化转化过程中有很大的前景。然而,配位配合物和碳载体之间的空间间隙对电子穿梭的影响仍然知之甚少。团队展示了一种超分子结构策略,该策略利用氧位点来加强复合物、支持相互作用,从而阐明了空间间隙影响的析氧反应(oxygen evolution reaction,OER)催化机制。其活性中心通过限域在三维有序多孔SiO2结构内有效隔离,防止CuO在电还原过程中原位形成的Cu位点聚集,增强了CO(*COatop)和*C2中间体顶部吸附的结合亲和力,从而促进C1–C2偶联,沿着能量可行的途径生成C3产物,在CO2RR过程中保持高活性和稳定性。实验结果表明,窄间隙将有利于电子穿梭并稳定分子复合物,从而实现安培级电流密度。中国科学技术大学吴宇恩团队[14]在《Nature Synthesis》中的研究指出通过控制碳酸盐壳的类型,可以精确控制还原过程中高价态向价态演化的速率,引导重构催化剂向高活性、低配位结构的小颗粒方向发展。此外,可以通过控制碳酸钾涂层外壳的厚度来调节低配位结构(如晶界密度)的产生,从而优化CO2RR的性能。原位电镜和原位光谱分析表明,K2CO3缓释壳提高了重构速率,有利于形成晶界丰富、颗粒小的高活性Cu(0)物质,增强了*CO中间体的顶部和桥接吸附,促进了C–C耦合。这种延长释放效应还可以扩展到ZnO、In2O3、SnO2和Bi2O3催化剂上,从而提高CO2电还原过程中CO的选择性以及HCO3的生成。重庆大学李存璞团队[15]发表在《Small》中的研究指出,利用静电纺丝技术合成了多种锡基材料,以控制电化学还原过程中的吸附强度,从而提高CO2对甲酸盐的还原选择性。优化后的SnS材料对*OCHO和*HCOOH的吸附强度适中,Sn–Sn的适当原子距离保持了2种中间体的平衡吸附姿态。因此,速率决定步骤可以从*HCOOH的缓慢解吸步骤(Sn)转移到*OCHO的第1次氢化步骤(SnS)。由于这种转变,SnS/C电极表现出优异的选择性,生产甲酸酯的法拉第效率为96%。甲酸盐的最大电流密度为−12.5 mA/cm2,持续时间为33 h。夏宝玉团队从稳定、长寿命、低成本的系统角度出发;王定胜、吴宇恩及李存璞团队从高性能催化剂角度出发。在催化剂设计上,各团队都围绕“精准调控活性位点局域环境”这一核心。无论是限域效应还是壳层调控,均超越了传统的局部结构优化,考虑了更广泛的“全局结构”,这为未来设计更高效的催化剂提供了统一的理论框架和新思路。
氢有着高能量密度、零碳排放及可再生等优势,被认为是最具发展前景的化石燃料替代品[1619]。在过去的几十年里,电化学水分解已经成为一种重要的可持续能源。两个半电池反应驱动这一过程:析氢反应(hydrogen evolution reaction,HER)和析氧反应(OER)[20]。OER通常被视为水分解的瓶颈,因为它的动力学比HER慢。故,研发一种高性能的OER电催化剂对于提升水分解电池的整体效能至关重要。
北京科技大学庞晓露团队[21]在《Advanced Functional Materials》中的研究指出“电子岛”微界面工程策略,通过层级结构设计与量子点耦合,开发了高效稳定的FeP@NiCoP/Mo4P3异质结催化剂。研究以Fe2O3纳米管为基底,负载镍钴层状双氢氧化物纳米片并锚定二硫化钼(MoS2)量子点,经一步磷化构建高密度异质界面。实验表明,离散分布的Mo4P3量子点通过量子限域效应诱导界面电荷极化,形成内置电场,驱动电子定向迁移,进一步降低氢中间体吸附自由能(ΔGH*)。该催化剂在碱性条件下仅需72 mV过电位即可实现10 mA/cm2产氢电流密度,且在全水分解及海水电解中表现出优异稳定性(100 h活性保持率>95%)。这一策略为低成本、高性能氢能催化材料的开发提供了新思路,并验证了复杂环境下界面工程的实际应用潜力。此外,北京化工大学孙晓明团队[22]在《Nature》中的研究指出,波动性可再生能源驱动的海水电解中阴极氧化腐蚀问题,如图3[22]所示。提出原位构建NiCoP−Cr2O3多层钝化结构,在0.5 A/cm2电流密度下实现10000 h稳定运行,电压增长率仅0.5%·khr−1,钝化层有效抵抗停车工况下的氧渗透和卤素离子腐蚀。美国俄勒冈大学化学与生物化学系Paul A.Kempler团队[23]在《Chemical Reviews》中的研究指出,电解水过程中析氢反应和析氧反应产生的气泡会影响制氢的能量转换效率。其工作也概述了气泡生命周期中发生的物理过程,如图4[23]所示。该篇文章总结出一些悬而未决的问题,认为这些问题可以通过未来表征电化学器件环境中的气体逸出的努力或通过改进多相流的模拟来回答。
NH3是合成化肥、药品、精细化学品和塑料的重要化工商品,是现代文明的基石[24]。NH3具有高的重量氢密度(17.8%),与甲醇相当的高能量密度,以及易于液化、便于储存和运输等有利特性,因此,NH3作为直接燃料和氢载体具有巨大的潜力[25]。其中氮还原为NH3是实现可持续发展的关键途径。近百年来,氨合成经历了从哈伯−博世法(Haber−Bosch Process)到光/电催化、锂离子催化等一系列突破性发展,但仍面临着低收率、低选择性和低效率的挑战。因此,开发高效、绿色的氮合成氨是迫切的。中国科学院大学王要兵团队[26]在《Advanced Materials》中的研究指出NH3合成过程的6个里程碑,如图5[26]所示,在过去的100年里,氮还原合成氨经历了从生物固氮法、氰化法、哈伯−博世法到光/电催化法以及锂介导的氮还原和氢化锂介导的氨合成的6个突破性发展。青岛科技大学赖建平团队[27]在《Chinese Journal of Catalysis》中的研究指出采用协同策略,制备碳包覆的超低四维金属钌掺杂液态金属镓(Ru0.06/LM@C),用于在宽范围N2浓度内进行氮还原反应。综合分析表明,超低四维元素钌的引入可以通过轨道相互作用有效调整电子结构,从而增强含氮中间体的吸附。液体催化剂利用其流动性来提供更高密度的活性位点。此外,材料Ru0.06/Ga@C本身具有促进产物解吸的能力。三者协同作用,优化N2传质路径,从而增加*NNH覆盖率,并进一步提高宽范围N2浓度下的氨产率。
太阳能电池的工作原理是直接将太阳光能转变为电能,是一种清洁、可再生的能源,不产生温室气体排放,有助于减少对化石燃料的依赖[28]。其具有环境友好、应用广泛、成本低和效率高等优势,使得太阳能电池成为应对全球能源和环境问题的重要解决方案之一。其中,效率提升意味着用更少的组件就能达到相同的功率目标,进而减少了系统平衡成本,是行业发展的关键之一。太阳能电池效率提升与成本控制并非简单的对立关系,而是一个动态平衡、相互促进的过程。关于太阳能电池的热点研究种类主要包括以下方向。
染料敏化太阳能电池为利用植物光合作用激发的太阳能提供了一种很有前途的创新方法,研究主要集中在低成本、卓越的透明度、可持续性和简单的制造工艺上。此外,与传统的硅基太阳能电池相比,具有高效率、灵活性和更容易实现的优点[29],但数字信号交换中心一直在与停滞不前的效率水平作斗争。染料敏化太阳能电池的工作原理如图6[29]所示。
复旦大学彭慧胜团队[30]在《Advanced Materials》中的研究指出,通过发挥纤维结构的360°受光优势,最大限度地利用纤维电极的活性面积来增强光捕获,以提升光伏性能。设计了一种纤维染料敏化太阳能电池(fiber−shaped dye−sensitized solar cell,FDSSC),在最外层封装管上构建了光扩散层,在内部对电极上构建了光转换层。入射光通过扩散作用可以到达纤维电极的更多表面,并在对电极上进行光转换后,反射到邻近的光阳极,显著增强了光收集,从而使纤维染料敏化太阳能电池获得了13.11%的光电转换效率(power conversion efficiency,PCE),为目前该领域报道的最高效率。此外,光扩散层呈现均匀的白色外观,且在其中引入少量颜料即可实现外观颜色的调控,大幅提高了纤维太阳能电池的可设计性,以及与织物的兼容性。
由于具有异质结构的太阳能电池拥有钝化接触的优势,因此在复合损失方面展现出巨大优势,进而在光伏器件中可以达到高功率转换效率。在此理论上,因碳纳米材料具有宽光谱吸收、可调谐能带结构以及高载流子迁移率等优势,被认为是碳/硅(C/Si)异质结太阳能电池最有前途的材料之一[31]
河北大学陈剑辉团队[32]在《Advanced Science》中的研究指出,通过界面钝化策略设计了碳/硅异质结太阳能电池,以进一步提高功率转换效率,并加速C/Si器件的大面积制备。江苏科技大学李阳团队[33]在《Nature》中的研究指出为避免外延,采用低损伤连续等离子体化学气相沉积策略,成功制造出不同厚度(55~130 μm)的高性能电池。经过测试得到其效率分别为26.06%(57 μm)、26.19%(74 μm)、26.50%(84 μm)、26.56%(106 μm)和26.81%(125 μm),不仅对电荷迁移与分离有益,还减少了成本以及重量。与厚太阳能电池比对,研究发现57 μm柔性薄太阳能电池拥有最优的功率重量比(1.9 W/g)和开路电压(761 mV)。此次成功突破了传统晶硅太阳能电池厚重、易碎的劣势。以“超薄、柔性”晶硅异质结太阳能电池的优势,其结构与工艺示意如图7[33]所示,使得用于旅行的弯曲或卷起晶体硅太阳能电池指日可待。扬州大学丁建宁团队[34]在《Nature》中的研究指出新型的致密异质结钝化接触,突破行业一直以来的180~210℃的异质结制备瓶颈,工艺温度达到240℃。同时,研发团队通过开发全激光图形化工艺以及低铟、无银金属化方案,在提升效率的同时,也确保了背接触电池技术的经济性,为未来低成本、高效的背接触电池生产奠定了基础。通过激光优化流程,制备低成本高效背接触晶硅太阳电池的研究成果。此外,哈尔滨工业大学陈冠英团队[35]在《Light: Science & Applications》中的研究指出,一种多功能铒(Er3+)和镱(Yb3+)共掺杂NaY(WO42荧光粉,具有同步光子上转换、光子量子切割和发光比率温度传感能力,为高性能硅材料开辟了新的可行性太阳能电池。
现阶段,对能源的需求量大幅增大,导致硅太阳能电池板使用量猛增,必须要将报废的硅太阳能电池板合理地回收处理,减少对生态系统的负面影响,确保资源的长期可利用性。武汉大学尹华意团队[36]在《Nature Sustainability》中的研究指出一种简单的盐蚀刻方法,利用熔融氢氧化物的高腐蚀性,通过自上而下的方向与硅片表面的SiNx、SiO2、Al2O3和Al自发反应,从而直接将Ag与硅片分离。其过程仅需180 s就可以从报废的硅太阳能电池板中回收银和硅,且未使用无机酸等有毒试剂,更不会有二次污染产生。同时,硅太阳能电池板中的锡、铝、铜和铅也能被氧化、碱浸和电沉积相结合的方法进行处理。总的来说,这项研究提出可持续发展硅太阳能电池的可行方法,奠定循环经济的基石。美国国家可再生能源实验室研究人员[37]在《Joule》中指出了成本敏感性分析,研究量化了不同因素对最终成本的影响程度。结果表明,提高组件效率是降低成本的最高效途径。其中,组件效率每绝对提升2.5%,其带来的单位产能成本下降效果等同于将工厂规模扩大一倍,使成本降低。在此,其团队提供了钙钛矿/硅串联(Perovskite/Silicon Tandem,PST)光伏模块4 T和2 T设计的成本模型,如表1所示。
燃料电池是一种化学装置,能够将燃料内含的化学能直接高效地转化为电能,因此也被称作电化学发电器。燃料电池通过电化学反应,将燃料(如氢气、天然气、醇、甲烷等碳氢化合物)与氧化剂(如氧气)中的化学能直接转化为电能。这一过程中,燃料和氧化剂在燃料电池内部发生氧化还原反应,从而释放出电能[3840]。燃料电池具有以下优点:能源效率高、可持续性利用;在环境方面可以做到零排放、低噪声等优点;在交通运输、固定电站以及便携式电源等应用领域方面占据重要地位[41]。综上所述,探究燃料电池意义重大,不仅有助于提高能源效率、保护环境、拓展应用领域,还能推动技术创新和产业升级。随着科学技术在不断进步以及成本的逐步降低,燃料电池被认为是未来能源领域最重要的研究方向之一。
氢氧燃料电池(hydrogen−oxygen fuel cell,HOFC)的运作机制建立在氢气和氧气于电极界面发生的氧化还原反应之上,此过程通过外部电路实现电子的传输,进而产生电能。该类型电池展现出高效能与环保清洁的显著优势。然而,其较高的成本及复杂的系统架构是当前普及应用的障碍。展望未来,随着科技的不断进步,氢氧燃料电池有望在能源领域扮演更加重要的角色。重庆大学魏子栋团队[42]在《Nature Energy》中的研究指出,一种量子井状催化结构(quantum well catalytic structure,QWCS),它是通过将镍纳米粒子以原子方式限制在掺碳的氧化钼/氧化钼异质结(C−MoOx/MoOx)中而构建的,可以选择性地从氢氧化反应中转移外部电子,同时自身仍保持金属性。镍纳米粒子的电子获得了QWCS提供的1.11 eV的势垒,从而使镍相对于可逆氢电极(reversible hydrogen electrode,RHE)的稳定性高达1.2 V。QWCS催化的阴离子交换膜燃料电池实现了486 mW/mgNi的高功率密度,并在关机−启动循环期间经受住了氢不足操作。
厦门大学黄小青团队[43]在《Energy & Environmental Science》中的研究指出,通过溶液相还原策略合成了具有六方紧密堆积(hexagonal close−packed,hcp)和面心立方(face−centered cubic,fcc)相界面的Ru−Sn纳米花,这些纳米结构表现出极高的碱性氢氧化反应活性和耐久性。实验观察、原位表征和理论计算表明,fcc和hcp相界面的协同作用能够调控氢的吸附能力,减弱CO的结合强度,并促进CO氧化。优化后的fcc0.42Ru−Sn/C在50 mV电位下表现出4.9 A/mgRu的质量活性和6.7 mA/cm2ECSA的比活性,超越了商业Pt/C和其他最近报道的催化剂。
用氢能代替燃油驱动各种交通工具,不仅能实现交通领域节能减排,而且能提高国家能源的安全性。尽管氢燃料电池汽车有诸多优点,但其发展必须攻克成本难点:第一,目前燃料电池发动机比较贵,导致一辆燃料电池汽车的售价是燃油车的2~3倍、锂离子电池汽车的1.5~2倍;第二,加氢站的建设费用比较高,在1200万~1500万元;第三,加氢站的加氢费用每千克为60~70元,只有降到30元以下才能跟燃油车竞争。因此,必须大幅降低供氢成本和氢燃料电池系统成本,进而降低氢燃料电池汽车运行成本。2项工作均直接规避了贵金属铂的高成本和稀缺性问题。魏子栋团队致力于提出开创性的解决方案,黄小青团队则提供了可快速应用的优化方案,共同推动燃料电池走向大规模普及(表2)。
直接甲醇燃料电池(direct methanol fuel cell,DMFC)作为一种新型燃料电池,有着较低的工作温度、超高能量密度以及小体积等优点。与氢燃料质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)相比,DMFC使用甲醇作为燃料,无须配置高压氢气罐,大大增强了其便携性。同时,也从一定程度上确保了安全[44]
DMFC系统的功率会与电堆温度以及循环甲醇浓度有关,不能准确测量甲醇的浓度,这给实时功耗优化带来了挑战。中国科学院长春应用化学研究所邢巍团队[45]在《Angewandte Chemie International Edition》中的研究指出,结构自适应策略可以通过引入动态Fe–F键打破氧还原中间体吸附能的线性缩放关系。原位实验和理论计算直接证实了电解质中自发OH*吸附引发的Fe–F键断裂。原位生成的HO−FeN3−F作为真正的活性位点加速氧活化和第一个电子转移反应,而随后的电子转移步骤发生在具有自修复Fe–F键的HO–FeN3−F位点上。受益于这种动态结构自适应机制,中间体的吸附能可以独立调整,摆脱了固有的线性标度关系,从而打破了理论性能限制。深圳大学骆静利团队[46]在《Advanced Materials》中的研究指出,一种表面富集铋(Bi)单原子修饰的铂(Pt)纳米环催化剂,其在DMFC中显著降低铂载量的情况下实现较高的功率密度。通过过渡金属修饰铂纳米晶可以有效地增强电催化甲醇氧化反应,但未被修饰的连续铂活性位点和降低的电化学活性面积,导致质量活性受限和CO毒化问题仍然存在。为此,作者进行理论计算发现,铋原子物种(碱性条件下为BiOx(OH)y)修饰的Pt会显著地抑制CO中间体路径,同时促进甲醇氧化,并进一步预测更丰富的Pt−BiOx(OH)y结合位点将具备更优异的甲醇氧化性能。巧妙地利用铂铋金属间化合物中孤立分布的铋原子,采用选择性腐蚀、空气烧结以及电化学活化的方案制备了表面富集铋单原子修饰的铂纳米环(SE−Bi1/Pt NRs),其在碱性甲醇氧化电化学测试中展现出超高的质量活性(23.77 A/mg),分别是Pt−Bi NRs和Pt/C催化剂的2.2和12.8倍。在膜电极测试中,SE−Bi1/Pt NRs以0.39 mg/cm2的低铂阳极载量得到了85.3 mW/cm2的高功率密度,使其非常有希望成为商业化直接甲醇燃料电池的阳极催化剂。此外,重庆大学魏子栋团队[47]在《Journal of the American Chemical Society》中的研究指出,一种非包覆型催化剂/离聚物界面结构。将Nafion离聚物预先交联包覆在碳表面再与Pt/C催化剂物理混合的方式,成功将催化剂与离聚物分隔开来。这种非包覆型结构不仅可以避免Pt与磺酸基团直接接触毒化,而且在氧还原反应过程中,氧气可以不用穿过致密的Nafion离聚物层直接到达催化剂表面参与反应,大幅降低了氧气局域传质阻力。
随着现今社会能源存储技术的革新、新能源汽车的发展、节能减排与环境保护的意识不断向好,提高能源利用效率和安全性迫在眉睫。锂离子电池是最具潜能实现以上需求的电池[48]
中国科学院大学温兆银团队[49]在《Advanced Materials》中的研究指出,通过氨水选择性溶解镍离子,结合KMnO4还原沉积在材料表面生成MnO2涂层,获得了表面富锰、内层富镍的成分梯度。这种设计有效减弱了晶体结构的相变倾向,减少了Li/Ni混排,从而提高了材料的结构稳定性。最终,M−NCM正极在200次循环后保持98.6%的容量,在15 C速率下充电容量为107.5 mAh/g。配置石墨负极的1.2 Ah软包电池在500次循环后仅损失8%的容量。清华大学欧阳明高团队[50]在《Joule》中的研究指出,特定的还原性气体在热失效发生前的早期热积累阶段占主导地位,只要切断这种“还原性攻击”的反应途径,就可以很容易地防止热失控。具有较低的键解离能(bond dissociation energy,BDEs)的还原性气体,如C3H6、C3H4、C2H4、C2H2等,首先在产生负极−电解质界面(anode−electrolyte interface,AEI)上,然后迁移到电池内部,并攻击正极晶体,诱导远低于晶体变化温度下发生氧气释放,并产生大量的热量和气体。热量和气体的积累,以及电池中有害的还原性和氧化性产物,都促进了电池的热失效过程。为了阻碍AEI上还原性气体的产生,提出了2种对策,一个是通过温和的放电电流进行界面电子剥夺(interfacial electron depletion,IED),它减缓了AEI上的副反应,而没有明显的热效应;另一个是温度反应性毒物层(temperature−responsive poisoning layer,TPL),它在电解质分解前使活性负极失效,从而可以减少竞争性反应产生的高还原性气体。为了切断还原性气体的迁移,采取一种对策,即使用真空泵将还原性气体从电池中排出(强制气体排空(controlled gas evacuation,CGE))。最后,为了防止对正极的攻击,可以将还原性物种转移到较低的温度,通过冷却功能分离器(cooling function separator,CFS)实现。宁波东方理工大学孙学良团队[51]在《Nature Nanotechnology》中的研究指出一种超离子导体,高锂兼容性和空气稳定的富含空位的β−Li3NSSE。基于空位引发的活化能降低和可移动锂离子数量增加,揭示了Li和N空位介导的快速锂离子迁移机制。这种富含空位的β−Li3NSSE在25℃时具有2.14×10−3 S/cm的高离子电导率,超过了几乎所有已报道的氮化物基固态电解质,富空位β−Li3N的高锂相容性机制对金属锂具有本征稳定性。此外,β−Li3N通过形成保护表面而具有优异的空气稳定性。使用富含空位的β−Li3N作为固态电解质中间层和钴酸锂(LCO)和富镍的LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2(NCM83)正极的全固态锂金属电池表现出优异的电池性能。在1.0 C下,LCO在5000次循环后具有95.2 mAh/g的高容量保持率(82.05%),NCM83在3500次循环后具有153.6 mA/g的高容量保持率(92.5%)。
随着科技的飞速发展,传统锂离子电池虽已成功商业化,但其能量密度已逼近极限,难以满足人类对能源日益增长的需求。因此,探索并开发新型储能系统显得尤为重要。在此背景下,锂硫电池(Li−S)以其卓越的性能脱颖而出[52]。其理论容量高达传统锂离子电池的3~5倍,这意味着在相同重量或体积下,Li−S电池能储存更多的能量。此外,硫元素在自然界中广泛存在,天然丰度极高,这大大降低了Li−S电池的生产成本[53]。并且,硫元素对人体无害,无毒无污染,使得Li−S电池在环保方面具有得天独厚的优势。但锂硫电池硫正极缓慢氧化反应、多硫化物的穿梭效应严重[54]、锂枝晶的生长等问题仍然需要广大科研人员去探索。
锂硫电池可以通过“催化”策略和活性中间体策略抑制多硫化物的穿梭效应,其中“催化策略”包括物理吸附和化学吸附。物理吸附利用材料导电性聚集多硫化物并加速电子转移;化学吸附通过非金属元素与Li,或过渡金属与S形成化学键,强力锚定并催化转化。二者协同是提升性能的关键。活性中间体策略通过生成高活性硫物种(如硫自由基、硫代硫酸盐/聚硫酸盐、有机硫分子)开辟新反应路径,改变决速步骤,从而加速多硫化物的转化动力学并抑制穿梭效应。
中国科学院大学张炳森团队[55]在《Nano−Micro Letters》中的研究指出,通过NH4F氟化MXene的方法成功制备了具有优化氟分布的TiOF/Ti3C2催化剂,该催化剂显著增强了金属位点与多硫化物之间的相互作用。原位表征结果显示,TiOF/Ti3C2催化剂能够优化电子和离子输运行为,增强金属位点与多硫化物的相互作用,促进在氧化还原反应中S−S键和Li−S键的断裂。基于路易斯酸碱机制和电荷补偿机制,Li2S的成核和分解能垒显著降低,验证了在充放电过程中实现多相反应高效耦合的可行性。西江大学Jun Hyuk Moon团队[56]在《Energy Storage Materials》中的研究指出,调节Li2S电沉积也可以提高硫的利用率。Li2S的电沉积在动力学上抑制锂化,而非电解质锂盐的锂化;这个过程导致解离的S2−的体扩散及其3D沉积。利用包含锂化氧化物的碳纳米管阴极基板,其团队在贫电解质的高硫负载情况下,实现了高硫利用率和高电池性能。天津大学杨全红团队和清华大学吕伟团队[57]在《Advanced Energy Materials》中的研究指出,用微孔限制催化策略,以实现硫的平稳固−固转化。其原理是将硫储存在具有窄孔径和均匀分布的单原子Co催化位点的微孔碳主体中。微孔结构能够从源头上解决电解质溶剂和内部硫的接触,防止了多硫化物的形成和溶解,并有效抑制了循环过程中的硫损失。电子科技大学熊杰团队[58]在《Advanced Materials》中的研究指出一种原位封装策略,通过六氟丁基丙烯酸酯(HFBA)单体和季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯(PETEA)交联剂的自由基聚合,构建不易燃的准固体电解质(Quasi−Solid−State Electrolyte,QSE)。由于HFBA在气相中具有自由基捕捉能力,这种准固体体系消除了醚电解质固有的易燃性,自熄时间为零。此外,在PETEA高温分解过程中产生的石墨化碳层阻碍了燃烧所需的热量和氧气。当与金改性还原氧化石墨烯阳极集流体和硫化Li阴极结合使用时,基于QSE组装的无阳极Li金属电池在循环过程中没有电池膨胀或气体产生的迹象,并且在多种机械、电气和热滥用情况下,甚至在严酷的撞击条件下,都消除了热失控现象。
锂电池回收再利用是实现新能源产业可持续发展的关键一环,它并非一个简单的“废物处理”环节,而是连接电池生产与使用,实现资源闭环的核心。锂电池回收有助缓解资源约束,保障供应链安全,创造新的经济循环产业。“退役电池”不是垃圾,而是珍贵的“城市矿山”。随着电动汽车和储能市场的爆发式增长,对锂、钴、镍等关键金属的需求激增。通过回收“退役电池”来获取这些金属,可以有效减少对原生矿产的依赖。宁德时代在其“全球能源循环计划”中提出了“去原生矿化”的远景,目标是未来全球1/2的锂材料来自回收循环。浙江重申环保科技有限公司投资3.5亿元建设年处理5万t废旧动力电池项目,建成后预计年利润总额达9194万元。欣旺达公司使用千吨电池修复料,可实现电芯成本减少近千万元。将“退役电池”或生产废料中的有价金属,直接返回自身的正极材料生产线,形成“废料—再生材料—新电池”的内部小循环。这不仅能降低成本,还增强了供应链的韧性。此外,在产品设计阶段就考虑未来的拆解和回收,通过赋予每个电池“唯一”的二维码或“电池护照”,记录其材料成分、生产信息、使用历史等全生命周期数据。这就像电池的“身份证”和“病历本”,当电池退役时,回收商可以快速、准确地判断其健康状况,从而最优地规划再利用。
生物质能是指借助自然界的大气、水和土地等资源,在经过光合作用后,其生成的各种有机体产物内所蕴含的能量,它是太阳能以化学能形态储存在生物质中的一种形式[59]。广义而言,生物质涵盖所有植物、微生物,以及依赖这些生物为生的动物,以及它们的生产废弃物,如农作物及其残余物、木材及其废料,还有动物排泄物等[60]。而从狭义及法律定义来看,生物质能主要指的是农林业中除食用粮食和果实之外的资源,如秸秆、树木等木质纤维素(简称木质素)、农产品加工产生的副产品、农林废弃物,以及畜牧业中的禽畜粪便和其他废弃物等,通过转化过程所获得的能源[61]
中国农业大学刘志丹团队[62]在《Nature Communications》中的研究指出,一种基于生物原油重质组分利用的无氢炼制新技术和模式,通过多联产绿煤和生物润滑油,实现了生物原油几乎全组分增值利用(约90%)。该研究通过蒸馏获得的蒸馏残渣(蒸馏温度超过500℃的部分)被称为绿煤,其高位热值与传统煤炭相当,但燃料比和灰分含量更低。北京化工大学卫敏团队[63]在《Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy》中的研究指出,一种固定在CoAl混合金属氧化物催化剂上的全暴露铂簇合物(Ptn/CoAl−MMOs),该催化剂在糠醛(furfural,FAL)的液相加氢反应中表现出突出的催化性能。值得注意的是,通过使用4种不同的溶剂,氢化化学选择性可在4种产物之间切换:在乙醇、二噁烷、异丙醇和正己烷溶剂中分别获得四氢糠醇(tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol,THFA;收率:91.4%)、糠醇(furfuryl alcohol,FA;收率:97.7%)、2−甲基呋喃(2−methylfuran,2−MF;收率:92.1%)和呋喃(furan,FU;收率:90.8%)。实验研究结合理论计算发现,溶剂分子通过改变溶剂−催化剂和/或底物−催化剂之间的相互作用,对FAL的吸附构型产生了重要影响,最终决定了氢化途径、关键中间产物和最终产物。这项工作展示了在一个催化体系内实现依赖溶剂的产品切换策略,为在液固催化反应中定制加氢选择性以实现生物质升级开辟了潜在的机会。
清洁能源系统在催化、太阳能电池、燃料电池、锂电池及生物质能等领域呈现出技术创新、政策驱动、市场动态、关键领域趋势,以及全球合作与影响等多方面的热点,正在蓬勃发展。这些热点不仅推动了清洁能源技术的快速发展和应用,也为实现全球能源转型和可持续发展目标提供了有力支撑。“液态阳光”技术虽然环保优势明显,但目前在经济性方面仍面临严峻挑战;太阳能电池的新兴技术的长期运行稳定性与毒性安全问题待解决;燃料电池制氢、储运、加注基础设施不完善,严重依赖贵金属铂作为催化剂,成本高;锂电池热失控管理、续航焦虑依然存在;生物质能转化效率与选择性待提升。总之,人类正处在一个由技术多元化驱动的能源转型时代。没有任何一种技术可以解决所有问题,但通过让各种技术在各自擅长的领域发挥作用,并彼此协同,完全有能力构建一个更清洁、更具韧性、也更可持续的能源未来。以清洁能源为支点,借助科学研究突破与产业体系变革的双重驱动,不仅能够推动社会持续向前发展,也将为人类文明的未来提供稳定、可持续的能源基石。
  • 国家自然科学基金(92372202)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22478043)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22075033)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00115
  • 接收时间:2025-09-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-29
  • 出版时间:2025-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-28
  • 修回日期:2025-11-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(92372202)
国家自然科学基金(22478043)
国家自然科学基金(22075033)
作者信息
    1重庆大学化学化工学院,特种化学电源全国重点实验室,重庆 400044
    2重庆大学锂电及新材料遂宁研究院,遂宁 629000
    3遂宁高新科技服务中心,遂宁 629000

通讯作者:

李存璞(通信作者),教授,研究方向为锂金属硫电池和有机电化学合成,电子信箱:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.09.00115
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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