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在生物发育过程中,细胞不仅需要通过读取DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)获得正确的身份,还必须精准地排列成特定的几何形状才能行使功能。对于节肢动物复杂的复眼而言,数以百计的小眼(ommatidia)如何克服个体大小差异,组装成完美均匀的六边形晶格结构,一直是发育生物学中的未解之谜。

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(图片来源:《Science》)

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钙离子波可“校准”果蝇复眼的蜂巢光学结构
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    在生物发育过程中,细胞不仅需要通过读取DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)获得正确的身份,还必须精准地排列成特定的几何形状才能行使功能。对于节肢动物复杂的复眼而言,数以百计的小眼(ommatidia)如何克服个体大小差异,组装成完美均匀的六边形晶格结构,一直是发育生物学中的未解之谜。

    . 钙离子波可“校准”果蝇复眼的蜂巢光学结构. 科技导报, 2025 , 43 (22) : 2 -2 .
    . Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (22) : 2 -2 .
    在生物发育过程中,细胞不仅需要通过读取DNA(脱氧核糖核酸)获得正确的身份,还必须精准地排列成特定的几何形状才能行使功能。对于节肢动物复杂的复眼而言,数以百计的小眼(ommatidia)如何克服个体大小差异,组装成完美均匀的六边形晶格结构,一直是发育生物学中的未解之谜。
    纽约大学等研究团队发现在果蝇复眼发育的关键期,非神经支持细胞中会产生自发的、同步化的钙离子波,这些钙波如同“指挥棒”一般,协调了整个视网膜组织的形态发生,确保了光学结构的均匀性。2025年11月20日,相关研究成果发表于《Science》。
    果蝇的复眼由约800个小眼组成,每个小眼包含8个光感受器神经元,周围包裹着视锥细胞(cone cells)和色素细胞(pigment cells)等非神经支持细胞。与以往发现的指导神经连接的神经元钙波不同,这种钙波完全起始于非神经细胞,并呈现出高度的规律性。
    研究团队深入解析了这一现象的分子机理。钙波的起始由一种名为Cad96Ca的受体酪氨酸激酶触发。Cad96Ca激活磷脂酶,进而促使内质网通过受体释放钙离子。更有趣的是,钙波的传播并非随机扩散,而是遵循严格的“垂直”和“横向”路径。研究发现,不同类型的视网膜支持细胞表达特定的间隙连接蛋白(Innex‐ ins),形成了一套独特的“连接蛋白密码”。垂直路径上,钙信号首先在视锥细胞中启动,随后传递给初级色素细胞,最后到达小眼间细胞(IOCs),在单个小眼内部纵向传播。横向路径上,钙波随后通过小眼间细胞横向扩散至邻近的小眼,形成席卷整个视网膜的波动。
    该研究最引人注目的发现是钙波在组织重塑中的“智能”调节功能。果蝇复眼存在区域性的结构差异:腹侧的小眼通常比背侧的大,以便更好地感知地面的低光环境。然而,为了保证视觉成像的清晰度,整个复眼的晶格排列必须保持均匀。研究人员发现,钙波的强度与小眼的尺寸成正比:较大的腹侧小眼会产生更强的钙信号。这些钙信号激活了非肌球蛋白Ⅱ(Myosin Ⅱ),驱动小眼间细胞的顶端收缩。由于大尺寸的小眼原本具有更宽的细胞边界,更强的钙波引发了更强力的收缩,从而抵消了初始的尺寸差异。这种“按需定制”的收缩机制,最终使得视网膜上所有小眼的排列间距达到高度一致,修正了早期的不规则性。
    (来源:《Science》)

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    2种不同金属材料的力学参数

    Family
    属数
    Number of
    genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of
    total species (%)

    Genus
    种数
    Number of
    species
    占总种数比例
    Percentage of total
    species (%)
    鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
    小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
    多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
    红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
    小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
    光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
    红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
    栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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